adjacent_to
Note that adjacent_to as thus defined is not a symmetric relation, in contrast to its instance-level counterpart. For it can be the case that Cs are in general such as to be adjacent to instances of C1 while no analogous statement holds for C1s in general in relation to instances of C. Examples are: nuclear membrane adjacent_to cytoplasm; seminal vesicle adjacent_to urinary bladder; ovary adjacent_to parietal pelvic peritoneum
C adjacent to C' if and only if: given any instance c that instantiates C at a time t, there is some c' such that: c' instantiates C' at time t and c and c' are in spatial proximity
agent_in
contained_in
Containment obtains in each case between material and immaterial continuants, for instance: lung contained_in thoracic cavity; bladder contained_in pelvic cavity. Hence containment is not a transitive relation. If c part_of c1 at t then we have also, by our definition and by the axioms of mereology applied to spatial regions, c located_in c1 at t. Thus, many examples of instance-level location relations for continuants are in fact cases of instance-level parthood. For material continuants location and parthood coincide. Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. To understand this relation, we first define overlap for continuants as follows: c1 overlap c2 at t =def for some c, c part_of c1 at t and c part_of c2 at t. The containment relation on the instance level can then be defined (see definition):
C contained_in C' if and only if: given any instance c that instantiates C at a time t, there is some c' such that: c' instantiates C' at time t and c located_in c' at t, and it is not the case that c *overlaps* c' at t. (c' is a conduit or cavity.)
contains
derived_into
derives_from
Derivation as a relation between instances. The temporal relation of derivation is more complex. Transformation, on the instance level, is just the relation of identity: each adult is identical to some child existing at some earlier time. Derivation on the instance-level is a relation holding between non-identicals. More precisely, it holds between distinct material continuants when one succeeds the other across a temporal divide in such a way that at least a biologically significant portion of the matter of the earlier continuant is inherited by the later. Thus we will have axioms to the effect that from c derives_from c1 we can infer that c and c1 are not identical and that there is some instant of time t such that c1 exists only prior to and c only subsequent to t. We will also be able to infer that the spatial region occupied by c as it begins to exist at t overlaps with the spatial region occupied by c1 as it ceases to exist in the same instant.
Derivation on the instance level (*derives_from*) holds between distinct material continuants when one succeeds the other across a temporal divide in such a way that at least a biologically significant portion of the matter of the earlier continuant is inherited by the later. We say that one class C derives_from class C' if instances of C are connected to instances of C' via some chain of instance-level derivation relations. Example: osteocyte derives_from osteoblast. Formally: C derives_immediately_from C' if and only if: given any c and any t, if c instantiates C at time t, then there is some c' and some t', such that c' instantiates C' at t' and t' earlier-than t and c *derives_from* c'. C derives_from C' if and only if: there is an chain of immediate derivation relations connecting C to C'.
derived_from
has_agent
As for has_participant, but with the additional condition that the component instance is causally active in the relevant process
has_improper_part
See reasons for obsoletion of improper_part_of
has_integral_part
has_part
has_participant
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
P has_participant C if and only if: given any process p that instantiates P there is some continuant c, and some time t, such that: c instantiates C at t and c participates in p at t
has_proper_part
improper_part_of
OBSOLETE. The definition is "As for part_of, with the additional constraint that subject and object may be identical". However, part_of is already reflexive, therefore improper_part_of is identical to part_of. If read differently, as "improper_part_of is part_of but not proper_part_of",improper_part_of becomes identity. So, improper_part_of is either identical to part_of or to identity, and not an intuitive synonym for either of them. [Robert Hoehndorf]
As for part_of, with the additional constraint that subject and object may be identical
integral_part_of
C integral_part_of C' if and only if: C part_of C' AND C' has_part C
located_in
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
C located_in C' if and only if: given any c that instantiates C at a time t, there is some c' such that: c' instantiates C' at time t and c *located_in* c'. (Here *located_in* is the instance-level location relation.)
location_of
part_of
Parthood as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation p part_of p1 is illustrated in assertions such as: this instance of rhodopsin mediated phototransduction part_of this instance of visual perception. This relation satisfies at least the following standard axioms of mereology: reflexivity (for all p, p part_of p); anti-symmetry (for all p, p1, if p part_of p1 and p1 part_of p then p and p1 are identical); and transitivity (for all p, p1, p2, if p part_of p1 and p1 part_of p2, then p part_of p2). Analogous axioms hold also for parthood as a relation between spatial regions. For parthood as a relation between continuants, these axioms need to be modified to take account of the incorporation of a temporal argument. Thus for example the axiom of transitivity for continuants will assert that if c part_of c1 at t and c1 part_of c2 at t, then also c part_of c2 at t. Parthood as a relation between classes: To define part_of as a relation between classes we again need to distinguish the two cases of continuants and processes, even though the explicit reference to instants of time now falls away. For continuants, we have C part_of C1 if and only if any instance of C at any time is an instance-level part of some instance of C1 at that time, as for example in: cell nucleus part_ of cell.
For continuants: C part_of C' if and only if: given any c that instantiates C at a time t, there is some c' such that c' instantiates C' at time t, and c *part_of* c' at t. For processes: P part_of P' if and only if: given any p that instantiates P at a time t, there is some p' such that p' instantiates P' at time t, and p *part_of* p' at t. (Here *part_of* is the instance-level part-relation.)
participates_in
preceded_by
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
P preceded_by P' if and only if: given any process p that instantiates P at a time t, there is some process p' such that p' instantiates P' at time t', and t' is earlier than t.
precedes
proper_part_of
As for part_of, with the additional constraint that subject and object are distinct
relationship
this relation was superfluous, so it has been obsoleted
A relationship between two classes (terms). Relationships between classes are expressed in terms of relations on underlying instances.
transformation_of
When an embryonic oenocyte (a type of insect cell) is transformed into a larval oenocyte, one and the same continuant entity preserves its identity while instantiating distinct classes at distinct times. The class-level relation transformation_of obtains between continuant classes C and C1 wherever each instance of the class C is such as to have existed at some earlier time as an instance of the distinct class C1 (see Figure 2 in paper). This relation is illustrated first of all at the molecular level of granularity by the relation between mature RNA and the pre-RNA from which it is processed, or between (UV-induced) thymine-dimer and thymine dinucleotide. At coarser levels of granularity it is illustrated by the transformations involved in the creation of red blood cells, for example, from reticulocyte to erythrocyte, and by processes of development, for example, from larva to pupa, or from (post-gastrular) embryo to fetus or from child to adult. It is also manifest in pathological transformations, for example, of normal colon into carcinomatous colon. In each such case, one and the same continuant entity instantiates distinct classes at different times in virtue of phenotypic changes.
Relation between two classes, in which instances retain their identity yet change their classification by virtue of some kind of transformation. Formally: C transformation_of C' if and only if given any c and any t, if c instantiates C at time t, then for some t', c instantiates C' at t' and t' earlier t, and there is no t2 such that c instantiates C at t2 and c instantiates C' at t2.
transformed_into
Central nervous system ventricular system
The ventricular system of the central nervous system (CNS) is the cerebrospinal fluid to filled cavity running the length of the cerebrum and cerebrospinal trunk; it is lined by a single layer of ependymal cells and is the remnant of the embryonic of neural tube lumen (Millen and Woollam, 1962, p. 33 ff.; Swanson, 1998, p. 195).
According to Blackstad 1956, Swanson et al. 1987. See Canteras et al. (1992a) for a discussion of the ventral region of the medial entorhinal area.
Some of the nuclei cells, receiving input from the Purkinje cells, project back to the same cortical zones (the nucleocortical neurons, NCN).
Projection interneurons form the category of interneurons that send an axon through a pathway from one gray matter region to synapse in one or more different gray matter regions, although the axon may establish local collaterals as well (Swanson, 2003, p. 245; Bota and Swanson, 2007, Fig. 3).
Local interneurons form the category of interneurons whose axon stays entirely within the gray matter region where the cell body resides (Swanson, 2003, p. 245; Bota and Swanson, 2007, Fig. 3).
motor neuroendocrine magnocellular oxytocin neuron
Oxytocin and vasopressin are the prototypical hormones of the magnocellular secretory system. The distribution of magnocellular neurosecretory vasopressin and oxytocin neurons is illustrated schematically in Figure 3, where it can be seen that oxytocin cells tend to be concetrated anteriorly and medially, while vasopressin cells tend to be concentrated posteriorly and anteriorly. ..these two groups of magnocellular neurosceretory neurons are found throughout the rostral half of the hypothalamus.
motor neuroendocrine parvicellular CRH neuron
At least 2000 CRF immunoreactive neurons may be counted in the PVH on each side of the brain in the adult male rat pretreated with colchicine (Swanson et al. 1983).
motor neuroendocrine magnocellular vasopressin neuron
This group includes all of the large to bodied/large to field RGCs in the rat...Group RGA cells...have large somata (15 to 39 micrometers in diameter) and large, radially branching dendritic fields (235 to 748 micrometers in diameter), and many exhibit tracer couplin
Sixty to eight neurons with small somata (12 to 24 micrometers in diameter), small dendritic fields (99 to 289 micrometers in diameter), and small axonal diameters (04. to 07. micrometers in diameter) make up Group RGB.We classified cells with a large soma and a large dendritic field as RGA, cells with a small to to medium to sized soma and a small to to medium to sized dendritic field as RGB, and cells with a small to to medium to sized soma but a medium to to to large dendritic field RGC.
Group RGC cells are defined as having small to to to medium cell bodies and medium to to to large dendritic fields. Their morphology was more heterogeneous than that of Groups RGA and RGB. We classified cells with a large soma and a large dendritic field as RGA, cells with a small to to medium to sized soma and a small to to medium to sized dendritic field as RGB, and cells with a small to to medium to sized soma but a medium to to to large dendritic field RGC.
This cell type has a mean soma size of 10 micrometers (range 8.3 to 13.5 micrometers; N = 14). The extent of its dendritic field is difficult to define precisely; there is a core of short branches that extend vertically through the inner plexiform layer, and this core is surrounded by a number of branches that take an oblique course through the inner plexiform layer before terminating at variable distance from the cell soma at the level of ganglion cells. The dendrites of these cells have a characteristic varicose appearance and the ends of the dendrites often terminate with one of these swellings.
Stratified amacrine cells have their dendrites confined to one or several places within the inner plexiform layer.
We observed one type of bipolar cell with the typical rod bipolar morphology...The dendritic trees of RBs are more bushy and their dendrites are finer and penetrate further into the outer nuclear layer where they innervate rod spherules. The somata of RBs are larger and are located in the outer half of the INL close to the OPL; their axons run through the OPL and end in large lobulated terminals at the border of the IPL and ganglion cell layer.
Type 1 CB (n = 6, Fig. 1B) is an outer cone bipolar cell with a flat stratification in stratum 1 of the IPL and only one ascending primary dendrite that ramifies sparsely.
Type 2 and type 3 CBs have similar [with type 1 CB] dendritic tree shapes but show diffuse stratification at different levels of the outer half of the IPL, that is in strata 1 to 2 and 2, respectively. ... the axon terminal system of type 2 looks a bit disordered.
Type 2 and type 3 CBs have similar [with type 1 CB] dendritic tree shapes but show diffuse stratification at different levels of the outer half of the IPL, that is in strata 1 to 2 and 2, respectively. ...the axon terminal of type 3 shows a and quot;well to arranged and quot; treelike branching pattern.
Type 4 (n = 4, Fig. 1E) is a diffuse CB stratifying in both strata 1 and 2.
Type 5 and type 6, both have a very narrow ramification. By using Normaski optics, the two cell types can be distinguished by their stratification level within the IPL relative to a band of higher optical density, which is localized at the border of strata 3 and 4 and represents the inner cholinergic band.
Type 7 and type 8 are diffuse CBs with their axonal terminal systems in the inner part of the IPL. Type 7 stratifies in strata 3 and 4....Both cell types [type 7 and type 8] have slender cell bodies.
Type 9 CB has a very sparse but large axonal terminal system in the inner IPL (mainly stratum 5), with occasional processes penetrating into the GCL. The dendritic tree is also sparsely branched but covers a wide range of the OPL.
In the adult rat two principal kinds of Golgi cells can be distinghuished: large cells lying in the upper half of the granular layer and small cells in the deeper half.
The basket cell has a roughly pyramidal or ovoid shape, and it lies in the lower third of the molecular layer with its long axis parallel to the Purkinje cell layer in the sagittal plane. In Nissl preparations little more can be seen of it than its triangular or oval cell body, about 10 micrometers long....Ramon y Cajal (1888a and b) was the first to discover the characteristic terminal plexus elaborated around the Purkinje cell body by the axons of these cells. He named this formation the pericellular nest (nid pericellulaire). His finding was quickly confirmed by Kolliker (1890), who referred to the same structure as a and quot;fiber basket and quot; (Faserkorb), and to the cells that gave rise to it as and quot;basket cells and quot; (Korbzellen).
The stellate cells compose a class of small polymorphous neurons lying in the outer two thirds of the molecular layer. They were described by a number of early authors, Fusari (1883), Ponti (1897), Smirnow (1897), in addition to Ramon y Cajal (1889b).
...the rat cone earlier identified as having a peak at about 510 nm (Neitz and JAcobs, 1986).
The photopigment curves that provide best fits to...sensitivity measurements have an average spectral peak of 358.2 nm.
The soma of NG is oval to pear to shaped, measuring about 18 micrometers in the longest axis (Fig. 10C). Six to nine primary dendrites leave the soma in a radial fashion, and, although in general most of these primary branches do not ramify.
The second type of neuron originating a dense axonal plexus is the spiny neurogliaform neuron. SNG shares somatic and dendritic characteristics with common spiny neurons (see above) but bears clear to cut somatic and axonal differences (Fig. 10A,B).
A superficial spiny neuron sharing some somatodendritic features with SSNs (see above), is a projection cell also lying in the lateral part of the shell of the nucleus (Figs. 7B and 16, neuron 6). The soma of SPNs is usually pear to shaped, measuring from 22 to 32 micrometers in the longest axis. Three to six primary dendrites originate in the soma and give rise to short secondary or preterminal branches. Tertiary dendrites are longer (100 to 200 micrometers) than those from CSNs. An important, distinctive feature of SPNs is that secondary and successively distal dendrites are laden with dendritic spines.
The soma of a PSN is rounded or polygonal, measuring 20 to 23 micrometers, with a smooth, convex profile. These neurons send out three to seven primary dendrites that diverge radially (Fig. 12A, neurons b and c). Most frequently, primary dendrites ramify shortly after leaving the soma ( smaller than 35 micrometers), issuing long, usually terminal branches.
Among the principal neurons of the core of the Ov, the most common cell type is a fusiform neuron with rather long, slender dendrites originating wide ( bigger than 700 micrometers), narrow dendritic fields.
HNs give rise to long (350 to 500 micrometers), slender dendritic fields that may traverse the entire Ov. These neurons are located in similar proportions in the nuclear shell (41%) or in the core (59%). Somata of HNs are triangular, rounded, or spindle shaped, in order of frequency, measuring from 18 to 28 micrometers in the longest axis. As a rule, HNs possess long primary dendrites that terminate in second to order branches. These processes are covered by a moderate number of dendritic spines whose stems are uneven in length.
motor neuroendocrine parvicellular TRH neuron
Many TRH to positive neurons were seen in the parvocellular part of the nucleus, mainly in the anterior and medial parvocellular part (Fig. 8F). No positive cells were found in the lateral parvocellular part nor in the magnocellular division.
motor neuroendocrine parvicellular SOM neuron
Neurosecretory somatostatin cell bodies are generally small and fusiform, and are centered in a characteristic regions of the periventricular zone between the suprachiasmatic nucleus rostrally and the rostral tip of the ventromedial nucleus caudally.
motor neuroendocrine parvicellular GRH neuron
Immunostained bodies are confined to the arcuate nucleus, and to a zone that continues laterally from the arcuate nucleus to surround the ventromedial nucleus and end in the ventral medial parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus and in the dorsomedial nucleus (Bloch et al., 1983a b; Sawchenko et al. 1985b).
motor neuroendocrine parvicellular DA neuron
At least 1000 neurons in the paraventricular nucleus project to the spinal cord, and they are concentrated primarily in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral medial parvocellular parts of the nucleus (Hosoya, 1980; Swanson and Kuypers 1980a; Schwanzel to Fukuda).
descending neuron, sympathetic/parasympathetic system
...at least 15% of the neurons with descending projections in the paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamic and retrochiasmatic areas, and ventromedial send collaterals to both the dorsal vagal complexs and thoracic levels of the spinal cord...
reciprocal projections neuron, cerebellar nuclei
...perfectly matched those [2] described previously reciprocal, non to reciprocal and symmetrical projections were found. Collator note: this neurons receive projections from Purkinke cells and send feedback axons to the same cerebellar cortex neurons. From
non-reciprocal projections neuron, cerebellar nuclei
...perfectly matched those [2] described previously reciprocal, non to reciprocal and symmetrical projections were found. Collator note: this neurons do not receive projections from Purkinje cells different of those that send projections to them.
symmetrical projections neuron, cerebellar nuclei
...perfectly matched those [2] described previously reciprocal, non to reciprocal and symmetrical projections were found. Collator note: this neurons project contralaterally to Purkinje neurons.
Subgroup RGA1 cells (Figs. 2A, 3 to 5, Table 1) have a morphology similar to that of the giant cells of Bunt (1976). They have large somata, often polygonal in shape, from which a medium to to large to gauge axon emerges (Figs. 2A, 3). In one instance, a bifucarting axon was seen to exit the soma (see Fig. 3A). The large dendritic fields of RGA1 cells consist of three to seven stout dendrites that emerge radially from a centrally placed soma. The dendrites are smooth and overlap infrequently (Figs. 2, 3). RGA1 cells are found across the retina (Figs. 5, 6)and, on average, have the largest dendritic fields of all the RGCs labelled. RGA1 cells exhibited tracer coupling...they were strongly coupled to at least ten neurons (large to bodied gnalgion cells and some presumed amacrine cells to the latter gad very small somata and were found both the GCL and the INL; Fig.5). We classified cells with a large soma and a large dendritic field as RGA, cells with a small to to medium to sized soma and a small to to medium to sized dendritic field as RGB, and cells with a small to to medium to sized soma but a medium to to to large dendritic field RGC. Seventy five RGA cells were identified. RGA cells had an average soma diameter of 23.4 micrometers, an average dendritic to field diameter of 300.0 micrometers, and a radial pattern of branching. They are similar to Perry type I cells (Perry, 1979).
Alpha ganglion cells, which were defined by Peichl (1989), were identified and termed RGA2 in the present study (see Table 1). The RGA2 cell has a large soma from which a thick axon emerges. Four to eight stout primary dendrites project radially from the cell body and branch repeatedly in a Y to shaped pattern. The dendrites branch at regular intervals, with the first branch point being within half of a soma diameter of the cell body. This branching pattern gives the appearance of a relatively uniform, medium density of dendrites across the dendritic arbor. The cell body is usually situated at the centre of the dendritic field. They stratify at ... 72 and plusmn; 15% of the IPL (inner) or 34 and plusmn; 10% of the IPL (outer). RGA2 cells had a round soma and 4 to 7 primary dendrites that branch repeatedly proximal to the soma. In contrast to the RGA1 cells, RGA2 cells have many more dendrites surrounding the soma (Fig. 3B).
Twenty to six neurons were defined as RGB1 cells (Fig. 8A, Table1). One of their characteristic features is the fact that the cell body always lies outside within the confines of the dendritic tree. They have the highest eccentricity of body relative to dendritic field of all ganglion cell identified. The majority of RGB1 cells analysed stratify diffusely within the IPL; nevertheless, their dendritic trees are centred in either the on to or the off to sublaminae of the IPL (Table 1). RGB1 cells were found across the retina. 1 cells had curvy but generally radially branching dendrites (Fig. 5A). They ramified in the outer IPL close to the middle.
Fourteen neurons were defined as RGB2 cells (Figs. 2D, 8B). These cells are easy to distinguish by the very dense nature of their small dendritic trees. This high density is due to frequent, irregular branching of fine dendrites, which curve, twist, and overlap extensively (Fig. 2D). Their cell body is generaly located well within the confines of the dendritic tree. RGB2 cells were found across the retina (Fig. 9). RGB2 cells had a very small but very dense dendritic field (Fig. 5B), featuring numerous tiny branches bearing spines. They ramified almost in the middle of the IPL.
Twenty to four cells were defined as RGB3 cells (Fig. 8C). The shape and branching patterns of their dendritic trees resemble those of RGA2 cells, although dendritic fields are much smaller. The somata are centrally located within the dendritic field. RGB3 cells show a greater range in dendritic field sizes than other RGB subgroups (Fig. 9), which suggests further heteronegeitiy. RGB3 cells had curvy, recursive dendrites, forming a relatively sparse dendritic field (Fig. 5C).
Five RGc1 cells were labelled that have small somata and large asymmetrical dendritic fields (Figs. 10A, 12). Although only a small number of them were labelled, they resemble the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) to projecting cells described by Dann and Buhl (1987). Compared with neurons in Group RGA, RGC1 cells have smaller cell bodies, a higher density of dendritic branching, and usually asymmetrical dendritic fields. The RGC1 cells exhibited smooth, small caliber, recursive dendrites extending from large primary ones. Dendritic field was of medium density (Fig. 6A). The RGC1 stratified mostly in the inner IPL. Their morphology is very similar to the MTN to projecting cells characterized by Dann and Buhl (1987).
The Group RGc cells, as mentioned above, are a heterogeneous population: we labelled several neurons that could not be classified as RGC1 or RGC2. Includes previously described exmples of Type III or Class III cells (Perry, 1979, Dreher et al., 1985), with their small somata and, in some cases, very large dendritic fields.
type (a) narrow-field unistratified amacrine cell
The type (a) narrow field unistratified cell has previously been described by Perry (1979), and was called a type IV [collator note: retinal ganglion] cell. This type of cell can be found with its cell soma in either the ganglion cell layer or the inner nuclear layer. Unlike the other types of amacrine cell this type is found with its cell soma in the ganglion cell layer than in the inner nuclear layer. The dimensions of these cells (mean soma size 10.1 micrometers and mean dendritic field size 219 micrometers, from Perry (1979)) are the same in both layers. Examples of this cell type are shown in figure 3, plate 1, and figure 11.
type (b) narrow-field unistratified amacrine cell
The type (b) narrow to field unistratified cell has a similar [collator note: with the type (a) narrow field unistratified amacrine neuron] mean soma diameter of 9.2 micrometers (range 7.5 to 11.3 micrometeres; N = 14) and the size of its dendritic field is similar to the the type (a) narrow field unistratified cell (mean 215 micrometers; range 135 to 282 micrometers; N = 14). A single primary dendrite arises from the cell soma and passes into the inner plexiform layer before branching on a plane. In contrast with the type (a) narrow field unistratified cell this cell has coarser, mostly spine to free, dendrites. Figure 3 and 12 show examples of this cell tpye, one of which has its soma in the ganglion cell layer.
The wide to field unistratified cells fall in three subgroups. The measurements of the dendritic field are only considered to be estimates since we do not believe that we have ever seen these cells completely stained...
Collator note: bistratified amacrine cells are not explicitly defined by Perry and Walker. Perry and Walker describe three types of bistratified amacrine cells, having thef dendrites or spines distributed in two strata as the common character.
Stratified diffuse amacrine cells have their dendrites lying in more than one plane but not extending the full of the inner plexiform layer. In the rat retina the arrangement of the dendirtes is visualized more readily in vertical sections than in whole mounts, and the dendritic filed is found to terminate in either the inner or the outer half of the inner plexiform layer, although the latter is more common. The cells have a mean soma size of 8.9 micrometers (range 7.5 to 10.5 micrometers; N = 15). Usually a single process leaves the cell soma and passes into the inner plexiform layer before a tight field of short branches is formed (see figure 8, plate 2, and figure 17); the mean dendritic size is 30 micrometers (range 20 to 46 micrometers; N = 15).
reciprocal GABA-IR neuron, cerebellar nuclei
In each of the three nuclei examined, only a small proportion of the total number of retrogradely labeled NCN was found to be GABA to IR. Furthermore, the proportions of NCN containing GABA were very similar whether the nuclei gave reciprocal or symmetrical projections.
symmetrical Glu-IR neuron, cerebellar nuclei
The percentages of Glu to IR NCN were also roughly the same in the nuclei reciprocally or symmetrically connected to the cortical injection sites in five animals (Fig. 9B)
reciprocal Glu-IR neuron, cerebellar nuclei
symmetrical GABA-IR neuron, cerebellar nuclei
As Huxlin and Goodchild (1997), we identified two groups of RGA2 cells with dendrites stratifying in the inner and outer IPL (Table 1). They are morphologically similar to the outer alpha cells of Peichl (1989) and Tauchi et al. (1992). As Huxlin and Goodchild (1997), we identified two groups of RGA2 cells with dendrites stratifying in the inner and outer IPL (Table 1). They are morphologically similar to the outer alpha cells of Peichl (1989) and Tauchi et al. (1992).
As Huxlin and Goodchild (1997), we identified two groups of RGA2 cells with dendrites stratifying in the inner and outer IPL (Table 1). They are morphologically similar to the outer alpha cells of Peichl (1989) and Tauchi et al. (1992).
Two groups of RGC2 cells ramified in the inner IPL and outer IPL, respectively. Their morphology is very similar to the delta cells identified by Peichl (1989).
type (a) wide-field unistratified amacrine cell
This wide to field unistratified cell has a mean soma of 11.1 micrometers. A single dendrite arises from the cell soma before it branches on a plane. These branches, about 1 micrometer in diameter, then apss in many directions within that plane; the bifurcations that do occur are near the cell soma and the dendrites take a straingth line across the retina (see figure 4, plate 1, and figure 13). Type (a) and type (b) wide to field unistratified amacrine cells have been found with their cell bodies in either the inner nuclear layer or in the ganglion cell layer.
type (b) wide-field unistratified amacrine cell
The second type of wide to field unistratified amacrine cell has a soma of similar size to that of the type (a) wide to field unistratified cells and the dendrites have the same thin unbranched appearance. However, these cells do not send their dendrites in all directions but in only two in a single plan. As reported by Gallego (1971), these wide to field unistratified amacrine cells have a dendritic filed covering an area of an hour to glass (see figure 4 and 13).
The third type of cell in the wide to field unistratified class of amacrine cell has a distinct dendritic pattern. The mean soma size, 11.4 micrometers, is larger than the other two types range (10.0 to 13.0 micrometers; N = 10). Usually three but sometimes two large dendrites arise from the cell in the same layer as the soma. After a short distance a very fine branch comes off each of the larger branches, again in the same plane as the cell soma.
These wide to field bistratified cells have a process that leaves the soma and passes almost vertically through the inner plexiform layer before branching near the ganglion cell layer, but in addition they also have processes that run laterally at the level of the inner nuclear layer.
type (c) wide-field unistratified amacrine cell
The third type of cell in the wide to field unistratified class of amacrine cell has a distinct dendritic pattern. The mean soma size, 11.4 micrometers, is larger than the other two types range (10.0 to 13.0 micrometers; N = 10). Usually three but sometimes two large dendrites arise from the cell in the same layer as the soma.
RGC2 gave a morphology similar to the delta ganglion cells of Peichl (1989). They have a small to medium to sized somata from which fine axons emerge. Two to four primary dendrites branch close to the soma. These and subsequent branches twist and turn, unlike the radiating dendrites of the Group RGA neurons. The soma is usually central to the dendritic field. The dendritic fileds are smalled than those Group RGA cells at the same eccentricities, and they show little variation in size as a function of eccentricity (Fig. 12). RGC2 neurons did not exhibit tracer coupling, but many have numerous and prominent dendritic spines. The RGC2 cells had a similar morphology to RGC1 cells but with curvier dendrites and a denser dendritic field (Fig. 6B).
In vertebrates, ganglia are neuron aggregations associated with nerves or peripheral plexuses of the peripheral nervous system; in archaic terminology, ganglion could also refer to a neuron population in the vertebrate central nervous system (Swanson, 2003, p. 244; 2004, p. 179).
In this context, nerve fibers are defined as neuronal processes within peripheral nerves (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Sensory ganglia are components of the peripheral nervous system, and are aggregates of sensory neurons associated with the cranial and spinal nerves (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Cranial sensory ganglia are aggregations of sensory neurons associated with the cranial nerves (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Spinal sensory ganglia are aggregations of sensory neurons associated with the spinal nerves, also known as dorsal root ganglia (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Autonomic ganglia are components of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system that are aggregates of postganglionic autonomic neurons directly innervating non to neural tissues (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Sympathetic ganglia are one of two types of autonomic ganglia, characterized by long postganglionic axons and typically though not always using norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Paravertebral sympathetic ganglia are connected to the proximal end of peripheral mixed spinal nerves by short white and/or gray communicating rami (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia are concentrated around or near the major arteries, between the spinal cord and gut (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Sympathetic plexuses are mixtures of autonomic ganglion cells, autonomic axons, and often dorsal root ganglion cell fibers as well; they are concentrated around or near the arteries (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Parasympathetic ganglia are one of two types of autonomic ganglia, characterized by short postganglionic axons and typically using acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Cranial parasympathetic ganglia are associated with the cranial nerves; three are well to known: ciliary, pterygopalatine, and otic (Swanson, 2004, p. 179)
Sacral parasympathetic ganglia are associated with the sacral spinal nerves, with the best known being the pelvic ganglion (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
The enteric nervous system is an extensive peripheral plexus within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract that generates intrinsic neural activity, which is modulated by craniospinal nerve input (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
The submucosal plexus is the major outer differentiation of the enteric nervous system, also known as Meissner plexus (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
he myenteric plexus is the major inner differentiation of the enteric nervous system, also known as Auerbach plexus (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Nerves are axon bundles in the peripheral nervous system (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
It is traditional to list 12 nerve pairs attached to the part of vertebrate central nervous system within the cranium (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Spinal nerves are paired and attached sequentially to the part of the vertebrate central nervous system within the vertebral canal (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Nerve plexuses are formed by the interjoining of peripheral nerves, typified by the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses associated with the nerves to the upper and lower limbs, respectively (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
Cerebellum to related fiber tracts include the deep white matter (arbor vitae), cerebellar commissure, and the three cerebellar peduncles interconnecting it with the cerebrospinal trunk (Swanson, 2004, p. 177).
superior cerebellar peduncle decussation
A subgroup of neurons in NTS and several other rat CNS regions that express glucocorticoid to inactivating enzyme 11 to beta to hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2), a signature of aldosterone to sensitive tissues. The NTS population may represent a unique phenotype.
By definition, horizontal cells have dendrites which run tangential to or parallel with the surface of the colliculus. Most horizontal cells have fusiform cell bodies, about 10 micrometers in diameter, lying within 250 micrometers of the surface.
Collator note: superficial horizontal cells are considered a separate type of the horizontal cell on the basis of the cell body localization. Cell bodies of superficial horizontal cells are located in the stratum zonale and in the upper stratum griseum superficiale (see Table 1 page 407). Otherwise, the definition of the superficial horizontal cell is identical with that of the class horizontal cell.
Collator note: deep horizontal cells are considered a separate type of the horizontal cell on the basis of the cell body localization. Cell bodies of deep horizontal cells are located in the stratum zonale and in stratum opticum (see Table 1 page 407). Otherwise, the definition of the deep horizontal cell is identical with that of the class horizontal cell.
The marginal cells are the most superficially located and the smallest cells of the superior colliculus. Their 5 to 8 micrometers wide, ovoid cell bodies are interspersed among or just beneath the anteroposterior coursing fibers of the stratum zonale. They project one to five, but most commonly two, dendrites from the deeper portions of the cell body surface. These branch several times to form a dense arbor of dendritic processes that extend as much as 150 micrometers subjacent to the cell body and may radiate as much as 75 micrometers lateral to the cell body. The axon of a marginal cell resembles other local axons in that it has an extensive local distribution, has a fine caliber, and many branches, but no over to all direction (fig. 9). There are both en passant and terminal varicosities, suggesting both types of synaptic contact. Our material did not show any marginal cell axon extending below the zone of horizontal cells.
The piriform cells have ovoid or cup shaped cell bodies, 10 to 15 micrometers in diameter, located within a narrow lamina along the deep margin of the zone of horizontal cells. The restriction of the piriform cell somata to the boundary between the zone of horizontal cells and the zone of vertical cells is remarkably accurate and consistent. The piriform cells give rise to 2 to 5 dendrites from the superficial surface, which course through the zone of horizontal cells to terminate just beneath the surface. As the ascending dendrites approach the surface they branch more frequently, almost always by equipartition, to form a complicated intermingling bouquet of slowly tapering dendrites, 150 to 350 micrometers in width and slightly less than 200 micrometers in depth. The axon most frequently takes its origin from the base of the soma, but sometimes it arises from one of the low order dendrites. From its origin the axon runs immediately down through the zone of vertical cells, occasionally with collaterals which may arborize within the superficial laminae. The axon is thin and smooth, occasionally with en passant varicosities.
Narrow field vertical cells are a SC class of cells which include vertical fusiform cells, pyramidal cells and inverted pyramidal cells. They are distributed across several of the SC layers (see Table 1, page 407). For morphological details, see the definitions of subclasses and types of this class. Collator note: we assumed this class of neurons as projection neurons, because at least several subpopulations project to visually related areas. See Sefton et al., 2005; Mason and Groos, 1981; Mackay to Sim et al. 1983; Okoyama and Kudo, 1987).
Vertical fusiform cells have narrow, cylindrical, vertically oriented dendritic fields and generally an elongated cell body, fusiform in its vertical axis. Both the cell body and the dendritic field vary in their dimensions depending upon the particular type of vertical fusiform cell. There are three types of vertical fusiform cells. All have dendritic fields 100 to 200 micrometers wide, with the more superficial cells having narrower fields. The cell bodies of vertical fusiform cells may be bipolar, with ascending and descending trunks or they may be multipolar. The most common configuration is of two ascending dendritic trunks and two descending dendritic trunks. The bipolar vertical fusiform cells are usually smooth cells and the multipolar vertical fusiform cells are usually spiny. The smooth vertical fusiform cells have thinner dendrites that branch less frequently, thus are less voluminous. The dendrites which arise from the superficial surface of the vertical fusiform cell soma are the principal source of the superficial field, and those which arise from the deep surface are the principal source of the deep field, but frequently branches from one of the primary dendrites will contribute to the other field. Usually the deep dendrites turn superficially. In the extreme case the entire deep field will turn to extend superficially. The axon of vertical fusiform cells commonly arises from one of the low order dendrites. It runs deep toward the ganglion zone of the superior colliculus. A few cells have local distributions which may extend throughout the depth of the superficial zones. The axon is similar to other intrinsic axons but thicker than those of the marginal or horizontal cells.
The superficial vertical fusiform cells have cell bodies 10 to 15 micrometers wide lying in the zone of horizontal cells and send dendrites to the upper and lower margins of that zone (fig. 12c).
The intermediate vertical fusiform cells have cell bodies 12 to 18 micrometers in diameter in the upper portion of the zone of vertical cells and their dendritic fields extend from the collicular surface to the deep margin of the zone of vertical cells (fig. 12b, 13). Intermediate vertical fusiform cells most often have a superficial field with relatively fewer spines, straighter, more even caliber dendrites that branch less often but more equally than those in the deep field of the same cell (figs. 12b, 13).
Deep vertical fusiform cells have cell bodies about 20 micrometers wide and their dendrites extend from the upper margin of the zone of vertical cells to the depth of the zone of optic fibers perhaps even deeper. The superficial and deep fields are usually notably different in the manner in which the dendrites branch and spread, the over to all size of the fields, the shapes of the fields, the type and density of spines, and the caliber of the dendrites.
Pyramidal cells are similar to vertical fusiform cells in most respects. They have a vertically elongated cell body, about 15 micrometers in transverse diameter, in the deeper half of the zone of vertical cells. The dendritic field is narrow and cylindrical, 100 to 250 micrometer in diameter, and extends from the upper margin of the zone of horizontal cells to the lower margin of the zone of vertical cells, about 500 micrometers. Rather than having superficial and deep fields, the pyramidal cell has the deep field reduced to a circumsomatic field, or a diminuitive basal field, and the superficial field is relatively elongated to accord with the deeper cell body. Pyramidal cells are usually multipolar, with one or two thick apical dendrites, which branch several times on the way to the surface, particularly in the upper portion of the zone of horizontal cells, and several smaller dendrites which form a small field about the cell body. It is of interest that smooth pyramidal cells tend to have two primary dendrites, like smooth vertical fusiform cells. The axon takes its origin from the soma or a low order dendrite and runs down into the deep zones. It is smooth and thin, about like that of the vertical fusiform cells.
One other cell type within the definition of the narrow field vertical cells is what iscalled an inverted pyramidal cell. They are similar to pyramidal cells except that the cell body lies within the deep portion of the zone of horizontal cells. The superficial field is a circumsomatic field and the deep field is elongated to reach into the deeper portion of the zone of vertical cells. The cell body is about the size of an intermediate vertical fusiform cell soma. The axon is similar, but more apt to have collaterals to the superficial zones.
There are two similar populations in the group of wide field vertical cells. The first lies in the deep margin of the zone of vertical cells where it looks very similar to the piriform cells relative to the zone of horizontal cells. Cajal called these the ovoid or triangular cells. The second population has its cell bodies distributed primarily to the upper portion of the zone of optic fibers. Cajal called these triangular or stellate cells. Cajal's nomenclature is rather bulky and, though descriptive, somewhat confusing because stellate cells are a distinct cell type in the nomenclature of this paper and triangular occurs in both names. For reasons developed below, the ovoid or triangular cells or wide field cells of the zone of vertical cells will be called Type II ganglion cells and the triangular or stellate cells or wide field cells of the zone of optic fibers will be called Type III ganglion cells. Type I ganglion cells are the piriform cells. Collator note: we assumed this class of neurons as projection neurons, because at least several subpopulations project to visually related areas. See Sefton et al., 2005; Mason and Groos, 1981; Mackay to Sim et al. 1983; Okoyama and Kudo, 1987).
Type I ganglion cells are the piriform cells.
The Type II ganglion cells, like the piriform cells, have all or almost all of their dendritic field superficial to the cell body. The 15 to 25 micrometers cell body lies within a narrow range of depths at the deep margin of the zone of vertical cells from which it may send 3 to 7 primary dendrites vertically or obliquely towards the surface to form a dendritic field in excess of 400 micrometers in diameter and about 500 micrometers deep. The primary dendrites may derive from any portion of the cell body surface, but they usually arise from the dorsal or lateral surfaces. The dendrites of Type II ganglion cells intermingle, giving them a dense arbor of dendrites that extend over large regions of the superior colliculus. The axon may originate from the cell body or a low order dendrite. It may project into the region superficial to the cell body (figs. 9, 14) or into the deep zones (fig. 15). The axon of the superficial projection is similar to other intrinsic axons except for being thicker. It branches frequently to form an arbor approximately as wide as the dendritic field, which it overlaps, but they are not necessarily coincident, nor is one contained within the other.
The Type III ganglion cells resemble Type II ganglion cells in most respects. They are multipolar with 3 4 primary dendrites, a cell body 20 to 25 micrometers in major diameter, and a dendritic field which may be more than 1000 micrometers in diameter. They differ in that some of their dendrites extend below the cell body and their cell bodies lie in the zone of optic fibers. The axon almost invariably runs down into the deep portion of the colliculus. Type III ganglion cells tend to have fewer, but thicker, dendrites passing through the first two zones than is usual for Type II ganglion cells. The dendrites are less spiny, branch less often, but like the other types of ganglion cells, they break up into many fine branches as they approach the surface, particularly in the upper portion of the zone of horizontal cells.
The third major category of cells in the superior colliculus is the stellate cell. The cells are defined by the lack of over to all orientation to the dendritic fields which extend symmetrically from the cell body. Stellate cells are multipolar with dendrites arising from any portion of the cell body. The dendrites may range anywhere from gnarled to radiate with the gnarled spiny cells most frequent in the zone of horizontal cells and the smooth radiate cells increasingly more frequent in the deeper zones until they are almost the only cell type in the zones below the stratum opticum. The dimensions of the cell bodies and dendritic fields are comparable to those of other cells in the same zone and the dendritic field is generally contained within the same zone as the cell body. The axons of stellate cells have both local and/or distant distributions and a morphology characteristic of intrinsic axons. As with all the other cell types, the axon may take its origin from the cell body or a low order dendrite.
stellate cell of the zone of horizontal cells
Collator note: this cell type is not explicitly defined, but is considered here as distinct, based on the definition of the stellate cells class (category) and Table 1 page 407.
stellate cell of the zone of vertical cells
stellate cell of the zone of optic fibers
The first and most common group (class A of Grossman et al. 1973) (Fig. 1) consists of cells which vary in soma diameter from 11 to 20 microns (mean = 14.0 microns). These cells have 4 to 8 primary dendrites, of roughly equal size, each of which branches between 6 and 12 microns from the soma to form 2 to 3 secondary dendrites. Secondary as well as tertiary dendrites (when present) possess irregularly spaced appendages which are either short and blunt in appearance, or appear as short, thin stalks with terminal swellings. These latter appendages were often seen at dendritic branch points, and resemble the grape to like clusters described on neurons of the cat LGN (Guillery 1966).
The second group of cells seen in our Golgi material (class B of Grossman et al. 1973; Fig. 2) typically had small somas (10 microns) and only 2 to 3 primary dendrites which often extended several hundred microns from the soma. These primary dendrites usually branched only once and the secondary dendrites were rarely seen to branch. Thin, axon to like processes were occasionally seen arising from these cells (Fig. 2), but they could not be traced for any distance and could not be positively identified as axons. Class B cells were most commonly seen in the lateral portions of the nucleus, and their dendritic arbors were typically oriented parallel to the lateral border of the LGN. When members of this class had somas located away from the borders of the LGN, the orientation of their dendritic arbors was less pronounced (Fig. 2).
Collator note: this neuron (type) is not explicitly defined in the associated reference. Is considered as a separate subpopulation of B interneurons, as GABA to positive/diaphorase negative neurons.
Collator note: this neuron (type) is not explicitly defined in the associated reference. Is considered as a separate subpopulation of B interneurons, as GABA to positive/diaphorase positive neurons.
In vertebrates, the brain is the rostral part of the central nervous system that lies within the cranium (Swanson, 2004, p. 165).
Dentate gyrus lateral blade molecular layer
Dentate gyrus lateral blade granule cell layer
Dentate gyrus lateral blade polymorph layer
Dentate gyrus medial blade molecular layer
Dentate gyrus medial blade granule cell layer
Dentate gyrus medial blade polymorph layer
According to Wyss and Sripanidkulchai 1983 (see note 12).
Definitions of the cerebrum have changed over the years, at one time it referred to the entire brain (that part of the CNS within the cranium). The term now commonly (though not universally) refers to the cerebral hemispheres or endbrain, that part of the cerebral hemispheres refers to the cerebral hemispheres or endbrain, that part of the neural tube derived from the lateral ventricular neuroepithelium. Based on the embryological data reviewed in Alvarez to Bolado et al. (1995) and Alvarez to Bolado and Swanson(1996), the cerebrum contains two major subdivisions: cerebral cortex and basal nuclei or ganglia. Note that the term amygdala and septal region no longer appears as major subdivisions of the endbrain, they are arbitrarily defined regions that contain heterogeneous nuclei and/or cortical areas.
According to Donoghue and Wise 1982, Neafsey et al. 1986.
According to Sally and Kelly 1988, Kelly and Sally 1988, Arnault and Roger 1990.
According to Azizi et al. 1985, Sally and Kelly 1988, Kelly and Sally 1988.
Clear cytoarchitectonic differences between areas Te3 and Te2 (see Arnault and Roger 1990) were not observed.
According to Kosar et al. 1986, Cechetto and Saper 1987.
The cerebral cortex has been divided into areas that may(isocortical) or may not (allocortical) be fitted into a basic six to layered scheme (Vogt and Vogt 1919), numbered 1 to 6 here. These terms are preferred to the equivalent homotypical and heterotypical of the Vogt pupil, Brodmann (1909), and to the terms neocortical, archicortical, and paleocortical (Ariens Kappers 1909) all of which imply unsubstantiated phylogenetic and ontogenetic attributes (see Lorente de No 1934, Ebbeson 1980). The olfactory cortex (including superficial parts of the amygdala) and hippocampal formation form the allocortex, as interpreted here. A traditional approach to naming cortical areas, based on Brodmann work and ultimately general for all mammals, has been adapted here. For another scheme, idiosyncratic to the rat, see Zilles and Wree (1995). Names of the 6 isocortical layers from superficial to deep, would include: 1, molecular layer, 2, superficial supragranular pyramidal layer, 3, deep supragranular pyramidal layer, 4, granular layer, 5, infragranular pyramidal layer, and 6, polymorph layer.
According to Chapin and Lin 1984, Sanderson et al. 1984.
According to Welker and Sinha 1972, see also Chapin and Lin 1984.
According to Sefton and Dreher 1985, Thomas and Espinosa 1987, reid and Juraska 1991. See also Coogan and Burkhalter 1993.
Cerebral cortex, layers1-6a [cortical plate]
The cerebral cortical plate consists in the adult of isocortical layers 1 to 6a and all layers of allocortex; it is derived from the embryonic cortical plate (Swanson, 2004, p. 166).
Defined here as regions of the cortical mantle that receive direct input from the olfactory nerve (primary, see Brodmann 1909), or from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs (unimodal association, see Price 1987). The latter also includes superficial regions of the amygdala (the NLOT, COA, PAA, and TR), and it is important to point out that the entorhinal area of the hippocampal formation also receives direct olfactory input (Kosel et al. 1981), although it receives many other types of sensory information and thus not usually included in the olfactory region.
According to Krettek and Price 1977, Vogt and Peters 1981.
According to Krieg 1946a, b, Miller and Vogt 1984, see note 40.
According to Krettek and Price, Vogt and Peters 1981.
According to Krettek and Price 1977, our parcellation of these topologically difficult areas was greatly aided by examining sections cut in the three standard plans.
According to Gurdjian 1925, Shipley et al. 1996
According to Krieg 1946a, b, Deacon et al. 1983.
This region appears to lie between unimodal somatosensory and visual areas and receives inputs from the lateral posterior nucleus, to this extent it may correspond to posterior parietal association areas in primates and other mammals, see Hughes 1977, Miller and Vogt 1984.
This is the so to called agranular region of the retrosplenial area, see Krettek and Price 1977, Vogt and Miller 1983.
Retrosplenial area lateral agranular part
This is the so to called granular region of the retrosplenial area, we could not distinguish clearly zones b and c of Miller and Vogt 1983; see also Sripanidkulchai and Wyss 1987 for information about lamination.
Retrosplenial area ventral part zone b/c
We have recognized two distinct fields in the temporal region between the visual and auditory cortices dorsally and the perirhinal area ventrally. Krieg (1946a) appears to have regarded this entire area as ECT, more in keeping with Brodmann (1909), we suggest that the dorsal part of this region (where layer 4 is still recognizable) may correspond to temporal association cortex (perhaps in the dorsal, middle, and inferior temporal gyri of humans), and have labeled it TEv; we have retained ECT for the distinct ventral area, just dorsal to the perirhinal area, where layers 2 and 4 are quite indistinct. The architecture and connections of this region require more analysis.
Layer 6b(layer 7, subplate, deep cortex, claustral complex)
The structures listed here develop dorsal to the basal nuclei, and apparently deep to the cortical plate (although this remains controversial). Their projection neurons appear to use excitatory aminoacids rahter than GABA (which is used by most basal nuclear projection neurons). Many suggesyions in the older and more recent literature indicate that the deep amygdalar nuclei listed here are related to the claustrum, and the endopiriform nucleus was often included in the older literature. Fiber tracts perhaps analogous to the extreme capsule lie superficial to layer 6b (Vanvelde et al. 1996) and the endopiriform nucleus. The embryological origin of isocortical layer 6b is unclear (subplate, or deep cortical plate, see next note).
Accorindg to Divak et al. 1987, Valverde et al. 1987, 1995, Vandevelde et al. 1996 (but see Price et al. 1997). Layer 6b in the rat may be a rather unique structure.
According to Krettek and Price 1977, 1978.
According to Krettek and Price 1978. This nucleus appears to form the olfactory component of the claustrum, deep to the piriform area (see also Gurdjian 1928).
According to Krettek and Price 1978. The basolateral complex of the amygdala is included here because it develops just superficial to the extrenal capsule, which has been misidentified in the region of the amygdala (see atlas levels 24 to 31). What we have called the amygdalar capsule is a fiber tract along the lateral border of this complex, and we suggest it is part of a fiber syste within, and lateral to (for example, the extreme capsule) the subplate or deep cortex.
Main olfactory bulb, outer plexiform layer
Basolateral nucleus of the amygdala anterior part
Basolateral nucleus of the amygdala posterior part
According to de Olmos et al. 2985, Canteras et al. 1992, Petrovich et al. 1996.
Basomedial nucleus of the amygdala anterior part
Basomedial nucleus of the amygdala posterior part
In mammals, lateral and medial ventricular ridges develop into the classical striatum and pallidum, respectively (see Alvarez to Bolado and Swanson 1996 for review). To simplify endbrain organization, we have placed all regions that appear to develop from the ventricular ridges into either the pallidum or striatum, broadly defined. In general, cortex projects to striatum (and sometimes pallidum) via excitatory inputs, striatum projects to pallidum via inhibitory inputs, and both striatum and pallidum generate inhibitory decending projections. Justification for the organization scheme presented here, based on connections, is in preparation.
The striatum is the lateral (also referred to as dorsal) subdivision of the cerebral nuclei and receives a topographic projection from virtually the entire cerebral cortex; it may be divided into dorsal, ventral, medial, and caudorostral regions (Swanson, 2000, p. 133; 2004, pp. 166 to 70).
According to Graybiel and Ragsdale 1979.
There is no morphologically distinct boundary between this ventromedial region of the striatum and the caudoputamen. Gurdjian (1928) first defined the nucleus accumbens in the rat as that part of the ventromedial striatum lacking massive bundles of ascending and descending fibers, which is still a useful working criterion.
The cytoarchitecture of this ventrolateral region of the striatum just deep to the substantia innominata is more heterogeneous than that of the nucleus accumbens and especially the caudoputamen. While the term fundus of the striatum (fundus striati of Heimer 1972) has been used here and there in recent literature, its borders have not been clearly defined, it is used here to refer to the region identified as the substriatal gray by Crosby and Humphrey (1941).
According to Price 1973, Millhouse and Heimer 1984.
Main olfactory bulb, inner plexiform layer
This term was introduced by Gurdjian (1928) to describe an ill to defined region that essentially all later workers have defined somewhat differently, depending on how better to differentiated neighboring cell groups have been defined, we have followed in this tradition here.
We have followed McDonald (1982) parcellation into medial, lateral and capsular parts, although it is clear that the nucleus is much more complex than this. Intermediate part of McDonald was not recognized, it appears to fall within the lateral part as outlined here. The central and medial amygdalar nuclei receive cortical inputs and generate descending GABAergic projections, like the rest of the striatum. They also project to the BST, which we regard as pallidal.
Central nucleus of amygdala lateral part
Central nucleus of amygdala capsular part
Medial nucleus of the amygdala anterodorsal part
Medial nucleus of the amygdala anteroventral part
Medial nucleus of the amygdala posterodorsal part
Medial nucleus of the amygdala posterodorsal part,sublayer a
Medial nucleus of the amygdala posterodorsal part,sublayer b
Medial nucleus of the amygdala posterodorsal part,sublayer c
Medial nucleus of the amygdala posteroventral part
Bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory part
According to Scalia and Winans 1975. This tiny cell group may simply be a part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala.
According to Risold and Swanson 1997a, b.
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part dorsal zone
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part dorsal zone rostral region
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part dorsal zone dorsal region
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part dorsal zone lateral region
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part dorsal zone ventral region
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part ventral zone
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part ventral zone medial region
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part ventral zone medial region dorsal domain
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part ventral zone medial region ventral domain
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part ventral zone intermediate region
Accessory olfactory bulb, glomerular layer
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part ventral zone lateral region
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part ventral zone lateral region dorsal domain
Lateral septal nucleus caudal (caudodorsal) part ventral zone lateral region ventral domain
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part medial zone
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part medial zone dorsal region
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part medial zone ventral region
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part medial zone ventral region rostral domain
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part medial zone ventral region caudal domain
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part ventrolateral zone
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part ventrolateral zone dorsal region
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part ventrolateral zone dorsal region medial domain
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part ventrolateral zone dorsal region lateral domain
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part ventrolateral zone ventral region
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part dorsolateral zone
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part dorsolateral zone medial region
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part dorsolateral zone medial region dorsal domain
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part dorsolateral zone medial region ventral domain
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part dorsolateral zone lateral region
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part dorsolateral zone lateral region dorsal domain
Accessory olfactory bulb, granular layer
Lateral septal nucleus rostral (rostroventral) part dorsolateral zone lateral region ventral domain
The pallidum is the medial (also referred to as ventral) division of the cerebral nuclei and receives a topographic projection from the entire striatum; it may be divided into dorsal, ventral, medial, and caudorostral regions (Swanson, 2000, p. 133; 2004, pp. 166 to 70).
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anterior division
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anterior division anterodorsal area
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anterior division anterodorsal area proper
This subregion of the BSTad contains the rostral and caudal parts of this nucleus. See levels 16 to 19 from Atlas.
This nucleus is an area of the olfactory cortex, with molecular layer (1) and a pyramidal layer (2), except for the external part, the divisions are baased on position, not architecture (see Haberly and Price 1978b).
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anterior division anterodorsal area central core
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anterolateral area
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anterior division anteroventral area
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis oval nucleus
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis juxtacapsular nucleus
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis rhomboid nucleus
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anterior division dorsomedial nucleus
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anterior division dorsolateral nucleus
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anterior division fusiform nucleus
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anterior division ventral nucleus
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anterior division magnocellular nucleus
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, anterior division, subcommisural zone
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis posterior division
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis posterior division principal nucleus
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis posterior division interfascicular nucleus
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis posterior division transverse nucleus
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis posterior division premedullary nucleus
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis posterior division dorsal nucleus
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis posterior division strial extension
Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis posterior division cell-sparse zone
Anterior olfactory nucleus dorsal part molecular layer
According to Gurdjian 1925, Swanson and Cowan 1979.
According to Gurdjian 1928, Graybiel and Ragsdale 1979, Van der Kooy and Carter 1981, Rajakumar et al. 1993. In the rat the lateral segment is often referred to as the globus pallidus, whereas the medial segment is often to referred to as the entopeduncular nucleus. This anomalous nomenclature will probably gradually disappear.
Jones et al. 1976. This region has been renamed the ventral pallidum (see Alheid and Heimer 1988), and contains a characteristic subpopulation of scattered, cortically projecting cholinergic neurons (Rye et al. 1984) that in some animals (especially primates) form distinct cell clusters within the substantia innominata, known as the basal nuclei of Meynert (see Gory 1963). These cholinergic cells extend into the medial septal complex, magnocellular preoptic nucleus, and perhaps lateral preoptic area. The term magnocellular basal nucleus has been introduced to refer to the basal cholinergic neurons that project to the cerebral cortex (Saper 1984).
This nucleus comes as close to a basal nucleus of Meynert as anything in the rat. Cholinergic neurons here innervate preferentially in the olfactory bulb. Whether it is in fact of the preoptic hypothalamus, derived from third ventricular neuroepithelium, is doubtful. See Swanson 1976a; Rye et al. 1984 and notes 62 and 64.
Swanson and Cowan 1979. There is no morphologically distinct border between the medial spetal nucleus and nucleus of the diagonal band, although an arbitrary border is often drawn at the widest point of the complex (see Atlas level 16). This level also shows that is often convenient to describe horizontal and vertical limbs of the nucleus of the diagonal band (Raisman 1966). Unfortunately, Price and Powell (1970) applied the term nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band to a laterally adjacent cell group that had been widely referred to as the magnocellular preoptic nucleus since the time of Loo (1931), and that projects to the olfactory bulb rather than the hippocampal formation (see not 62).
Cells are any of the minute protoplasmic masses that form organized tissue; they consist of a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that contains various organelles, and are enclosed by a plasma membrane. They are the fundamental structural and functional units of living organisms (Dorland Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 2003, p. 315).
Anterior olfactory nucleus dorsal part pyramidal layer
The adult cerebellum develops from dorsal regions of the embryonic pontine secondary vesicle and may be divided into cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei (Swanson, 2004, p. 166).
According to Larsell 1952, 1970, Palay and Chan to Palay 1974, Voogd et al. 1985. The cerebellar cortex has three layers: molecular (CBXm), Purkinje (CBXp), and granule cell (CBXg). The surface map provided by Campbell and Armstrong (1983) was particularly useful in constructing the flatmap. Note that the brain used for this atlas had one apparently unsual feature in the cerebellum (not illustrated in the above references): a very large fissure that we have called the pyramidal fissure (atlas levels 64 to 70).
Anterior olfactory nucleus external part
Anterior olfactory nucleus external part molecular layer
Anterior olfactory nucleus external part pyramidal layer
Anterior olfactory nucleus lateral part molecular layer
According to Korneliussen 1968, Voogd et al. 1985.
Brainstem means different things to different authors. Here we include the interbrain, midbrain, and the hindbrain. The neuroendocrine motor system is centered in the interbrain, whereas autonomic and somatic motoneuron pools are found in the midbrain and hindbrain (and of course spinal cord).
Anterior olfactory nucleus lateral part pyramidal layer
The thalamus as defined here is the part of the sensory system that includes all nuclei derived from the embryonic dorsal thalamus, along with the adjacent reticular nucleus of the thalamus (Swanson, 2004, pp. 171 to 2).
These nuclei project in a topographically organized way to virtually all parts of the cortical mantle.
According to Gurdjian 1927. These nuclei preferentially innervate the cingulate region and hippocampal formation.
Anteromedial nucleus of thalamus dorsal part
According to Canteras and Swanson 1992a.
Anteromedial nucleus of thalamus ventral part
Interanteromedial nucleus of the thalamus
Interanterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
According to Gurdjian 1927, Thompson and Robertson 1987.
These nuclei preferentially innervate the prefrontal region.
According to Gurdjian 1927, Krieg 1944, Krettek and Price 1977.
Mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus medial part
Mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus central part
Mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus lateral part
Intermediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
According to Krieg 1944, Price and Slotnick 1983.
Anterior olfactory nucleus medial part molecular layer
According to Macchi and Bentivoglio 1986, Berendse and Groenewegen 1991. These nuclei preferentially innervate the cingulate region, hippocampal formation and amygdala.
According to Gurdjian 1927, Risold et al 1997.
Nucleus reuniens rostral division rostral part
Nucleus reuniens rostral division dorsal part
Nucleus reuniens rostral division ventral part
Nucleus reuniens rostral division lateral part
Nucleus reuniens rostral division median part
Anterior olfactory nucleus medial part pyramidal layer
Nucleus reuniens rostral division anterior part
Nucleus reuniens caudal division caudal part
Nucleus reuniens caudal division dorsal part
Nucleus reuniens caudal division median part
Nucleus reuniens caudal division posterior part
A part of the nucleus reuniens, caudal division.
Intralaminar nuclei of the dorsal thalamus
According to Macchi and Bentivoglio 1986, Berendse and Groenewegen 1991. These nonspecific nuclei have somewhat wider projections to the cortex than many other thalamic nuclei.
According to Gurdjian 1927, Jones and Leavitt 1974.
The nervous system is that part of the body characterized microscopically by nerve cells and glial cells (Bullock and Horridge, 1965, pp. 6, 95); in vertebrates it consists macroscopically of central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (nerves, ganglia, and plexuses) divisions (Swanson, 2003, p. 40 ff.; 2004, p. 166).
Anterior olfactory nucleus posteroventral part
According to Gurdjian 1927. A closely related centre median nucleus is now commonly identified in primates but not rodents. However, Krieg (1944) pointed out what he regarded as the equivalent of a centre median nucleus in the rat, as did Kruger et al. 1995.
These nuclei preferentially innervate association areas in the parietal, temporal, and occipital regions.
Lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
According to Gurdjian 1927, Price 1995. This cell group, which includes the pulvinar complex of many other species, has been little studied in the rat.
According to Feldman and Kruger 1980, Price 1995, Fabri and Burton 1991, Diamond et al. 1992.
According to LeDoux et al. 1987, Clerici and Coleman 1990.
Posterior limiting nucleus of the thalamus
These nuclei innervate preferentially somatic sensory and motor cortical areas.
Ventral anterior-lateral complex of the thalamus
Anterior olfactory nucleus posteroventral part molecular layer
Ventral posterior complex of the thalamus
Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus
According to Lund and Webster 1976b, Faull and Mehler 1985, Emmers 1988.
Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus parvicellular part
Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus
According to Lund and Webster 1976a, Faull and Mehler 1985, Emmers 1988.
Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus parvicellular part
These nuclei innervate preferentially auditory and visual cortical areas.
According to Winer and Laurue 1987, Clerici and Coleman 1990.
Anterior olfactory nucleus posteroventral part pyramidal layer
Dorsal part of the lateral geniculate complex
According to Shaver et al. 1990. It is difficult to clasify the SFO. It develops in the roof plate, at the junction between interbrain and endbrain, and is essentially a humoral sensory nucleus.
These nuclei do not project to the endbrain.
According to Gurdjian 1925, Herkenham and Nauta 1979.
It is usually said that these nuclei do not project to the endbrain, however, a population of neurons in the zona incerta projects to the cerebral cortex (Lin et al. 1990).
According to Gurdjian 1927, Spreafico et al. 1991.
Geniculate group of the ventral thalamus
There is little agreement in the literature about the parcellation and nomneclature associated with the taenia tecta and induseum griseum. From examining sections in the three standard planes, it seems clear to us that the induseum griseum continues unninterrupted around the genu of the corpus callosum to the septohippocampal nucleus (Atlas levels 11 to 13, also see Wyss and Sripanidkulchai 1983), the part of the induseumk griseum rostral and ventral to the genu was called the dorsal part of the taenia tecta by Haberly and Price (1978b). The ventral taenia tecta of Haberly and Price (1978b) has a very different structure. They divided it into superior and inferior parts, which we refer to here as the dorsal and ventral parts of the taenia tecta proper, respectively. The taenia tecta reminds one of differentiated parts of the adjacent anterior olfactory nucleus (see davis et al. 1978). We recognize three layers in the TTv (as Haberly and Price 1978b) and four layers in the TTd.
Intergeniculate leaflet of the lateral geniculate complex
According to Hickey and Spear 1976, Moore and Card 1994.
Ventral part of the lateral geniculate complex
Ventral part of the lateral geniculate complex lateral zone
Ventral part of the lateral geniculate complex medial zone
According to Bjorklund and Lindvall 1984.
According to Kuzemensky 1977, Berman and Jones 1982.
According to Faull and Mehler 1985. LeDoux et al. (1987) have divided the parvicellular part of the subparafascicular nucleus as defined here into a posterodorsal part (which they called the posterior intralaminar nucleus, although it is not continuous with the intalaminar nuclei of the thalamus), and a ventral part (which they called the parvicellular part of the subparafascicular nucleus). This distinction was difficult to make our Nissl to stained material.
Subparafascicular nucleus magnocellular part
Subparafascicular nucleus parvicellular part
According to Faull and Mehler 1985. LeDoux et al. (1987) have divided the parvicellular part of the subparafascicular nucleus as defined here into a posterodorsal part (which they called the posterior intralaminar nucleus, although it is not continuous with the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus), and a ventral part (which they called the parvicellular part of the subparafascicular nucleus). This distinction was difficult to make our Nissl to stained material.
According to Rioch et al. 1940, Swanson 1987.
Periventricular zone of the hypothalamus
This zone is characterized by pools of neuroendocrine motoneurons (Markakis and Swanson 1997).
According to Peterson 1966, Palkovits et al. 1974.
Supraoptic nucleus, retrochiasmatic part
Supraoptic nucleus, accessory supraoptic group
Supraoptic nucleus, accessory supraoptic group, nucleus circularis
This is the part of the supraoptic nucleus outside of the classical substructures. See the atlas for details.
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
According to Swanson 1991, 1992b, Swanson and Simmons 1989.
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, descending division
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, descending division, medial parvicellular part, ventral zone
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, descending division, dorsal parvicellular part
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, descending division, lateral parvicellular part
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, descending division, forniceal part
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, magnocellular division
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, magnocellular division, anterior magnocellular part
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, magnocellular division, medial magnocellular part
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, magnocellular division, posterior magnocellular part
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, magnocellular division, posterior magnocellular part, medial zone
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, magnocellular division, posterior magnocellular part, lateral zone
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, parvicellular division
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, parvicellular division, anterior parvicellular part
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, parvicellular division, medial parvicellular part, dorsal zone
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, parvicellular division, periventricular part
Anterior periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
According to Gurdjian 1927, Krieg 1932, Thompson and Swanson 1998.
Dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus anterior part
Gurdjian (1927) referred to this poorly defined cell group as the dorsal part of the DMH.
Dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus posterior part
Gurdjian (1927) referred to this dense group of cells as the ventral part of the DMH.
Dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus ventral part
A variety of features indicate that this region differs from the anterior and posterior parts (Thompson and Swanson 1998).
Intermediate periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
For the sake of consistency we have applied this name to what Gurdjian (1927) referred to as the dorsal part of the posterior periventricular nucleus.
According to Krieg 1932, Everitt et al. 1986.
Posterior periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
According to Ingram et al. 1932, Christ 1969.
This zone contains a series of well to defined nuclei that divide the hypothalamus into preoptic, anterior (supraoptic), tuberal, and mammillary levels.
According to Simerly et al. 1984. The MPO contains a number of distinct cell groups, which are embedded in a relatively undifferentiated area of scattered neurons (the undifferentiated part of the MPO).
According to Simerly et al. 1984. The septohypothalamic nucleus of Bleier et al. (1979) includes the ADP and the LSv. However, these two cell groups do not merge, and are cytoarchitectonically distinct.
This is the part of the medial preoptic area outside of the classical substructures. See the atlas for details.
According to Krieg 1932. The AHA includes scattered neurons around the more condensed AHN and SCH. Recent evidence suggests that these scattered neurons are regionally organized (for example, some form the subparaventricular zone and others the retrochiasmatic area).
According to Gurdjian 1927, Krieg 1932, and Risold et al. 1994.
Anterior hypothalamic nucleus anterior part
This cell group, which Bleier et al. (1979) called the dorsal tuberal nucleus and Paxinos and Watson (1986) called the stigmoid hypothalamic nucleus, is clearly part of the AHN.
According to Krieg 1932, Watts et al. 1987.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus dorsomedial part
Suprachiasmatic nucleus ventrolateral part
According to Watts and Swanson 1987, and Watts 1991.
According to Swanson and Kuypers 1980. These scattered neurons lie among the fibers of the supraoptic commissures, they were called the nucleus supraopticus diffusus by Gurdjian (1927).
This is the part of the anterior hypothalamic area outside of the classical substructures. See the atlas for details.
According to Swanson 1987. This area includes the undifferentiated, cell to sparse zone or shell around the ventromedial nucleus.
Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
According to Gurdjian (1927) and Saper et al. (1976a) recognized dorsomedial and ventrolateral cell condensations serparated by a relatively cell to sparse central region. Van Houten and Brawer (1978) also recognized a distinct anterior component. Also see Canteras et al. 1994.
Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus anterior part
Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus dorsomedial part
Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus central part
Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus ventrolateral part
According to Gurdjian 1927, Krieg 1932, Canteras et al. 1992b,
There is no standard definition of the mammillary body, sometimes it just refers to the MM and LM. The TM could just as well be placed in the lateral zone because of its widespread, diffuse projections.
According to Gurdjian 1927, Krieg 1932, Allen and Hopkins 1988.
According to to Gurdjian 1927 and Krieg 1932.
This very heterogeneous, poorly understood region is often thought of as an interstitial nucleus of the medial forebrain bundle, and the rostral extension of thebrainstorm reticular formation.
According to Gurdjian 1927, and Swanson 1976a.
According to Gurdjian 1927, and Krieg 1932. Several attempts have been made to parcellate this area, but there is little agreement among authors, and the parcellations based on histochemistry combined with pathway tracing methods are needed. A perifornical region can often be distinguished from a more lateral region.
This is the remaining part of the lateral hypothalamic area after eliminating the tuberal nucleus. See the Atlas for reference.
According to Gurdjian 1927, Afsharpour 1985, Canteras et al. 1990.
According to Scwind 1928, Daniel and Prichard 1975, Hebel and Stromberg 1986.
According to Braekevelt and Hollenberg 1970, Morest 1970, Perry 1981, Ehinger and Dowling 1987.
According to Craigie 1925, Haberly and Price 1978a.
The midbrain to hindbrain is the segment of the cerebrospinal trunk between the interbrain rostrally and the spinal cord caudally (Swanson, 1998, p. 207 to 212; 2004, p. 165).
The sensory system part of the nervous system is involved in transmitting exteroceptive and interoceptive stimuli to the cognitive, behavioral state, and motor systems (Swanson, 2003, p. 182 ff.; 2004, pp. 171 to 3).
The visual sensory system as defined here includes parts of the midbrain to hindbrain that transmit visual stimuli to the cognitive, behavioral state, and motor systems (Swanson, 2004, p. 172).
According to Kanaseki and Sprague 1974, Bickford and Hall 1989.
Superior colliculus superficial gray layer
Superior colliculus intermediate gray layer
Superior colliculus intermediate gray layer sublayer a
Superior colliculus intermediate gray layer sublayer b
Superior colliculus intermediate gray layer sublayer c
Superior colliculus intermediate white layer
Superior colliculus intermediate deep gray layer
Superior colliculus intermediate deep white layer
According to Tokunaga and Otani 1978, Harting et al. 1991b.
According to Campbell and Liebermann 1985, Gregory 1985.
According to Giolli et al 1985, Gregory 1985.
According to Siminoff et al. 1968, Kanaseki and Sprague 1974.
Medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract
According to Hayhow et al. 1960, Giollo et al. 1989.
Lateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract
According to Hayhow et al. 1960, Terubayashi and Fujisawa 1984, Giolli et al. 1989.
Dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract
Midbrain-Hindbrain, Sensory, Somatosensory
The somatosensory sensory system as defined here includes parts of the midbrain to hindbrain that transmit somatosensory stimuli to the cognitive, behavioral state, and motor systems (Swanson, 2004, p. 172).
Gregg and Dixon 1973, Schneider et al. 1981, Hirsch (1765) named this ganglion after his professor, J.L. Gasser.
According to Rokx et al. 1986a, Luo et al. 1991. This is a displaced dorsal root ganglion.
Principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal oral part
According to Falls et al. 1985, Jacquin and Rhoades 1990.
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal oral part ventrolateral part
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal oral part rostral dorsomedial part
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal oral part middle dorsomedial part, dorsal zone
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal oral part middle dorsomedial part, ventral zone
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal oral part caudal dorsomedial part
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal interpolar part
According to Haug 1976, Canteras et al. 1992a.
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal caudal part
According to Nord 1967, Gobel et al. 1977, Kruger 1979.
According to Chan to Palay 1978, Phelan and Falls 1989b.
According to Gulley 1973, Cliffer and Giesler 1989, Maslany et al. 1991.
This is the part of the gracile nucleus outside of the median part. See Level 73.
According to Cliffer and Giesler 1989, Maslany et al. 1991.
The auditory sensory system as defined here includes parts of the midbrain to hindbrain trunk that transmit auditory stimuli to the cognitive, behavioral state, and motor systems (Swanson, 2004, p. 172).
According to Harrison and Feldman 1970, Osen et al. 1984, Webster 1985.
Subpeduncular granular region of the cochlear nuclei
Interstitial nucleus of the auditory nerve
According to Harrison and Feldman 1970, Merchan et al. 1988.
Superior olivary complex periolivary region
There is general agreement that the medial and lateral parts of the superior olive are surrounded by a ring of periolivary gray matter, with a superior (e.g., Harrison and Feldman 1970) or dorsomedial (e.g., Morest 1973) periolivary nucleus that is particularly obvious. There is, however, little agreement about parcellating this ring of gray matter (some parts have been referred to as components of the nuceus of the trapezoid body). Because we could not distinguish clearly separate cell groups in this region, it has beeen referred to simply as the periolivary region (see Osen et al. 1984).
According to Harrison and Feldman 1970, Osen et al. 1984, Fay to Lund 1986, Bledsoe et al. 1990. This cell group is sometimes referred to as the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (see note 200).
According to McDonald 1983, Millhouse and Uemoura to Sumi 1985. Like the NLOT and COA, this is an area of the olfactory cortex, usually grouped with the amygdala.
According to Harrison and Feldman 1970, Osen et al. 1984, Webster 1985, Fay to Lund 1986.
According to Osen et al 1984, Webster 1985, Fay to Lund 1986.
While it is common to divide this nucleus into dorsal and ventral parts, or into dorsal, intermediate, and ventral parts, the architecture and connections of this cell group have not been examined in any detail in the rat, where it has been done, it is obvious that the NLL is an extremely complex region (see Covey and Casseday 1986). We have not attempted to parcellate the NLL.
Nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus
According to Berman 1968, Andrezik and Beitz 1985, Henkel and Shneiderman 1988.
The central nervous system in vertebrates is a dorsal, hollow organ in the midline that traditionally consists of the brain (rostrally within the cranium) and spinal cord (caudally within the vertebral column); alternatively it can be divided into cerebrum, cerebellum and cerebrospinal trunk (Swanson, 2004, p. 165). In bilateral invertebrates it is a ventromedial series of ganglia (Bullock and Horridge, 1965, pp. 53 to 5).
Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract molecular layer
The sensory to related vestibular nuclei of the midbrain to hindbrain include the vestibular nuclei themselves, perihypoglossal nuclei, interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve, nucleus x, nucleus y, and the infracerebellar nucleus (Swanson, 1998, p. 208).
According to Brodal 1952, 1983, McCrea and Baker 1985.
According to Meessen and Olszewski 1949, Brodal 1952.
According to Meessen and Olszewski 1949, Torvik 1956, Valverde 1962.
Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract pyramidal layer
Interstitial nucleus of the vestibular nerve
According to Fredrickson and Trune 1986.
Midbrain-Hindbrain, Sensory, Gustatory-Visceral
The gustatory sensory system as defined here includes parts of the midbrain to hindbrain that transmit gustatory stimuli to the cognitive, behavioral state, and motor systems (Swanson, 2004, p. 173). The visceral sensory system as defined here includes parts of the midbrain to hindbrain that transmit visceral stimuli to the cognitive, behavioral state, and motor systems (Swanson, 2004, p. 173).
According to Torvik 1956, Contreras et al. 1982. NB: This nucleus belongs to the visceral part of the Midbrain to Hindbrain, even though a single subpart of it belongs ot hte gustatory subdivision.
Nucleus of the solitary tract central part
According to Ross et al. 1985, Cunningham et al. 1991.
Nucleus of the solitary tract commissural part
Nucleus of the solitary tract gelatinous part
According to Leslie et al. 1982, Shapiro and Miselis 1985b.
Nucleus of the solitary tract lateral part
Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract dorsal cap
Nucleus of the solitary tract medial part
According to Berman 1968, Conteras et al. 1982. NB: This subdivision does not appear in the hierarchy Swanson 1998, but appears in the atlas levels 58 to 73. It is composed of a rostral part which is the sole structure of the Gustatory division of the Midbrain to Hindbrain and of a caudal part which is a structure of the Visceral division.
Nucleus of the solitary tract medial part rostral zone
According to Torvik 1956; Contreras et al. 1982. NB: the rostral aspect appears in brackets in the abbreviation in order to show that it is inferred from the hierarchy Swanson 1998 (page 209).
Nucleus of the solitary tract medial part caudal zone
According to Berman 1968, Contreras et al. 1982. NB: the caudal aspect appears in brackets in the abbreviation in order to show that it is inferred from the hierarchy Swanson 1998 (page 209).
Parabrachial nucleus lateral division central lateral part
Parabrachial nucleus lateral division dorsal lateral part
Parabrachial nucleus lateral division external lateral part
Parabrachial nucleus lateral division extreme lateral part
Parabrachial nucleus lateral division internal lateral part
Parabrachial nucleus lateral division superior lateral part
Parabrachial nucleus lateral division ventral lateral part
Parabrachial nucleus medial division medial medial part
Parabrachial nucleus medial division external medial part
Parabrachial nucleus medial division ventral medial part
This region appears to us to be a ventral extension of the PBmm (of Fulwiler and Saper 1984).
The motor system part of the central nervous system is involved in mediating somatomotor, autonomic, and neuroendocrine responses in the body and its output is a function of inputs from the cognitive, behavioral state, and sensory systems (Swanson, 2003, p. 97 ff.; 2004, pp. 173 to 6).
The three motor regions of the midbrain to hindbrain that directly control eye movements include the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nuclei, and accessory nuclei associated with the former and latter (Swanson, 1998, p. 209).
Cortical nucleus of the amygdala anterior part
According to Leichnetz 1982, Gonzalo to Ruiz et al. 1990.
This is the remaining part of III, after excluding MAN. Refer to levels 39 to 41.
This is the remaining part of the abducens nucleus after eliminating the accesory abducens nucleus
The motor regions of the midbrain to hindbrain that directly control jaw movements include the motor nucleus of the trigeminal and its parvicellular part (Swanson, 1998, p. 209).
According to Mizuno et al. 1975, Jacquin et al. 1983.
Motor nucleus of the trigeminal parvicellular part
Cortical nucleus of the amygdala posterior part
This is the remaining part of the motor nucleus of the trigeminal after excluding the parviccellular part. Refer to plates 47 to 52.
Midbrain-Hindbrain, Motor, Extrapyramidal
The motor regions of the midbrain to hindbrain that are most closely associated with the extrapyramidal system are the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (Swanson, 1998, pp. 209 to 10).
While a lateral part of the SN has been mentioned in the literature (see Gillilan 1943, Hanaway et al. 1970) more recent work has provided little reason to separate it from the compact part (see Bjorklund and Lindvall 1984).
According to Danner and Pfister 1982, Bjorklund and Lindvall 1984.
According to Phillipson 1979, Swanson 1982, Bjorklund and Lindvall 1984.
The two motor regions of the midbrain to hindbrain that directly control the muscles of facial expression include the facial and accessory facial nuclei (Swanson, 1998, p. 209).
According to Martin et al. 1977, Watson et al. 1982, Friauf and Herbert 1985, Friauf 1986.
This is the remaining part of the facial nucleus eafter eliminating the accessory facial nucleus. Refer to Atlas plates 52 to 55.
Cortical nucleus of the amygdala posterior part lateral zone
The motor regions of the midbrain to hindbrain that directly innervate the labyrinth of the inner ear include the efferent cochlear group and the efferent vestibular nucleus (Swanson, 1998, p. 209).
According to White and Warr 1983, Vetter et al. 1991, Vetter and Mugnaini 1992.
Midbrain-Hindbrain, Motor, Pharynx-Larynx-Esophagus
The motor regions of the midbrain to hindbrain that directly innervate the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus include the dorsal division of the nucleus ambiguus and associated stylopharyngeal motoneurons (Swanson, 1998, p. 209).
According to Bieger and Hopkins 1987, Patrickson et al. 1991.
Nucleus ambiguus dorsal division, stylopharyngeal motoneurons
This is the part of the nucleus ambiguus dorsal division after eliminating the stylopharingeal motoneurons. Refer to Atlas plates 59 to 71. The stylopharingeal motoneurons are not shown as a distinct substructure.
The motor region of the midbrain to hindbrain that directly innervates the muscles of the neck is the nucleus of the spinal accessory nerve (Swanson, 1998, p. 207).
The motor region of the midbrain to hindbrain that directly innervates the muscles of the tongue is the hypoglossal nucleus (Swanson, 1998, p. 207).
Cortical nucleus of the amygdala posterior part medial zone
According to Kramer et al. 1979, Jacquin et al. 1983, Kitamura et al. 1983.
The motor regions of the midbrain to hindbrain that directly innervate the cranial parasympathetic ganglia include the Edinger to Westphal nucleus, superior and inferior salivatory nuclei, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, and ventral division of the nucleus ambiguus (Swanson, 1998, p. 209).
According to Loewy et al. 1978, Martin and Dolivo 1983.
According to Contreras et al. 1980, Senba et al. 1987, Spencer et al. 1990.
According to Fox and Powley 1985, Norgren and Smith 1988, Altshuler et al. 1991.
According to Bieger and Hopkins 1987. This region is characterized by preganglionic neurons that contribute to the thoracic branches of the vagus nerve, although other cell types may be present.
There is no generally accepted definition of the reticular core, which essentially consists of those regions that have not been assigned to particular sensory and motor systems. We consider that the reticular core extends into the forebrain to include the lateral zone of the hypothalamus, ventral thalamus, and epithalamus. It plays a major role in controlling behavioral state, and in polymodal integration.
The central gray is a component of the motor system in the cerebrospinal trunk that includes the epithalamus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, periaqueductal gray, pontine central gray, and spinal central gray (Swanson, 2004, p. 174).
Recent work has clarified the structural organization of the rat PAG, which is that part of the brain central gray within the midbrain. The basic parcellation of the caudal three to quarters of the PAG follows Beitz (1985).
This relatively clear cell group lies caudal to the precommissural nucleus, as indicated by the name we have given it.
Periaqueductal gray rostromedial division
This relatively homogeneous cell group lies between the caudal end of the interbrain and the caudal three to quarters of the PAG subdivided by Beitz (1985), exclusive of the PRC, COM and PAGrl. It forms the rostroventromedial part of the PAG.
Periaqueductal gray rostrolateral division
This relatively small, distinct group of neurons lies lateral to the PAGrm. We have assigned the names PAGrm and PAGrl simply on the basis of their location in the PAG.
Periaqueductal gray ventrolateral division
Beitz (1985). This large division is undoubtely heterogeneous (Keay et al. 1994) and requires further structural characterization. For example, there is a supraoculomotor region ventrally (Herbert and Saper 1992).
Periaqueductal gray dorsolateral division
According to Beitz 1985, Herbert and Saper 1992. This is perhaps the clearest division of the caudal PAG cytoarchitectonically (small, densely packed neurons), and because of this the dorsal division is also very easy to distinguish.
According to Gillilan 1943, Rutheford et al. 1989.
According to Cowan et al. 1964,Hayakawa and Zyo 1983.
We have applied this name to a distinguishable cell group between the locus coeruleus and Barrington's nucleus that receives circumscribed inputs from the lateral hypothalamic area (Kelly 1995) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Petrovich and Swanson 1997).
According to Gillilan 1943, Cornwall et al. 1990.
According to Swanson et al. 1984 (see also Gillilan 1943).
This is the part of the laterordorsal tegmental nucleus which is not included in the sublaterodorsal nucleus. See the Atlas levels 45 to 50.
This term has assumed a variety of connotations since the introduction of histochemical methods for localizing biogenic amines, it is used here as the equivalent of Meesen and Olszewski (1949) nucleus subcoeruleus.
That part of the locus coeruleus which is not included in the subcoeruleus nucleus.
The peripheral nervous system lies outside the central nervous system and consists macroscopically of nerves, ganglia, and peripheral plexuses (Swanson, 2004, p. 179).
According to Meesen and Olszewski 1949, Andrezik and Beitz 1985.
This is simply the caudal extension of the periacqueductal gray.
According to Olszewski and Baxter 1954, Taber et al. 1960, Steinbusch and Nieuwenhuys 1983.
According to Berman 1968, Phillipson 1979.
According to Castaldi 1923, Brown 1943, Swanson 1982.
According to Castaldi 1923, Brown 1943 (intermediate linear nucleus), Swanson 1982.
According to Bechterew 1899, Taber et al 1960, Valverde 1962. A superior central nucleus with medial and lateral zones has long been recognized. Konig and Klippel (1963) referred to the nucleus medianus raphes which may correspond to the medial part, where serotonergic neurons are apparently concentrated (Dahlstrom and Fuxe 1964).
Superior central nucleus raphe medial part
Superior central nucleus raphe lateral part
According to Brown 1943, Valverde 1962, Descarries et al. 1982, Park 1987.
The correspondence between what Streeter (1903), Castaldi (1923), and Berman (1968) identified as the NI in human, guinea pig, and cat, and what Wyss et al. (1979) called NI in the rat is unclear. Based on connectional and histochemical evidence (N.S Canteras, personal communication) the NI of Wyss et al. and the central gray matter, pars alpha of Meesen and Olszewski (1949) appear to form parts of a single nucleus, which we have divided into compact (medial) and diffuse (lateral) parts, the latter corresponding to the pars alpha.
According to Meesen and Olszewski 1949, Valverde 1962, Mason et al. 1990.
According to Olszewski and Baxter 1954, Valverde 1962.
According to Olszewski and Baxter 1954, Valverde 1962, Bowker and Abbott 1990.
Interpeduncular nucleus rostral subnucleus
Entorhinal area, lateral part layers 1-6
Interpeduncular nucleus apical subnucleus
Interpeduncular nucleus dorsomedial subnucleus
Interpeduncular nucleus lateral subnucleus
Interpeduncular nucleus lateral subnucleus dorsal part
Interpeduncular nucleus lateral subnucleus intermediate part
Interpeduncular nucleus lateral subnucleus ventral part
Interpeduncular nucleus lateral subnucleus rostral part
Interpeduncular nucleus intermediate subnucleus
Interpeduncular nucleus central subnucleus
The reticular formation is a spatially vast component of the motor system that includes many parts of the interbrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (Swanson, 2004, p. 175).
Entorhinal area medial part, dorsal zone
According to Berman 1968. This region is characterized by scattered dopamine cells, caudal and dorsal to the ventral tegmental area (see Swanson 1982, Bjorklund and Lindvall 1984).
The part of MRN which is not in its substructures. See atlas for details.
According to Jacobson 1909, Olszewski and Baxter 1954, Rye et al. 1987. Rye et al. (1987) regard the subpopulation of cholinergic neurons in this region as the pedunculopontine nucleus (see note 62), the region outlined here contains all the cells identified earlier in the PPN (Jacobson 1909, Olszewski and Baxter, 1954), although cholinergic neurons provide a very useful guide to its borders and seem to predominate numerically.
According to Castaldi 1926, Olszewski and Baxter 1954, Swanson et al. 1984.
According to Meessen and Olszewski 1949.
The A5 noradrenergic group (Dahlstrom and Fuxe 1964) and associated depressor region (see Loewy et al. 1986) appear to be centered in ventrolateral regions of the PRnc, including the region of the rubrospinal tract, although a few cells also appear to extend into the periolivary region (see Westlund et al. 1983, Bryum et al. 1984). Most of the cells appear to lie adjacent to the superior salivatory nucleus (see note 300).
Often referred as the oral part (Meessen and Olszewski 1949).
Entorhinal area medial part, dorsal zone layers 1-6
Paragigantocellular reticular nucleus dorsal part
Paragigantocellular reticular nucleus lateral part
According to Andrezik et al. 1981. Although this problem has not been addressed in detail, it seems likely from published maps (see Dahlstrom and Fuxe 1964, Hokfelt et al. 1984, Sawchenko et al. 1985, Giuliano et al. 1989, Ellenberger et al. 1990) that the C1 adrenergic group, the A1 noradrenergic group, the ventrolateral medulla, and the rostral ventrolateral medulla are centered in (though not necessarily confined strictly to) the PGRNI, with relatively minor possible involvement of the ventral division of the nucleus ambiguus (see note 295).
We use this term in referring to the dorsal and ventral cell gorups identified recently.
According to Berman 1968, Newman 1985a, b. This appears to be a ventromedial extension of the gigantocellular reticular nucleus.
According to Lorente de No 1922, Torvik 1956, Rokx et al. 1986b.
According to Meesen and Olszewski 1949, Valverde 1962.
Medullary reticular nucleus ventral part
Entorhinal area medial part, ventral zone
According to Meesen and Olszewski 1949, Mehler, 1983, ter Horst et al. 1991.
The postcerebellar and precerebellar nuclei receive major direct outputs from, or send major direct inputs to, the cerebellum, respectively, and are part of the motor system (Swanson, 2003, p. 131 ff.; 2004, p. 174).
According to Mihailoff et al. 1981, Nelson and Mugnaini 1988, Bourrat and Sotelo 1991.
This is the remaining part of the pontine gray from which the tegmental reticular nucleus was excluded.
According to Azizi and Woodward 1987, Nelson and Mugnaini 1988, Bourrat and Sotelo 1991.
According to Kapogianis et al. 1982a, b.
Lateral reticular nucleus magnocellular part
Lateral reticular nucleus parvicellular part
According to Watson and Switzer 1978. Based on connections (Watson and Switzer 1978), cytology and topology, these cells are reminiscent of a bridge of LRN cells over the rostral end of the nucleus ambiguus.
According to Mehler 1969, Somana and Wahlberg 1978, Andrezik and Beitz 1985.
According to Allen 1923, Walberg et al. 1962, Low et al. 1986.
While small neurons predominate rostrally and large neurons caudally (Reid et al. 1975, Strominger et al. 1987), it is difficult to draw a boundary between parvicellular and magnocellular parts in the rat.
Schwind 1928, Daniel and Prichard 1975, Hebel and Stromberg 1986.
Schwind 1928, Daniel and Prichard 1975, Hebel and Stromberg 1996.
In vertebrates, the spinal cord is the caudal part of the central nervous system that lies within the vertebral column (Swanson, 2004, p. 165). For a general account of the rat spinal cord, see Waibl (1973) and Altman and Bayer (1984), for attempts to impose a laminar organization on the spinal cord see Rexed (1952, 1954) and Brichta and Grant (1985).
The basic division of the dorsal horn used by Cajal (1995) has been adopted here. He divided the base of the dorsal horn into medial and lateral basal nuclei (together called the BDG here), whereas his head and neck (center) of the dorsal horn has come to be referred to as the nucleus proprius (see Carpenter and Sutin 1983), the reticular nucleus (process) is found lateral to the nucleus proprius (see Rexed 1952).
According to Lima and Coimbra 1986, Holstege 1988.
Substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord
According to Willis and Coggeshall 1991, Light and Kavookjian 1988, Rustioni and Weinberg 1989, Cruz et al. 1991.
According to Baker and Giesler 1984, Giesler et al. 1988, Broman and Blomqvist 1989.
According to Giesler and Elde 1985, Burstein et al. 1987, Broman and Blomqvist 1989.
Cajaal (1995) essentially divided the intermediate gray into medial, intermediate and lateral parts (the commissural nucleus, intermediate nucleus, and nucleus of the lateral funiculus, respectively).
According to Matsushita and Hosoya 1979, Matsushita et al. 1991.
According to Matsushita and Hosoya 1979.
Dorsal nucleus of the spinal cord caudal part
Intermediomedial column of the spinal cord
According to Petras and Cummings 1972, Molander et al. 1984, Brichta and Grant 1985, Molander et al. 1989.
Intermediolateral column of the spinal cord
According to Rubin and Purves 1980, Mawe et al. 1986, Strack et al. 1988, Anderson et al. 1989, Barber et al. 1991, Hosoya et al. 1991.
According to Petras and Cummings 1972, Barber et al. 1991.
Intermediolateral column of the spinal cord sympathetic column
Intermediolateral column of the spinal cord parasympathetic column
The vertebrate central nervous system is divided broadly into gray matter and white matter; the former is a mixture of neuronal cell bodies and neuropil that is regionally differentiated into nuclei, cortical areas, and variations upon them (Bullock and Horridge, 1965, 52; Swanson, 2003, p. 60 ff.; 2004, p. 166).
The lateral forebrain bundle system is a major component of the central nervous system white matter that includes the corpus callosum, the corticospinal tract and its many offshoots, and various thalamus to related pathways (Swanson, 2004, pp. 177 to 8).
According to Carpenter and Sutin 1983, Williams et al. 1989.
According to Saper 1984. The internal capsule in the rat corresponds to the posterior limb of the internal capsule in humans.
According to Lund 1966, Harvey and Worthington 1990.
According to Zimmerman et al. 1964, Kuypers 1981, Wiesendanger 1981.
The medial forebrain bundle system is a major component of the central nervous system white matter that includes the medial forebrain bundle as traditionally understood, its extension through the brainstem into the spinal cord, and the major pathways that feed into and out of it (Swanson, 2004, pp. 178 to 9).
According to Leenen et al. 1964, Kuang and Kalil 1990. In the rat, the crossed corticospinal tract travels through ventral parts of the dorsal funiculus.
This fiber tract is often confused with the external capsule, which forms the medial border of the amygdalar basolateral complex, in the rat. We have not found a name for it in the literature.
The fimbria is the segment of the fornix that extends dorsally and rostrally from the ventral tip of the hippocampal region to the caudal end of the precommissural fornix and postcommissural fornix at the level of the subfornical organ, but excluding the alveus (Honegger, 1890).
According to Craigie 1925, Crosby et al. 1962. The vertically to oriented fibers in the medial septal nucleus and vertical limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band are sometimes referred to as Zuckerkandel's bundle.
According to Gurdjian 1927, Canteras and Swanson 1992b.
According to Swanson and Cowan 1977. They are often called the anterior columns of the fornix.
Dorsal hippocampal commissure angular bundle
According Gurdjian 1925, 1927, Nauta and Haymaker 1969, Nieuwenhuys et al. 1982.
According Gurdjian 1927, Tsang 1940, Nauta and Haymaker 1969. It si probably more aqccurate on embryological and connectional grounds to reer to them as postoptic decussations.
According to Gurdjian 1927, Tsang 1940, Nauta and Haymaker 1969. It is probably more accurate on embryological and connectional grounds to refer to them as postoptic decussations.
According to Krudjian 1927, Nauta and Haymaker 1969.
Periventricular bundle of the hypothalamus
According to Krudjian 1927, Krieg 1932, Sutin 1966.
According to Gurdjian 1927, Fry and Cowan 1972.
According to Gurdjian 1927, Cruce 1975, Seki and Zyo 1984.
According to Gurdjian 1927, Cowan et al. 1964, Shibata 1987.
According to Gurdjian 1925, Herkenham and Nauta 1979, Contestabile et al. 1987.
According to Lindvall and Bjorklund 1984.
All of the cranial and spinal nerves have at least a short segment within the central nervous system itself, and many of the craniospinal nerve nuclei generate related pathways entirely within the central nervous system that are clearly defined (Swanson, 2004, p. 177).
According to Gurdjian 1925, DeOlmos 1972.
According to Bojsen to Moller 1975, Schwanzel to Fukuda et al. 1985, Demski and Schwanzel to Fukuda 1987.
According to Switzer et al al 1985, Doucette 1991.
According to Vacarezza et al. 1981, Halpern 1987. It may be thought of a specialization of the olfactory nerve from a specialized region of the olfactory epithelium, the vomeronasal organ. It ends in the accessory olfactory bulb, whose axons travel through a localized region of the lateral olfactory tract called the accessory olfactory tract (Scalia and Winans 1975).
According to Gurdjian 1925, Haberly and Price 1978b.
According to Crespo et al. 1985, Reese 1987a.
According to Hayhow et al 1960, Terubayashi and Fujisawa 1984.
Optic tract fibers that continune on past the lateral geniculate complex.
According to Bucher and Nauta 19854, Jen and Au 1986.
According to Taylor et al. 1986, Harting et al. 1991a.
This is the remaining part of the trochlear nerve after eliminating the decussation of the trochlear nerve.
According to Erzurumlu and Killackey 1983, Hebel and Stromberg 1986.
According to Torvik 1956, Marfurt and Rajchert 1991.
Mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve
According to Martin et al. 1977, Hebel and Stromberg 1986.
According to Contreras et al. 1980, Hebel and Stromberg 1986.
According to Strutz 1982, White and Warr 1983, Osen et al. 1984.
According to Harrison and Feldman 1970, Webster 1985.
According to Zeman and Innes 1963, Harrison and Feldman 1970, Adams and Warr 1976.
According to Contreras et al. 1980, Hebel and Stromberg 1986, Fukusawa et al. 1991.
According to Torvik 1956, Contreras et al. 1980, Hebel and Stromberg 1986, Altschuler et al. 1991.
According to Torvik 1956, Contreras et al. 1980.
According to Waibl 1973, Hebel and Stromberg 1986.
According to Waibl 1973, Hebel and Stromberg 1986, Neuhuber and Zenker 1989, Arvidsson and Pfaller 1990, Rivero to Melian and Grant 1990, Silverman and Kruger 1990, LaMotte et al. 1991.
The vertebrate central nervous system is divided broadly into gray matter and white matter; the latter is actually something of a misnomer, it actually refers to axonal pathways that interconnect gray matter regions, whether they are myelinated ( and quot;white and quot;), unmyelinated, or a mixture of both (Bullock and Horridge, 1965, p. 52 ff.; Swanson, 2003, p. 60 ff.; 2004, p. 166).
According to Giesler et al. 1981, Burnstein et al. 1990a.
According to GBaker and Giesler 1984, Giesler et al. 1988.
According to Swenson and Castro 1983, Molinari and Starr 1989
According to Yezierski 1988, Lima and Coimbra 1989, Zhang et al. 1990, Yezierski and Mendez 1991.
According to Burstein et al. 1987, 1990b.
According to Burstein et al. 1987, Burstein and Giesler 1989.
The extrapyramidal fiber systems are a major, diverse component of the central nervous system white matter that for the most part are either associated with cerebral nuclei inputs and outputs, or are associated with the tectospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal, and vestibulospinal pathways or tracts (Swanson, 2004, p. 178).
Extrapyramidal fiber systems, basal-nuclei related
According to Voogd 1995, Voogd et al. 1996.
According to Fallon and Moore 1978, Bjorklund and Lindvall 1984.
According to Jackson and Crossman 1981, Yasui et al. 1990.
According to Ricardo 1908, Canteras et al. 1990.
According to Redgrave et al. 1987, 1990.
The lateral ventricle is the component of the ventricular system within the each cerebrum; thus, there is a right and left (first and second) lateral ventricle, each of which communicates with the third ventricle of the interbrain through the right and left interventricular foramen (Millen and Woollam, 1962, p. 33 ff.; Swanson, 1998, p. 195).
The fourth ventricle is the component of the ventricular system in the roof of the hindbrain, ventral to the cerebellum (Millen and Woollam, 1962, p. 51 ff.; Swanson, 1998, p. 195).
The cerebral aqueduct is the narrow component of the ventricular system in the midbrain, between the third ventricle rostrally and the fourth ventricle caudally (Millen and Woollam, 1962, p. 47 ff.; Swanson, 1998, p. 195).
Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are the conducting cell type of the nervous system; they are the fundamental units of neural circuits or networks and establish functional contacts with other cells by way of chemical or electrical synapses (Dorland Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 2003, p. 1256; Swanson, 2003, p. 245).
Glial cells, also known as neuroglial cells or glia, are the nonconducting, support cells of the nervous system; neurons form the other major component of nervous system tissue (Dorland Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 2003, p. 777).
Sensory neurons form the division of neurons that transduces stimuli from the environment or non to neuronal parts of the body, and transmits them to other parts of the sensory system, as well as directly or indirectly via the sensory system to the motor, behavioral state, and cognitive systems (Swanson, 2003, p. 187 ff.; Bota and Swanson, 2007, Fig. 3).
Motoneuron groups are the final common pathway or primary neuron populations of the motor system; they are directly responsible for producing somatic, autonomic, and neuroendocrine responses and their output is a function of inputs from higher levels of the motor system hierarchy, and the cognitive, behavioral state, and sensory systems (Swanson, 2004, pp. 175 to 6).
Interneurons are those neurons that receive inputs from and send axonal projections to other neurons.
Sensory to motor neurons form the small division of neurons that transduces sensory stimuli from the environment or other parts of the body, and transmits them via an axon directly to a non to neuronal effector cell; they combine the features of a sensory neuron and a motor neuron (Swanson, 2003, Fig. 2.5; Swanson and Bota, 2007, Fig. 1).
The hypothalamus constitues the final common pathway for the central neural control of the anterior, intermediate, and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland; in short, it contains the motoneurons of the endocrine system.
The photoreceptors have perikarya which lie in the outer nuclear layer and, with one possible exception, are only cells that convey input signals to the retina.
Somatic motor neurons are those neurons that innervate the striate muscles of the body.
motor neuroendocrine parvicellular neuron
The cell bodies and fiber systems associated with the synthesis and release of hypophysiotropic hormones are referred to collectively as the parvocellular neurosecretory system.
motor neuroendocrine magnocellular neuron
Collator note: the large to sized neurons that project to the pituitary gland.
A retinal ganglion cell is defined as a neuron whose perikaryon lies in the retina and which has an axon that becomes a fiber of the optic nerve. Ganglion cell perikarya usually lie in the ganglion cell layer just vitreally to the inner plexiform layer, although a few (displaced) ganglion cells are found in the inner plexiform layer or in the amacrine cell layer.
We...observed cells in vertical sections where a process arises from the cell body and ascends through the inner nuclear layer to terminate in the outer plexiform layer (figure 2, plate 1; figure 10). These cells have been termed inteplexiform cells by Gallego (1971).
The name amacrine cell was given by Cajal to cells that have no axon. He observed such cells not only in the retina but also in other parts of the brain. In the retina none of the amacrine cells appear to have have axons or axonlike processes, with the possible exception of the so to called association amacrine observed by Cajal (Ramon y Cajal, 1892, 1911) in the bird retina; this amacrine cell type may be a short to axon amacrine cell similar to the short to axon horizontal cell. Usually all the processes of a single anacrine cell look similar when viewed in Golgi to stained material by light microscopy.
The defining characteristic of a bipolar cell is that its dendritic processes terminate in or about the outer plexiform layers, where they make contact with photoreceptors, and its axonal processes terminate in or about the inner plexiform layer.
Lucifer to Yellow injections in rat and gerbil retinae revelead only one type of horizontal cell, which resembles the B to type cells of cat and rabbit (Figs 5 and 6). They have a relatively densely branched, approximatively circular dendritic tree with several fine to primary dendrites. The dendrites carry single terminals or small aggregates of terminals which are all in the same place and thus presumably contac cones. On all to well filled individuals an axon is found. Axons commonly originate at a dendrite, are up to 300 micrometers long, and expand into profusely branched axon terminal systems which are densely covered with terminals. These terminals end on various planes and thus presumably contact rods. Horizontal cell soma diameters are 11 to 14 micrometers in rat.
Rods contain two segments to outer and inner to that are very distinct in osmicated preparations. ...All vertebrates including fish, have outer segments, although it is believed that they are absent in some birds; they are very abundant in nocturnal animals such as the larged horned owl, barn owl, rat and mouse. The inner segment is a bit longer and thicker than the outer segment. It is finely granular, stains lightly with carmine and the basic aniline dyes, and is unaffected by osmic acid. Rod perikarya (Fig. 190a) lie at various depths in the layer under consideration and contain a very small amout of cytoplasm, along with an ovoid nucleus that is smaller than that of cones.
These elements are shorter and less abundant than rods, except in the fovea centralis, where they are the only visual cells present. They are shaped like bottles sitting on the outer limiting membrane with their necks extending into spaces between rods (Figs. 188e and 190B). Their length increases from the periphery of the retina to the macula lutea. Like rods, cones present two segments. The short, cone to shaped, higly variable outer segement is covered with a very thin hyaline film, and its contents are homogeneous and quite refractive in fresh tissue. In contrast, its superimposed lamellae may be easily dissociated. The inner segment is much longer as well as much thicker, and its granular cytoplasm is lightly stained by carmine, hematoxiline, and the basic aniline dyes.
These neurons project to the autonomic centers located in the spinal cord and in the dorsal medulla, and are located in the hypothalamus.
According to Ramon y Cajal (1911), their cell bodies are between 35 and 65 micrometers in man. In the rat the cell bodies are 21 micrometers in diameter and 25 micrometers long on the average. There are 3.5 X 105 [Purkinje cells] in the rat (Armstrong and Schild, 1970). The cell bodies are arranged in a sheet one cell thick at the interface between the molecular and granular layers without any obvious pattern or clustering. In the rat Armstrong and Schild obtained a mean density of 1200 Purkinje cells per mm2 of Purkinje cell sheet by one methosd of counting, and by other method of counting a mean density of 1080 cell per mm 2. In Nissl preparations the cell body is characterized by its large, pale nucleus, an intensely basophilic nucleus, and scattered, rather small, polygonal Nissl bodies. The nucleolus of the Purkinje cell is an impressive, approximately spherical body usually lying near the center of the nucleus, but occasionally near the nuclear envelope. The dendritic tree of the Purkinje cell arises from one to four trunks that issue out of the apical pole of the cell body. The trunks extend directly outward or at an angle toward the surface of the folium, depending upon the location of the cell in the folium. The most remarkable characteristic of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is its three to dimensional form. It is spread out in a vertical plane at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the folium, and is therefore displayed best in parasagittal sections. In this plane the tree extends to 300 to 400 micrometers, while in the longitudinal axis of the folium it is only 15 to 20 micrometers wide (see Fig. 10). The second remarkable characteristic of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is its rich complement of thorns (Figs 7 and 23). The axon of the Purkinje cell arises from a barely perceptible projection on the basal pole of the soma. As Ramon y Cajal (1911) remarked, there is no clear line of demarcation between the cell body and the axon, as small granules of Nissl substance enter into the first part of the latter.
The granule cells of the cerebellar cortex are among the smallest nerve cells in the body. The number of granule cells is enormous, and they are densely packed in the cerebellar cortex of all vertebrates. Rapid Golgi preparations show that the granule cell has an unmistakably characteristic shape, a globular cell body with three or four short, radiating dendrites. These processes are typically sinuous, branching only at their ends, where they produce a gnarled, claw to like, sometimes varicose inflorescence. The dendrites from several granule cells, perhaps as many as six, converge upon the mossy fiber terminal. The axon of the granule cell originates from the cell body, or frequently from the thicker stem of a dendrite, and snakes its way up through the granular layer. In the upper third of the granular layer, axons from neighboring granule cells come together to form thin bundles, which penetrate between the Purkinje cell bodies and ascend into the molecular layer. In this layer each granule cell axon bifurcates like a T, giving rise to a pair of long, thin fibers, 0.1 to 0.2 micrometers in diameter, running in opposite directions parallel to the longitudinal axis of the folium (Figs. 5 and 53). For this reason they were termed parallel fibers by Ramon y Cajal (1888b).
In 1874 Golgi described two kinds of distinctive large cells in the granular layer of the human cerebellar cortex. The first kind of nerve cell had a long, fusiform perikaryon that lay directly beneath the layer of Purkinje cell bodies and extended transversely across the folium. The second kind that he described was irregularly rounded or polygonal , almost as large as the Purkinje cell, and furnished with nuerous dendrites that, in contrast to those of the fusiform cells, tended predominantly to run into the molecular layer. In the present account we shall follow the traditional terminology and restrict the Golgi cells to the large stellate or polygonal cells that Golgi listed as his second group.
Lugaro cells, which are found in all parts of the cerebellum [...] must therefore be considered as a distinct cell class: (1) they are nearly always located at the upper border of the granular layer, just beneath the monolayer of Purkinje cell somata, only very few neurons being scattered in the depth of the granular layer; (2) they have a bipolar fusiform shape, the soma being elongated in a parasagittal direction from which the long dendrites radiate in a diverging manner, extending in a flattened horizontal X underneath the ganglionic layer; and (3) their axon projects into the molecular layer with a constant profuse local plexus and some apparently inconstant distal fibers, while a few sparse projections to the granular layer are also systematically found.
The perikaryon [...] is always located inside the PC [Purkinje cell] layer. It is squeezed, either between the bulging parts of the PC somata or in the space left free between their upper poles, just at the level of the lower border of the molecular layer.
These neurons have rounded or ovoidal cell bodies (9 to 12 micrometers in diameter) that are intermediate in size between granule and Golgi cells. Within a given folium, the UBCs occur at all levels of the granular layer (Fig 1.c), sometimes immediately beneath the Purkinje cell layer and also in the folial withe matter (Fig. 1c, f).
Molecular layer interneurons represent one population of cells, which vary continuously in their morphology depending on the depth of the soma in the molecular layer.
The most frequent neuronal type found in the (BST)Ju is a spiny bipolar cell that accounts for about 78% of the impregnated neurons. In sagittal sections, the dendritic arborization of these neurons corresponds to that of typical bipolar neurons; the paired primary dendrites run in opposite directions, generating narrow dendritic fields, as defined by Peters (1984) and Peters and Jones (1984), that extend through the dorsoventral extent of the Ju. The somata and proximal dendrites of bipolar neurons tend to be located within the middle one to third of the Ju, as depicted in horizontal sections.
A second type of cell, representing 6% of the neurons of the Ju, is commonly found within the dorsal part of the Ju and is characterized by an oval to triangular perikaryon, an ascending dendrite, and two or three basal dendrites. Because of these latter characteristics and because its axon leaves the nuclear borders, these cells will be referred to as and quot;small pyramidal cells and quot;
Within the upper part of the Ju, there is a third neuronal type, the basket cell (BC), which accounts for about 8% of the neurons observed in the nucleus. The BCs correspond to the second type of short to axon neurons observed in the Ju (Fig. 4A,B). . The core of the Ov exhibits a neuron type that strongly resembles the basket cells described by Ramon y Cajal (1904) in the mammalian neocortex and by Larriva to Sahd (2004) in the adult rat Ju of the BST.
The soma is triangular or stellate and typically gives rise to three distinct primary dendrites that leave the soma from its dorsal and ventrolateral aspects. The dorsally directed dendrite pierces the ventral part of the Ju, and the ventral ones follow a horizontal direction, parallel to the AC.
The lateral part of the shell of the Ov contains a distinct layer of spiny neurons (Fig. 7A). Somata of SSNs are ovoid or triangular, measuring 18 to 25 micrometers in the longest axis. Primary dendrites have two or three short branches that run divergently.
The CSN is the most frequent cell type (44%) and short axon neuron found in the Ov (Fig. 8). Neurons classified as CSN are a heterogeneous group of spiny interneurons scattered throughout the core and, occasionally, the shell of the nucleus. This cell type bears strong similarities to the type described by MacDonald (1983) in and quot;the lateral subdivision of the BST and quot;, which clearly corresponds to the Ov reported by Ju and Swanson (1989).
This cell type, usually found throughout the core of the Ov, is separately classified from other spiny neurons for its oval or triangular soma and, above all, ubiquitous axonal features. The soma measures from 17 to 22 micrometers in the longest axis, and it gives rise to two or three thick primary dendrites devoid of spines. Primary dendrites are relatively short (20 to 70 micrometers), providing long secondary (120 to 200 micrometers) and occasionally tertiary, terminal dendrites. An abundance of dendritic spines is a prominent feature of secondary and tertiary dendrites. The dendritic field is roughly ovoid; it measures 150 to 300 micrometers and remains within the confines of the core. The axon stems from the soma or from the root of a primary dendrite, following an arched trajectory for 100 to 300 micrometers. Then, the axon gives rise to two to six long collaterals, which display small varicosities. A unique feature of SCA axons is the presence of short, straight collaterals issuing transverse drumstick terminals. These collaterals consist of rows of large, rounded swellings connected by very thin (0.2 micrometers) axoplasmic bridges, i.e., candles.
Among the short to axon neurons, the neurogliaform (NG) and spinous neurogliaform (SNG) types have an extremely dense plexus, and both fall into the DAPF category (Jones, 1984). Both cell types are found in the upper half of the core of the Ov.
... cell located within the core of the nucleus [BSTov] that is termed a beaded neuron (BN) because of its rounded soma and numerous spherules along both dendrites and axon (Fig. 11). The soma measures from 12 to 17 micrometers in its widest axis and is nearly spherical, having a rather smooth profile. The soma issues two or three short primary dendrites, which usually run horizontally. After a short distance (10 to 40 micrometers), these proximal branches give rise to sets of two to five long, secondary dendrites. The occurrence of third to order dendrites is variable, as is their length (20 to 150 micrometers). A defining characteristic of BN dendrites is the presence of distinct varicosities that are virtually devoid of dendritic spines, similar to those described by Belenky et al. (2003) for certain retinal ganglion cells.
The shape and dimensions of the dendritic field have strong implications for connectivity (Szentagothai, 1990, Stepanyants and Chklovskii, 2005) and accordingly, projection neurons in the Ov fall into two broad classes, namely, wide to range (larger than 300 micrometers) and constrained to range dendritic fields.
The shape and dimensions of the dendritic field have strong implications for connectivity (Szentagothai, 1990, Stepanyants and Chklovskii, 2005) and accordingly, projection neurons in the Ov fall into two broad classes, namely, wide to range (larger than 300 micrometers).
The motoneurons of the superior oblique [muscle] are located in the contralateral trochlear nucleus.... The cell bodies of lateral rectus motoneurons are not homogeneously distributed throughout the ipsilateral abducens nucleus.
Large numbers of neurons in the lateral, the anterior interposed and the posterior interposed cerebellar nuclei, and small numbers of neurons in the ventrolateral region of the medial cerebellar nucleus and in the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus were retrogradely labeled by WGA to HRP injections restricted to the IO.