(AgreementOrganizationFn ?AGR) denotes the official Organization established by the Agreement ?AGR to administer or enforce the terms of that agreement.
(AreaHighPointFn ?AREA) denotes the area within the GeographicArea ?AREA that has the highest elevation.
(AreaLowPointFn ?AREA) denotes the area within the GeographicArea ?AREA that has the lowest elevation.
(DatumFn ?PLACE) denotes the level of Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) used as the datum reference for tide levels of in the GeographicArea ?PLACE (which is a WaterArea or is covered by water). High and low tides are represented in a tide book using plus or minus heights with reference to this point.
(ExclusiveFishingZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the ExclusiveFishingZone that is claimed by the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
(ExtendedFishingZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the ExtendedFishingZoneFn that is claimed by the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY, beyond its ExclusiveFishingZone.
(FlowFn ?FLUID) denotes the Motion process associated with the constitutive pieces of the FlowRegion ?FLUID.
(FlowRegionFn ?FLOW) denotes the region in which the coherent Flow process ?FLOW is occurring.
(GeographicCenterFn ?REGION) denotes the geographical center of the GeographicArea ?REGION.
(MaritimeContiguousZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the MaritimeContiguousZone that is claimed by the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
(MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone that is claimed by the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
(MaritimeShelfAreaFn ?POLITY) denotes the MaritimeShelfArea that is claimed by the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
(PerimeterAreaFn ?REGION) denotes a class including any peripheral zones extending outward from the Region ?REGION.
(SeacoastFn ?LAND ?SEA) denotes the Seacoast where the GeographicArea ?LAND borders the SaltWaterArea ?SEA.
(ShortageFn ?TYPE) means that there is a shortage of objects of ?TYPE, which are used as resources.
(SquareUnitFn ?UNIT) denotes the UnitOfMeasure that is the square of the UnitOfMeasure ?UNIT. For example, (SquareUnitFn (KiloFn Meter)) denotes the unit of a square kilometer.
(TerritorialSeaFn ?POLITY) denotes the TerritorialSea that is claimed by the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
(advancingMass ?FRONT ?AREA) means that in the WeatherFront ?FRONT, the Air mass ?AREA is the advancing air mass that is overtaking a slower or stationary air mass. See also overtakenMass.
(airborneAltitude ?OBJECT ?HEIGHT) means that the Object ?OBJECT is located at the distance ?HEIGHT above the planetary surface.
(arableLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that the GeographicArea ?REGION has ?AMOUNT of land under cultivation with crops that are replanted after each harvest. ?AMOUNT may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction. Cf. permanentCropLandArea.
(bioindicatorForHabitat ?AREA ?SPECIES) means that the health of the individuals in ?SPECIES indicates the condition of their habitat in the GeographicArea ?AREA.
(claimedTerritory ?AREA ?POLITY) means that some right over the GeographicArea ?AREA is claimed by the Agent or GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY. If two politically independent states or agents claim the same area, that area is a 'disputed territory'.
(cloudCoverFraction ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that in the Region ?AREA, the fraction ?AMOUNT of the sky is covered with clouds.
(coldSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the cold season occurs during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.
(connectedDownstream ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is connected, remotely or immediately, with ?OBJ2 along a directed system such as a RiverSystem.
(coolSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the cool season occurs during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (coolSeasonInArea Angola (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn May October
(dateOpenedForSignature ?PROP ?DATE) means that as of a date indicated by ?DATE, document(s) may officially be signed (by the appropriate agents) to effect commitments to the Agreement ?PROP.
(drySeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the dry season occurs during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (drySeasonInArea Angola (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn May October)).
(elevation ?OBJECT ?HEIGHT) means that the physical Object ?OBJECT is located on the surface of PlanetEarth at the vertical distance ?HEIGHT above (or below, for a negative quantity) SeaLevel. ?OBJECT may be a superficialPart of Earth's surface, such as a GeographicArea, or an Artifact. Elevation is measured from SeaLevel to the vertical top of the object. For the distance of an object, such as an Aircraft, from the surface of the earth, see airborneAltitude.
(environmentalProblemTypeInArea ?AREA ?PROBLEM) means that objects or processes of type ?PROBLEM are an environmental problem in the GeographicArea ?AREA.
(flows ?FLUID1 ?FLUID2) means that the Physical ?FLUID1 moves towards the Physical ?FLUID2, to which it is connected.
(groundSubsurfaceType ?AREA ?SUBSOIL) means that in the the LandArea ?AREA, the predominant component of the subsoil or subsurface layer is of the Substance type ?SUBSOIL.
(groundSurfaceType ?AREA ?SUBSTANCE) means that in the LandArea ?AREA, the predominant component of the ground surface is of the Substance ?SUBSTANCE.
(headingWRTCompassNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) means that the front-to-back axis of the Object ?OBJ points in the direction ?DEGREE, according to the compass carried by ?OBJ.
(headingWRTMagneticNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) means that the front-to-back axis of the Object ?OBJ points in the direction ?DEGREE, with respect to the MagneticNorthPole.
(headingWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) means that the front-to-back axis of the Object ?OBJ points in the direction ?DEGREE, with respect to true North.
(highAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the Wind blowing above 25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE.
(highAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the Wind blowing above 25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED and is moving toward the DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD.
(hotSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the hot season occurs during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (hotSeasonInArea Angola (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn November April)).
(irrigatedLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that the GeographicArea ?REGION has the ?AMOUNT of irrigated land. ?AMOUNT may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction.
(landAreaOnly ?REGION ?MEASURE) means that the total area(s) of solid ground within the GeographicArea ?REGION has the AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT. The pieces of solid ground need not be continuous within the region. See SurfaceGroundArea.
(lowAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the Wind blowing between 500-10,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE. Wind speed may be expressed in knots (KnotUnitOfSpeed) or as any distance per time unit (using (SpeedFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME)).
(lowAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?DIRECTION) means that the low-altitude Wind blowing at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED and comes from the compass point ?DIRECTION. Low-altitude wind is wind blowing between 500-10,000 feet.
(mapOfArea ?AREA ?POINTER) means that a map of the Region ?AREA can be found at the location ?POINTER.
(maritimeClaimType ?POLITY ?TYPE) means that the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY claims rights over a MaritimeClaimArea of ?TYPE.
(meanSeaLevel ?PLACE ?MEASURE) means that the Mean Sea Level (MSL) at the GeographicArea ?PLACE is the LengthMeasure (i.e., height) ?MEASURE. MSL represents the sea level at a place, as measured against a benchmark (and averaged over a long time period). For marine purposes, MSL is measured using tide gauges, while geodesists use the difference between the local sea surface and an ideal level ocean surface (the geoid).
(mediumAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the Wind blowing between 10,000-25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE.
(mediumAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the Wind blowing between 10,000-25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED and is moving toward the DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD.
(naturalHazardTypeInArea ?AREA ?TYPE) means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, Processes of ?TYPE occur with some frequency and may cause damage or danger to human lives and property.
(naturalResourceTypeInArea ?REGION ?TYPE) means that the GeographicArea ?REGION has resources of the kind ?TYPE.
(oppositeAttribute ?ATT1 ?ATT2) means that the Attributes ?ATT1 and ?ATT2 represent opposite qualities, such that an object with either one of those attributes does not have the other. Cf. contraryAttribute.
(oppositeDirection ?DIR1 ?DIR2) means that the PositionalAttribute ?DIR1 points in the compass direction opposite to the DirectionalAttribute ?DIR2.
This catchall predicate is used to represent information from the CIA World Fact Book. (otherLandUseArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that in the GeographicArea ?REGION, this ?AMOUNT of land has some use other than planting seasonal or permanent crops. ?AMOUNT may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction. See also arableLandArea and permanentCropLandArea.
(overcastDaysInPeriod ?AREA ?PERIOD ?NUMBER) means that during the time ?PERIOD, the GeographicArea ?AREA experienced ?NUMBER of OvercastWeather days.
(overtakenMass ?FRONT ?AREA) means that in the WeatherFront ?FRONT, the Air mass ?AREA is the slower or stationary air mass that is being overtaken by an advancing air mass. See advancingMass.
(partyToAgreement ?AGENT ?PROP) means that the Agent ?AGENT has committed to the agreement ?PROP.
(permanentCropLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that the GeographicArea ?REGION has ?AMOUNT of land under cultivation with crops that are not replanted after each harvest. This includes orchards, vineyards, coffee and rubber plantations. Timberland is excluded. ?AMOUNT may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction. Cf. permanentCropLandArea.
(precipitationAmount ?EVENT ?AMOUNT) means that in the Precipitation process ?EVENT, the quantity of precipitation that fell was ?AMOUNT.
(precipitationRate ?EVENT ?RATE) means that in the Precipitation ?EVENT, the precipitation falls at a rate of ?RATE.
(precipitationState ?EVENT ?STATE) means that in the Precipitation ?EVENT, the stuff falling is in the PhysicalState ?STATE (e.g., liquid or solid ice).
(rainySeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the rainy or wet season occurs during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (rainySeasonInArea Angola (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn November April)).
(regionalIssue ?AREA ?ISSUE) means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, there is a concern with ?ISSUE.
(relativeHumidity ?AREA ?AMOUNT) means that the amount of moisture in the air at ?AREA is ?AMOUNT. Relative humidity expresses the amount of moisture as a percentage, or ratio, between the actual moisture saturation of the air compared to the potential moisture saturation of the air. At full (potential) saturation, precipitation would occur.
(seaSurfaceTemperature ?AREA ?TEMP) means that the temperature of the sea surface at ?AREA is ?TEMP. Temperature may be expressed in units of TemperatureMeasure, including CelsiusDegree and FahrenheitDegree, among others.
(slopeGradient ?AREA ?SLOPE) means that in the LandArea ?AREA there is an incline of ?slope, where ?SLOPE is the percent of vertical rise over horizontal distance. slopeGradient gives an approximate value for nonnegative slope over ?AREA, without regard to orientation. For example, (slopeGradient ?AREA 0.10) means that there is a 10% incline across the area, without specifying the direction in which the land rises or falls. Also see slopeGradientTowardsDirection.
(streamOutfall ?WATER ?RIVER) means that the WaterArea ?MOUTH is the outfall of the River ?RIVER.
(surfaceWindDirection ?PLACE ?DIRECTION) means that at ?PLACE the wind is coming from the compass point ?DIRECTION. For example, (surfaceWindDirection SanFranciscoBay Northwest) means that the wind in San Francisco Bay is coming from the Northwest. The wind is within 500 feet of Earth's surface.
(surfaceWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the speed of the surface Wind at the GeographicArea ?PLACE is ?RATE. Wind speed may be expressed in knots (KnotUnitOfSpeed) or as any distance per time unit (using (SpeedFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME)). Surface wind is found at the surface of the planet; everyday wind. Technically, Winds moving through the atmosphere up to an altitude of 500 feet.
(terrainInArea ?AREA ?ATTRIBUTE) means that the GeographicArea ?AREA is or includes a region with the TerrainAttribute ?ATTRIBUTE.
(totalArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that the total area of ?REGION is the AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT.
(totalCoastline ?AREA ?COASTLENGTH) means that the total length of all boundaries between the GeographicArea ?AREA and the ocean is the LengthMeasure ?COASTLENGTH. The coastline counted may be discontinuous and may even be along different oceans (as in Columbia). A totalCoastline of zero indicates a LandlockedArea. Note that only Ocean coastlines are counted, not any shores with inland waters.
(totalLandBoundary ?REGION ?LENGTH) means that the GeographicArea ?REGION has a total LengthMeasure ?LENGTH of land boundaries between it and other countries. Note that the boundaries included in the total length may be discontinuous, as when interrupted by stretches of Seacoast.
(unratifiedSignatoryToAgreement ?AGENT ?PROP) means that the Agent ?AGENT has signed a document to begin the process of committing to the Agreement ?PROP, but that a ratification process required to complete the commitment has not yet occurred.
(vegetationType ?AREA ?TYPE) means that in the %GeographicArea ?AREA, one can find Plants of type ?TYPE.
(warmSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the warm season occurs during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.
(waterAreaOnly ?REGION ?MEASURE) means that the total area(s) of surface water within the GeographicArea ?REGION has the AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT. The pieces of water need not be continuous within the region. See WaterOnlyArea.
(windRelativePosition ?OBJECT ?POSITION) means that the Wind blows at ?OBJECT from the relative vector ?POSITION. E.g., Crosswind, Headwind, Tailwind.
(DocumentFn ?PROP) denotes a class of Text objects that contain the information ?PROP.
(airTemperature ?AREA ?TEMP) means that the temperature of the air at ?AREA is ?TEMP. Temperature may be expressed in units of TemperatureMeasure, including CelsiusDegree and FahrenheitDegree, among others.
(barometricPressure ?AREA ?PRESSURE) means that the atmospheric pressure measured at ?AREA is ?PRESSURE. Barometric pressure is typically expressed in units of InchMercury or MmMercury. For example, standard sea level pressure is 29.92 inches (760 mm) of mercury: (barometricPressure SeaLevel (MeasureFn 29.92 InchMercury)).
(climateTypeInArea ?TYPE ?REGION) means that all or part of the GeographicArea ?REGION is of the ClimateZone ?TYPE.
(orbits ?SATELLITE ?FOCUS) means that the Object ?SATELLITE revolves around the AstronomicalBody ?FOCUS.
(waterDepth ?AREA ?HEIGHT) means that the depth of water at the Region ?AREA is the LengthMeasure ?HEIGHT.
(geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the GeographicArea ?PART is part of the GeographicArea ?WHOLE.
AcidRainfall is the subclass of Raining in which the precipitate contains harmful amounts of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide. The standard for acid rain is below 5.6 pH.
Acidification is the process of lowering soil and water pH due to acid rain or other types of acid deposition. Potential harmful effects include killing freshwater fish and plants.
AerosolParticulate is a subclass of Pollutant that includes aerosol-dispersed particles that are mixed with air, gas, or smoke.
Afforestation is the process of planting trees and plants on spaces that are either empty or in agricultural use.
Aftershock is the subclass of EarthTremors that occur after the main tremor(s) of an Earthquake.
Agreement is the class of Propositions that express the contents of agreements entered into by CognitiveAgents. Agreement includes treaties, contracts, purchase orders, pledges, marriage vows, etc. An Agreement may be written down in a document or other ContentBearingObject.
AirPollution is the subclass of PollutionProcesses in which air is contaminated.
ArableLand is the subclass of LandArea that represents land in cultivation with crops that are replanted after each harvest, e.g., wheat and rice.
ArcMinute represents a UnitOfMeasure equivalent to 1/60th of an AngularDegree.
ArcSecond represents a UnitOfMeasure equivalent to 1/60th of an ArcMinute.
ArchipelagicArea is a subclass of GeographicAreas that include an Archipelago and the surrounding WaterArea.
Archipelago is a subclass of LandForm that consists of groups of islands lying together.
Asbestos is a subclass of Mineral that includes several types of fibrous minerals used in construction and Artifacts for their fire-resistant properties. They are less used since the discovery that they are carcinogenic.
Atoll is the subclass of CoralReefs which surround a lagoon.
AvalancheProcess is a subclass of Motion that represents events in which a loosened mass of snow, ice, rock, or earth rapidly descends a steep slope, with a destructive force.
Barite is the class representing Barium Sulfate occurring as a Mineral.
Basin is the class of LandForms consisting of an area of land enclosed or partially enclosed by higher land.
Bauxite is the class representing impure mixtures of earthy hydrous aluminum oxides and hydroxides that is the principal source of aluminum.
Bay is a subclass of Inlets. Bays occur in either salt or fresh water areas. Typically, a bay is smaller than a Gulf.
BeaufortNumber is the class of values on the Beaufort Scale for indicating wind force, according to classifications based on observable weather conditions and later related to wind speed ranges.
BiodiversityAttribute is the class of Attributes that describe the level of biodiversity present in a GeographicArea or Ecosystem.
Biome is the class of GeographicAreas representing major kinds of ecological communities, that is, areas in which certain kinds of plants, animals, weather, and terrain interact to produce and support a distinctive ecosystem.
BrownCoal is the class representing soft Coals that are harder than peat and softer than bituminous coal. Also called lignite, these are brownish in color.
Butte is the subclass of LandForms consisting of UplandAreas raised sharply from the surrounding region. Buttes are smaller in area than Mesas.
Cape is a subclass of LandForms that consist of pieces of land that project into a body of water, with the widest portion typically being joined to the mainland.
CarbonCycle is the class of GeologicalProcesses in which carbon in various forms is passed between air, water, earth, and the biosphere.
CarbonDioxideEmission is the class of processes in which carbon dioxide is emitted.
CaveMatrix is the subclass of LandForms that consist of the framework of earth or rock in which a Cave is embedded.
Channel is a subclass of BodyOfWater that consists of narrow deep waterways connecting two larger bodies of water. Channels may be natural or dredged, and may occur in salt or fresh water. In general, Channels are narrower than Straits.
Chromite is the class representing Minerals that consist of an oxide of iron and chromium.
ClearWeather represents a condition in which less than 30% of the sky is covered with clouds.
Cliff is the subclass of LandForms consisting of high, very-steep-to-perpendicular or overhanging faces of rock or earth.
CoastalPlain is the class of broad plains areas adjacent to a Sea or Ocean. A coastal plain includes a narrower ShoreArea adjacent to a body of water.
ColdFront is the class of transitional weather processes occurring between a cold air mass that is advancing upon a warm air mass.
ContinentalMargin is the class of SubmergedLandAreas that are the extension of land underwater at the edge of a continent, before a drop to the sea floor. A ContinentalMargin includes the ContinentalShelf and the continental break, slope, or rise found at the outer edge.
ContinentalShelf is the class of a natural undersea extensions of land around a Continent. The shelf is a gently sloped (average less than one percent) plain that is an extension of the CoastalPlain found off the coast of most continents.
CoralReef is the subclass of Reefs that are formed from living organisms that produce the limestone formations of the reef. Coral reefs include fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and Atolls.
CyclonicStorm is the class of LowPressureWeatherSystems that involve a low pressure area surrounded by rapidly rotating winds, with the whole system typically moving forward at 20-30 mph.
DDT (dichoro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane) is a highly toxic insecticide also harmful to most other animal species. DDT was banned in the UnitedStates in 1972.
Defoliant is the class of Herbicides that are used to make plants lose their leaves prematurely. Defoliants are used both in agriculture and warfare.
Deforestation is the class of events in which BotanicalTrees and even whole Forests are removed from some GeographicArea.
Delta is the subclass of LandForms that are composed of Silt or other alluvium, deposited at or near the mouth of a River or stream where it enters a body of relatively static water. Typical Deltas are flat and fan-shaped.
Desert is a subclass of LandAreas that are arid regions having sparse or no vegetation.
Desertification represents the subclass of climate Processes by which desert conditions are spread over a GeographicArea.
Dredging is the subclass of Removing processes in which dirt, sand, silt, or other accumulated material at the bottom of a WaterArea is collected and removed.
DriftnetFishing is the subclass of Fishing that uses large nets which indiscriminately capture many marine species.
DustStorm is the subclass of Windstorms in which Winds blow large quantities of dust.
EarthflowProcess is a subclass of LandslideProcess that represents events in which a loosened mass of soil slides down a slope, due to gravity and saturation.
Ecosystem is a subclass of GeographicAreas considered together with their organisms and environment as a functioning whole.
Effluent is a subclass of Object that generically covers any waste matter that is released into the environment, including sewage and industrial pollutants.
EndangeredSpecies is the subclass of Organism that includes plants and animals that are in danger of extinction from destruction of species members or of the species habitat, or both.
EnvironmentalIssue is the subclass of AreaOfConcern that represents issues related to the environment in some way. The subclasses of EnvironmentalIssue represent broad topics under which environmental issues may be grouped. Individual issues are Attributes that characterize regions where there are events or situations about which this issue or concern arises.
Estuary is the subclass of BodyOfWater that represents WaterAreas where a sea or ocean Tide meets a River current.
ExclusiveFishingZone is the subclass of MaritimeClaimArea including offshore areas over which a nation claims exclusive jurisdiction only for fishing purposes (cf. MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone). Zone widths vary up to 200 miles (NM).
ExtendedFishingZone is the subclass of MaritimeClaimArea that includes offshore areas over which a nation claims fishing rights, beyond that nation's ExclusiveFishingZone. Zone widths vary, from as little as 12 miles (NM) up to a width of 200 miles (NM).
Fathom is a UnitOfMeasure used for measuring water depth. One fathom is equal to six feet.
Fire is the subclass of Combustion events in which flames are present. Fires are slower combustion processes overall than explosions, though some fires may include explosive episodes.
Fluorite or Fluorspar is the class of transparent or translucent minerals consisting of the fluoride of calcium.
ForestFire is the subclass of Fires in which Forests are burned.
FreezingRain is a precipitation process in which water falls in a state between Liquid and Solid.
Freshwater is the subclass of Water that has low soluble mineral content. See also PotableWater.
GeologicalFault is the subclass of GeographicAreas in which there is a fracture in the Earth's crust and differential movement can occur on the two sides of the fault. Such movement results in EarthTremors and is the cause of Earthquakes.
Glacier is the subclass of LandForms that consist of large bodies of slow-moving ice. Glaciers displace soil and rock while moving over land surfaces and break apart when they reach the sea, forming Icebergs.
Graphite is a soft black form of Carbon.
GrassFire is the subclass of Fires in which Grasslands are burned.
Grassland is the class of LandAreas where the predominant vegetation is some kind of grass.
Gravel is the subclass of Rock consisting of small rounded stones, often mixed with sand. The construction trades classify different types of gravel by size.
GreenhouseGas is the subclass of substances that, when present in the atmosphere, trap infrared radiation and cause global warming. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapor.
Groundwater is the subclass of Water that is found in deposits in the earth.
Herbicide is the subclass of BiologicallyActiveSubstances, whether naturally occurring or manufactured, that are capable of killing some type of Plant that is considered undesirable by Humans.
HighPressureWeatherSystem is the class of weather systems characterized by high barometricPressures. High pressure systems typically cause clear weather.
HigherHighTide is the subclass of HighTide processes that occur in marine waters with a MixedTideProcess.
Hill is the subclass of LandForms that are raised parts of the earth's surface which have sloping sides. Hills may be the result of Erosion on old mountains, making them shorter and more rounded.
Hurricane is the subclass of TropicalCyclones having winds at or above 74 MPH, usually accompanied by Thunderstorms, and occurring in the western AtlanticOcean and CaribbeanRegion during summer months.
HydropowerWaterArea is the class of WaterAreas with waterflow strength adequate for the production of hydropower.
An Iceberg is a large chunk of ice that has broken off from a glacier and fallen into the sea. The larger part of an Iceberg floats underwater.
Icing is the class of WeatherProcesses in which the ambient temperature drops below the freezing point, and objects in the affected area become coated with Ice.
IndustrialPollution is the subclass of PollutionProcess characterized by pollutants that originate in industrial processes.
InlandWaterSystem is a subclass of WaterArea consisting of water systems that comprise two or more Lakes or Rivers, Canals, or other waterways that are interconnected.
InletPassage is the class of water passages connecting an area of open water to a bay or lagoon, through some land barrier(s) close on either side.
Insecticide is the subclass of BiologicallyActiveSubstances, whether naturally occurring or manufactured, that are capable of killing some type of Insect.
InternationalAgreement is the subclass of Agreements which are made by and between Nations.
InternationalBorder is the subclass of GeographicAreas where the areas of two Nations meet, or where the areas of a Nation and an OverseasArea, or of two OverseasAreas, meet.
IronOre is a subclass of Mineral that contains compounds of iron, of which the most common are hematite and limonite. Iron is obtained from smelting iron ores.
IrrigatedLand is the subclass of LandArea representing land whose water supply is artificially supplied or supplemented.
Irrigating is the process of transporting and applying water to crops by artificial means.
IrrigationChannel is the class of artificially created channels used for transporting water to agricultural fields for Irrigating crops.
IslandGroup is a subclass of GeographicArea whose instances are groups of Islands.
Isthmus is a subclass of LandForms consisting of a narrow strip of land that connects two larger land masses and is bordered on two sides by water.
JetStream is the class of high-velocity AirStreams that blow constantly in the upper atmosphere with constant speed and direction, though their location shifts somewhat. There are four JetStreams in EarthsAtmosphere.
Jungle is a subclass of fertile LandAreas that are overgrown with tropical vegetation.
KnotUnitOfSpeed is a unit for measuring speed. One KnotUnitOfSpeed is equal to one NauticalMile per one HourDuration.
Lake is the subclass of BodyOfWater whose instances are naturally occurring static bodies of water surrounded by land.
A LakeRegion is a GeographicArea including land surrounding one or more Lakes.
LandSubsidence is the subclass of GeologicalProcesses in which the elevation of a land area becomes lower. Subsidence is attributable to a variety of processes or activities that undermine Earth's crust, including seismic activity, erosion (as of underground limestone deposits), mining, drilling and pumping underground resources including water and oil.
LandlockedArea is the class of LandAreas that lack access to an Ocean or to a Waterway providing a link to the ocean.
LandslideProcess is a subclass of Motion that represents events in which a loosened mass of mud, dirt, or rock slides down a slope, by the force of gravity and possibly also saturation.
Latitude is the class of Regions, associated with areas on the Earth's surface, which are parallels measured in PlaneAngleDegrees from the Equator.
Lichen is the class of complex thallyphytic plants made up of Alga and Fungus growing symbiotically.
LittoralCurrent is the subclass of WaterCurrents that occur near a ShoreArea. Examples include TidalEbb, TidalFlow, and RipCurrents.
LittoralZone is the subclass of GeographicAreas that are located along the shore of a large body of water, especially an Ocean or Sea, and which include the area extending from the high tide mark out to a depth of 200 meters. The littoral zone is of interest for its land features, e.g., slope gradient and soil composition, including features of its SubmergedLandArea.
Loam is the subclass of Soils that are intermediate in texture between clay and sand, consisting of a mixture of Clay, Sand, Gravel, Silt, and organic matter (Humus).
Longitude is the class of Regions, associated with areas on the Earth's surface, which are meridians measured in PlaneAngleDegrees from the PrimeMeridian through GreenwichEnglandUK.
LowPressureWeatherSystem is the class of weather systems characterized by low or unstable barometricPressures. Low pressure systems typically introduce unsettled weather, frequently including storms.
Magnesite is a naturally occurring compound of magnesium carbonate.
A MaritimeClaimArea is a GeographicArea delimited by a geopolitical state's claim, under the LawOfTheSea, of rights to certain resources, activities, or jurisdiction in the claimed area. MaritimeClaimAreas can pertain to WaterAreas, SubmergedLandAreas, and airspace.
MaritimeContiguousZone is the subclass of MaritimeClaimArea that includes areas over which a geopolitical state may exercise some control of activities beyond the 12-mile zone of its TerritorialSea. In general, the authorized control is for preventing or punishing activities that would violate laws applying within the 12-mile zone (that is, authorization to chase and intercept). According to the LawOfTheSea, a MaritimeContiguousZone may extend up to 24 nautical miles from the coast.
MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone is the subclass of MaritimeClaimArea that represents the offshore area that coastal nations can claim for fishing and other uses of the ocean water and seabed found there.
MaritimeShelfArea is a subclass of MaritimeClaimArea that covers SubmergedLandAreas claimed by an adjacent geopolitical area. The LawOfTheSea defines the continental shelf as extending up to 200 miles (NM) offshore and including the resources found therein. The defined claim area does not correspond exactly to a geological ContinentalShelf, but if there is one, the two areas will overlap spatially.
Mesa is the subclass of LandForms consisting of land formations having a relatively flat top and steep rock walls.
MetallurgicalPlant is the subclass of Organization that includes metal refining and manufacturing plants. Such plants typically release extremely toxic waste which can pollute air and groundwater if not properly treated.
MixedTideProcess is the subclass of TidalProcesses consisting of daily cycles in which the two low and two high tides are of unequal height. In areas with this kind of pattern, the chart (based on average low water) is determined by the Mean Lower Low Water.
Mountain is the subclass of high, rocky LandForms, usually having steep sides, a pointed or rounded top, and greater height than a Hill.
MountainRange is the subclass of LandForms consisting of a row or chain of connected Mountains.
NaturalGas is the class representing a combustible gaseous OrganicCompound of methane and higher hydrocarbons.
NauticalMile represents the international unit used for measuring distance in sea and air navigation. The unit is based on the length of a minute of arc of a great circle of PlanetEarth.
NoxiousSubstance is the class of substances that are directly harmful to Humans.
Oasis is a subclass of LandAreas that are fertile places within a desert, which have water and some vegetation.
OccludedFront is the class of complex weather transition processes in which a cold air mass overtakes a warm air mass and lifting it.
OceanCurrent is the subclass of WaterCurrents that are located in an ocean.
OceanTrench is the subclass of SubmergedLandAreas that are deep valleys on the ocean floor.
OvercastWeather represents a condition in which more than 70% of the sky is covered with clouds.
Overgrazing is the class of processes in which grazing animals consume vegetation faster than it can regrow.
PHValue ('pH') is a UnitOfMeasure used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. The pH of a neutral solution is 7. Acid solutions have a pH value less than seven. Alkaline solutions have a value greater than seven.
Pampa is a class of vast, level, typically grassy Plains of land in South America.
PartlyCloudyWeather represents a condition in which between 30% and 70% of the sky is covered with clouds.
A PerimeterArea is a region that extends outward from a boundary with another region, surrounding or partially surrounding it, but which is not part of that other region. See BorderFn and PerimeterAreaFn.
Permafrost is a subclass of LandAreas consisting of permanently frozen Soil.
PermanentCropLand is the subclass of LandArea that represents land cultivated for crops that are produced without replanting after every harvest, such as fruit trees, coffee, rubber, nuts, and vineyards. Does not include timberland. Cf. arableLandArea.
Pesticide is the subclass of BiologicallyActiveSubstances, whether naturally occurring or manufactured, that are capable of killing some type of Animal that is considered undesirable by Humans.
PesticidePollution is the subclass of PollutionProcess in which the pollutant is a pesticide.
Phospate is the class representing phosphate, a salt or ester of a phosphoric acid.
Piedmont is the subclass of LandForms that are LandAreas at the foot of Mountains.
Plain is the subclass of LandForms consisting of a broad, flat or gently rolling land area, usually (but not necessarily) of low elevation.
Plateau is the subclass of LandForms consisting of flat upland areas having one steep face. Plateaus are elevated plains.
PoachingToKill is the class of illegal Huntings in which non-human Animals are killed, typically for meat, hides, or sport.
Pollutant is the subclass of Objects that constitute noxious or otherwise destructive materials introduced into air, water, earth, or generally into the natural environment.
PollutionProcess is the subclass of Processes, intentional and non-intentional, involving contamination of a land, water, or air environment.
PotableWater is the subclass of Water that represents water that is safe to drink.
Potash is the class representing potash, a potassium carbonate from wood ashes or a potassium compound.
Prairie is a class of large plains LandAreas with tall grass vegetation.
PreciousGemstone is the class of Minerals and fossilized substances that have great monetary value.
PressureMeasure is the class of UnitsOfMeasure used to measure pressure (barometricPressure), e.g., InchMercury.
Pyrite is the class of mineral compounds consisting of iron disulfide.
RainForest is the subclass of LandAreas that are densely planted with trees.
Rapids is the class of WaterAreas that are parts of a StreamWaterArea where the currents move swiftly over rocks.
Reef is a subclass of LandForms that consist of ridges of rock, coral, or sand at or near the surface of a WaterArea.
Reforestation is the process of replanting trees on land where they were cut or burned.
Reservoir is the subclass of artifically made (or artifically enlarged) holding areas where water is collected and stored for future use.
ReservoirLake is the subclass of artifically made (or artifically enlarged) bodies of water used for water collection and storage.
A RichterMagnitude is a measure of the severity of an EarthTremor. For example, (MeasureFn 6.5 RichterMagnitude) denotes the value of 6.5 on the Richter scale.
A RipCurrent is a fast narrow surface current that flows seaward from a ShoreArea and is very dangerous to swimmers.
RiverBank is the subclass of ShoreAreas that are adjacent to a River.
RiverMouth is the subclass of WaterAreas that are the outfalls of a river or stream into another body of water.
RiverSystem is a subclass of WaterAreas that comprise all the tributary StreamWaterAreas that drain along converging paths into the main River of the system, which in turn discharges into a StaticWaterArea or another, larger River.
RockslideProcess is a subclass of LandslideProcess that represents events in which a loosened mass of rock falls or slides from a height, due to gravity.
Salination is the subclass of Combining processes in which salt becomes mixed with either Freshwater or Topsoil. Typically the salt derives either from sea water or from the evaporation of irrigation water.
Salt is the class representing the crystalline compound sodium chloride.
Sandstorm is the subclass of Windstorms in which Winds blow large quantities of Sand.
Sanitation is the class of Removing processes in which human waste and garbage are disposed of.
Savanna is a class of tropical or subtropical Grasslands, typically treeless.
SeaIce is the subclass of Ice that consists of ice found at sea, including glaciers, ice floes, and icebergs.
SeabedArea is the class of SubmergedLandAreas that are part of the sea floor.
Seacoast is the subclass of ShoreAreas found along the margin of an Ocean or Sea, extending inland approximately one to three kilometers from the low water mark.
SemipreciousGemstone is the class of Minerals and other substances that have significant monetary value, but less than those of the class PreciousGemstone.
Shoreline is the class of narrow LandAreas that are the edge of a larger land mass abutting a bordering WaterArea.
Silt is the subclass of Soil that consists of Sand or earth which is carried along by flowing water and deposited at a bend in a river or at a river mouth.
Siltation is the class of processes in which WaterAreas become filled in with silt or mud, due to soil Erosion.
SlashAndBurnAgriculture is the subclass of Agriculture processes in which land is cleared by cutting and burning trees, and crops are farmed until the soil is depleted, at which point the plot is abandoned to regrowth. This rotational technique is viable only with low populations and infrequent re-use.
Sleeting is a precipitation process in which water falls in a Solid state with small, hard particles.
Snow is the subclass of Water consisting of small pieces of frozen water that are condensed from atmospheric water vapor and fall to the ground during Snowing.
SoilDegradation is a class of processes in which the productive capacity of soil is lowered by over-fertilization, overuse of pesticides, erosion, or soil compaction.
SoilErosion is the subclass of Erosion in which the matter removed by wind or water is topsoil.
SoilSalination is the subclass of Salination processes in which Salt is infused into Soil.
SoilSolution is subclass of Solutions that constitute the liquid component of Soil. Soil solutions are largely Water containing a number of Mineral substances in solution, as well as comparatively large amounts of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Sound is the subclass of BodyOfWater consisting of long, relatively narrow waterways that lie along the shore of a land mass and are protected from open water by another land area. Sounds may be protected on the water side by an extension of the mainland or by an island or group of islands. Some sounds open at both ends into the same body of water (e.g., Long Island Sound), while others connect two different bodies of water (e.g., Melville Sound). Sounds may occur in salt or fresh water bodies. In general, Sounds are wider than Straits.
SquareKilometer represents a UnitOfMeasure equal to one square kilometer.
StationaryFront is the class of boundary areas between two air masses that are stationary, with neither mass presently replacing the other.
Steppe is a subclass of Plain, representing vast, level, treeless areas of land in Asia or SE Europe.
Stone is the class of small fragments of Rock or Mineral matter.
StreamWaterConfluence is the subclass of WaterAreas where a stream or other tributary joins a River.
SubmergedLandArea is the class of land regions that are located beneath bodies of water.
SurfaceGroundArea is a subclass of GeographicArea that is restricted to regions whose surface is solid ground. A SurfaceGroundArea may be a discontinuous region overlapping a larger, continuous GeographicArea but excluding any WaterAreas enclosed therein. Rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other surface water areas are not part of any SurfaceGroundArea.
SymmetricAttribute is the class of RelationalAttributes that hold between two items regardless of their order or orientation.
Talc is the class representing this very soft Mineral that is a basic silicate of magnesium.
TerrainAttribute is a class of Attributes that describe terrain.
TerritorialSea is the class of contiguous waters over which a GeopoliticalArea claims jurisdiction in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the LawOfTheSea (LOS), Part II. A territorial sea may be up to 12 miles (NauticalMiles) in breadth. A subclass of MaritimeClaimArea.
Thunderstorm is the subclass of WeatherProcesses in which a cooling air mass produces strong winds, Precipitation, thunder, and lightning. Some thunderstorms are caused by convention, others by StormFronts.
A TidalBore is an unusally high, fast tidal inflow from the sea, resulting from a high volume of water rushing from a wide-mouthed bay or Estuary into narrower landward areas.
TidalEbb is the subclass of WaterCurrents that are temporary and variable, but regular, currents of ocean water flowing seaward up to and during the time of low tide. Alternating with TidalFlow.
TidalFlow is the subclass of WaterCurrents that are temporary and variable, but regular, currents of ocean water flowing landward up to and during the time of high tide. Alternating with TidalEbb.
TidalWave is the class of highly destructive ocean waves typically caused by offshore seismic processes.
Tide is a vertical movement of the water level in a BodyOfWater due to the gravitational attraction between Earth and the moon and sun. Tides are diurnally recurrent events. In most regions with tides, every day there are two high tides and two low tides. MixedTide represents processes in which the daily tides at either extreme are unequal.
Timber is a class representing pieces of Wood that is suitable to use for building or other human purposes.
Tornado is the subclass of Windstorms that consist of rapidly whirling winds moving forward as a funnel-shaped system capable of extreme destruction.
TreatyDocument is the subclass of Texts that represent written agreements between Nations.
TropicalCyclone is the class of CyclonicStorms that usually occur in the Tropics and typically have rotational winds of hurricane force (74 MPH or higher).
Tundra is a subclass of flat, treeless Plains areas lying within the ArcticRegion. Subsoil in Tundra is permanently frozen.
Typhoon is the subclass of TropicalCyclones that occur in or near the East China Sea.
UndergroundArea is the subclass of GeographicAreas that are located Below the surface of PlanetEarth.
UniformPerimeterArea is the subclass of PerimeterAreas that have a defined uniform width.
Valley is the subclass of LandForms consisting of low-lying land flanked by higher ground. Valleys typically contain a stream or river flowing along the valley floor.
VehicularPollution is the subclass of PollutionProcess in which the Pollutants are vehicle emissions.
Veldt is a subclass of Grasslands which have scattered shrubs or trees.
VolcanicCone is the subclass of LandForms that are Hills of lava or pyroclastic material surrounding a volcanic vent. A VolcanicCone is not as high as a VolcanicMountain.
VolcanicEruption is the subclass of GeologicalProcesses in which Volcanoes erupt.
VolcanicGasRelease is the subclass of VolcanicEruptions in which massive amounts of hot gases are emitted from a Volcano.
VolcanicMountain is the subclass of LandForms that are cone-shaped Mountains formed out of rock or ash thrown up from inside the earth by a Volcano. VolcanicMountains typically have an opening or depression in the center at the top.
Volcano is the subclass of LandForms that are volcanoes in the broadest sense, i.e., a region containing a vent through which magmous or pyroclastic materials are passed from the interior of PlanetEarth to its surface, in a process of VolcanicEruption. Once delivered to the surface, those materials may form a VolcanicCone or VolcanicMountain. Volcanoes may form above ground (atmospheric) or underwater.
VolcanoStatus is a class of Attributes that describe whether a Volcano is active, dormant, or extinct.
WarmFront is the class of transitional weather processes occurring between a warm air mass that is advancing upon a cool air mass.
WaterCatchmentDevice is the subclass of Artifacts used to capture rainwater or runoff as a source of Freshwater.
WaterCurrent is a subclass of FlowRegions consisting of moving water, especially those currents found within a well-identified area and having an established pattern of movement, such as an OceanCurrent, a RipTide, or a River. WaterCurrent is disjoint with StaticWaterArea. As a consequence, Lakes for example cannot be FlowRegions; however, currents may be present in a lake.
WaterOnlyArea is a subclass of GeographicArea that is restricted to regions whose surface is water. A WaterOnlyArea may be a discontinuous region overlapping a larger, continuous GeographicArea but excluding any LandAreas enclosed therein. Dry land areas, including islands, are not part of any WaterOnlyArea.
WaterOverutilization is the subclass of processes in which water resources in an area are depleted due to heavier usage than local sources can supply. One sign of WaterOverutilization is lowering water tables.
WaterPollution is the subclass of PollutionProcesses in which Water is the polluted substance.
WaterSalination is the subclass of Salination processes in which Salt is infused into Water.
WatershedDivide is the subclass of LandAreas that are summit areas, that is, narrow tracts of higher ground that constitute the watershed boundary between two adjacent drainage basins. A WatershedDivide divides the surface waters that flow naturally in one direction from those that flow in the opposite direction.
WeatherSeason is the class of seasonal processes that are characterized by various weather patterns. WeatherSeasons may recur on a regular annual basis, on a different pattern, or irregularly.
WeatherSystem is the class of large-scale atmospheric processes that influence weather in a region for 2-5 days.
Windstorm is the class of WeatherProcesses that involve high-speed Winds occurring without Precipitation.
Agriculture is a class of Processes in which land, plants, or animals are cultivated in order to produce food or other organic products.
AirStream is the class of FlowRegions that consist of air.
AridClimateZone is the class of regions in which the climate is characterized by a distinct dry season. Annual rate of moisture evaporation exceeds annual rate of precipitation. This is Class B in the Koeppen climate system.
Atmosphere is a class representing the mixtures of gases found surrounding any celestial object that has a gravitational field strong enough to prevent the gases from escaping.
AtmosphericRegion is the class of all subregions of EarthsAtmosphere.
BodyOfWater is the subclass of WaterAreas consisting of a connected body of water with established boundaries marked by either geographical features or conventional borders.
BotanicalTree is an imprecise term for a perennial woody plant that is larger than a bush or shrub, generally understood to describe a large growth having one main trunk with few or no branches projecting from its base, a well-developed crown of foliage, and a height at maturity of at least 12 feet.
Canyon is the subclass of LandForms that are narrow valleys with steep sides, usually created by water erosion.
Cave is the class of naturally formed openings found beneath the surface of the Earth, openings often formed when limestone or other carbonate bedrock dissolves due to flowing water. Caves may also form by erosion of coastal bedrock, melting of glaciers, or solidification of lava that forms hollow tubes.
Clay is the subclass of fine-grained Soils consisting of Mineral particles, not necessarily clay minerals, that are less than 0.002 mm in their maximum dimension.
ClimateZone is a subclass of GeographicArea in which regions are classified according to their long-term weather conditions. The subclasses of ClimateZone are based on the Koeppen Climate Classification system. In the Koeppen system, climate zones are distinguished based on temperatures and rainfall.
Coal is the class representing brownish-black or black solid combustible organic substances formed by the decomposition of vegetable matter, under the influence of moisture, pressure, and temperature.
ColdClimateZone is the subclass of ClimateZone that is characterized by a warmest month with average temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius and a coldest month with average temperature less than -3 degrees Celsius. This is Koeppen climate system Type D.
ColdDampClimateZone is the subclass of ColdClimateZone that is characterized by having more than 30 mm of precipitation in the driest month. This is subtype 'Df' in the Koeppen climate system.
ContinentalClimateZone is a subclass of TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by cold winters and hot summers.
Dam is the subclass of StationaryArtifacts that are walls built across a stream or river to hold back water.
DesertClimateZone is the class of AridClimateZones characterized by sparse, desert vegetation. Koeppen system 'BW'.
Drought is the subclass of WeatherProcess that represents long periods without precipitation, which is damaging to crops, livestock, and human life.
DryWinterColdClimateZone is a subclass of ColdClimateZone that is characterized by having at least ten times as much precipitation in the wettest summer month as in the driest winter month. This is Koeppen climate system subtype 'Dw'.
An EarthTremor is an individual seismic event in which the earth shakes due to release of seismic pressures.
Earthquake is the class of events in which the earth shakes while its layers readjust due to tensional stresses in the surface of the earth. A single earthquake may consist of one or more EarthTremors.
Erosion is the subclass of Removing processes in which rock and soil material are removed from LandForms in one area and deposited elsewhere by wind, running water, ice, heat, and other GeologicalProcesses.
Falling is the class of events in which something moves from a higher location to a lower location under the force of gravity.
Fishing is the class of Processes in which Fish are hunted.
Flooding is the subclass of Motion processes in which the water level of a Waterway rises or water spreads over a flood plain along a Waterway.
FlowRegion is a class of Fluids whose boundaries are relatively stable but whose constitutive material is continuously moving through the region itself and being replaced by other, similar material. Each FlowRegion is constituted by a stream of matter moving as a whole. A FlowRegion may be liquid or gaseous. A wind may be considered as a Process or as a FlowRegion, similarly an OceanCurrent or a WaterWave. The motion process associated with a FlowRegion ?F is denoted by (FlowFn ?F). Note that certain properties belong to the FlowRegion itself (e.g., mass, length, volume, temperature, and speed or velocity of the region moving as a whole), while other properties of interest belong to the Motion of its constitutive stuff (e.g., velocity, direction). The motion of a FlowRegion as a whole (e.g., JetStream moves within the atmosphere) is distinguished from the motion of the pieces of stuff constituting the FlowRegion. See FlowFn and FlowRegionFn.
Forest is the class of large LandAreas that are covered by trees and associated undergrowth, either growing wild or managed for the purpose of timber production.
Grass includes any plant of the family Gramineae, a widely distributed group of mostly annual and perennial herbs.
Gulf is the class of extensions of a Sea or Ocean that reach into a land mass or are partially enclosed by a LandArea. A Gulf is typically larger than a Bay.
Hailing is a precipitation process in which water falls in a Solid state with round, hard pellets.
Hemisphere is the class of GeographicAreas that are halves of the Earth, as traditionally divided into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres along the equator and into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres along a north-south line running 20�W and 160�E.
HighTide is the class of TidalProcesses that occur twice a day in marine waters, in which the water level rises above the mean sea level.
Humus is the subclass of decaying organic matter found in Soil and derived from dead animal and plant material.
Hunting is the class of Processes in which an animal or animals are pursued and sometimes captured.
InchMercury is a UnitOfMeasure for barometricPressure. It is used to express the number of inches of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer by the surrounding air pressure.
Inlet is the class of bays or other recesses into the shore of a lake, sea, or river. Inlet includes InletPassages, which are passages leading from open water through some barrier to a Bay or Lagoon.
LandForm is the class of geographical or geological types of LandAreas occurring on or within the crust of the planet, such as mountains, caves, hills, plains, valleys, deltas, and including features in SubmergedLandAreas such as the ocean floor.
LandlockedWater includes water areas that are surrounded by land, including salt lakes, fresh water lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and (more or less) wetlands.
LowTide is the class of TidalProcesses that occur twice a day in marine waters, in which the water level falls below the mean sea level.
LowerLowTide is the subclass of LowTide processes that occur in marine waters with a MixedTideProcess.
LowlandArea is the subclass of LandForms consisting of LandAreas that are lower than their surrounding regions, and which are usually more or less flat terrain.
MediterraneanClimateZone is a subclass of TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by mild, cool, wet winters and warm dry summers. Mediterranean shores are the archetype, but the Mediterranean climate is also found elsewhere.
MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone is the subclass of DesertClimateZone characterized by a cool dry climate typical of middle latitude deserts. This is subtype 'BWk' in the Keoppen climate system.
MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone is a subclass of TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by cool winters and hot summers.
MmMercury is a UnitOfMeasure for barometricPressure. It is used to express the number of millimeters of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer by the surrounding air pressure.
MonsoonClimateZone is the class of TropicalClimateZones in which there is a short dry season between rains heavy enough to keep the ground wet all through the year. This is Koeppen climate system subtype 'Aw'.
Moon is the class of NaturalSatellites that orbit planets or large asteroids.
NaturalSatellite is the class of large, naturally occurring astronomical bodies orbiting some other AstronomicalBody.
Ocean is the class containing the oceans that are the major subdivisions of the WorldOcean. According to the International Hydrographic Association, there are five oceans: the AtlanticOcean, PacificOcean, IndianOcean, SouthernOcean, and ArcticOcean. Note: The largest oceans, the Atlantic and Pacific, are subdivided into Northern and Southern regions, but those regions are not separate Oceans.
Peninsula is a subclass of LandForm consisting of pieces of land that extend into a BodyOfWater and are surrounded on three sides by water. Typically Peninsulas are connected to the mainland by an Isthmus or neck of land that is narrower than the main portion of the peninsula (in contrast to Capes).
Petroleum is the class representing the oily flammable bituminous liquid, also known as 'crude oil'.
Planet is the class of large NaturalSatellites that revolve around a star.
Planting is the class of processes in which botanical Plants are planted or transplanted, whether as seeds, seedlings, or mature plants.
PolarClimateZone is a subclass of ClimateZone characterized by having an average temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius in the warmest month. This is Koeppen climate system Type E. No agriculture is supported in polar climates.
PolarTypeFClimateZone is a subclass of PolarClimateZone characterized by having no month in which the temperature rises to 10 degrees Celsius or above.
RadiatingUltraviolet is the subclass of Radiating processes in which ultraviolet radiation is transmitted or absorbed.
Raining is a precipitation process in which water falls in a Liquid state.
River is the subclass of BodyOfWater consisting of large streams of fresh water flowing through a LandArea into a Lake, Ocean, or other body of water.
Rock is the subclass of Substances that are naturally formed aggregates of one or more Minerals, consolidated or not, with some degree of mineralogic and chemical constancy; in popular use the term is usually restricted to those aggregates that are hard, compact, and coherent.
SaltLake is the class of landlocked bodies of salt water, including those referred to as 'Seas', e.g., the CaspianSea. But note that the MediterraneanSea is a Sea.
Sand is the subclass of Soils consisting of loose fragments of minerals or rocks. Particles of Sand are smaller than gravel and larger than silt or clay, ranging from 8/10,000 to 8/100 inch (0.02 to 2 millimeters) in diameter. Sand is formed by the Erosion of rocks through the action of water, ice, or air.
Satellite is the collection of bodies that revolve around some astronomical body, e.g., planets around a star. This class includes both artificial and NaturalSatellites.
Sea is the class of smaller subdivisions of the WorldOcean, typically partially surrounded by land. However, for inland salt water bodies that are sometimes called 'Sea', see SaltLake.
Shrub is the class of low, perennial, typically multi-stemmed woody plants, called shrubs or bushes.
SigningADocument is the class of actions in which an agent affixes a signature, stamp, or other evidence of authorization or attestation to a document. The document and signature may be electronic. Signings count as SocialInteractions even if done in private, because their significance derives from a social context.
SlopedArea is the subclass of LandForms consisting of land surfaces that lie at an angle to the horizontal so that some points on them are higher than others.
Snowing is a precipitation process in which water falls in a Solid state with light, granular particles.
Soil is the subclass of Mixtures that are composed of fine rock material disintegrated by geological processes, mixed with Humus, the organic remains of decomposed vegetation.
SolarSystem is the class of systems that consist of a star or stars and any encircling astronomical bodies.
SquareMeter represents a UnitOfMeasure equal to one square Meter.
Star is the class of hot gaseous astronomical bodies.
SteppeClimateZone is the class of AridClimateZones where the dominant vegetation type is grasses, with no trees. Koeppen system 'BS'.
Strait is the subclass of BodyOfWater that consists of narrow water areas connecting two larger bodies of water. Straits are naturally occurring bodies of water. Cf. Channel.
SubtropicalDesertClimateZone is a subclass of DesertClimateZone that is characterized by an average temperature greater than 18 degrees Celsius, as well as very low rainfall. This is Koeppen system 'BWh'.
Swamp is a subclass of LandAreas that are inundated with water. Swamps are low, wet land with grasses and possibly trees as vegetation.
TemperateClimateZone is the subclass of ClimateZone whose warmest month has an average temperature greater than 10 degrees Celsius and whose coolest month has an average temperature between 18 degrees and -3 degrees Celsius. This is Class C in the Koeppen climate system.
TemperateSummerDryClimateZone is the subclass of TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by dry summers, and in which the wettest winter month has at least three times the moisture of the driest summer month. The driest month has less than an average of 30 mm of precipitation. Koeppen climate system type 'Cs'.
TemperateWinterDryClimateZone is a subclass of TemperateClimateZone characterized by having at least 10 times as much precipitation in the wettest summer month as in the driest winter month. Koeppen climate system type 'Cw'.
TidalProcess is the class of daily recurring events in which the water level in a BodyOfWater rises and falls with the changing position between Earth and the Moon.
TropicalClimateZone is a subclass of ClimateZone in which the average temperature of the coldest month is greater than 18 degrees Celsius. This is Class 'A' in the Koeppen climate classification system.
TundraClimateZone is a subclass of PolarClimateZone characterized by having an average temperature above zero degrees Celsius (but below 10 degrees) in the warmest month. Koeppen subtype 'ET'.
UplandArea is the subclass of LandForms consisting of LandAreas that are elevated above their surrounding terrain.
WaterWave is the class of FlowRegions consisting of a raised ridge of water moving along the surface of a body of water. The WaterWave moves in a direction approximately transverse to the crest line of the wave. The wave is constituted of successive regions of water, which do not travel in the direction of the wave or with it.
Waterfall is the subclass of StreamWaterAreas where running water falls steeply downhill.
WeatherFront is the class of weather processes that are involve relationships between two air masses, such as a high pressure weather system or a low pressure system.
WetTropicalClimateZone is the subclass of TropicalClimateZone that is characterized by having no dry months. At least 60 mm of rainfall occur in the driest month. This is subtype 'Af' in the Koeppen climate system.
Air is the class of pieces of gaseous matter that make up the atmosphere surrounding Earth.
The class of activities that are caused by geological forces and affect geological features, and which may affect the biosphere as well.
Precipitation is the process of water molecules falling from the air to the ground, in either a liquid or frozen state.
ShoreArea is a subclass of LandAreas that are approximately 1-3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river, or lake. A ShoreArea may include within it a variety of LandForms, such as dunes, sloughs, and marshes.
WeatherProcess is the broadest class of processes that involve weather, including seasons, weather systems, and short-term weather events.
Wind is the class of variable AirStreams that occur in EarthsAtmosphere.
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30%
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
AntarcticCircumpolarCurrent represents the AntarcticCircumpolarCurrent, the major OceanCurrent of the SouthernOcean.
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
The AntarcticTreaty has the following consultative (voting) members: (claimants) Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NewZealand, Norway, UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland; (nonclaimants) Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, SouthKorea, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Russia, SouthAfrica, Spain, Sweden, Uruguay, UnitedStates. The AntarcticTreaty includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees, 00 minutes South and reserves high seas rights.
ArcticOcean represents the Arctic Ocean.
CanopiedVegetation describes the density of vegetation in a RainForest or Jungle.
CaribbeanRegion represents the land and water GeographicAreas of the CaribbeanSea area.
CentralAfrica represents the central GeographicArea of the Continent of Africa.
CentralAsia represents the central GeographicArea of the Continent of Asia.
CentralEurope represents the central GeographicArea of the Continent of Europe.
CentralSouthAmerica represents the central GeographicArea of the Continent of SouthAmerica.
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Crosswind is the relative attribute of a Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to a lateral side of the object.
DenseVegetation describes the density of vegetation in a Forest.
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
Downhill is a PositionalAttribute that describes the relation between two things, one of which is located down a slope from the other.
Downstream is a PositionalAttribute that describes the orientation of being in the area or direction toward which a Fluid is flowing.
Downwind is a PositionalAttribute that indicates relative position downwind (leeward) with respect to the direction that the Wind is blowing.
EasternAfrica represents the eastern GeographicArea of the Continent of Africa.
EasternAsia represents the eastern GeographicArea of the Continent of Asia.
EasternEurope represents the eastern GeographicArea of the Continent of Europe.
EasternSouthAmerica represents the eastern GeographicArea of the Continent of SouthAmerica.
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
The Equator is the latitude line encircling PlanetEarth midway between the geographical NorthPole and SouthPole. It is designated as zero degrees Latitude.
FertileTerrain is a TerrainAttribute that describes an area that has the type of soil and climate conditions needed to produce good quality crops.
FlatTerrain is a TerrainAttribute describing regions within which there is very little variation in elevation.
GeologicallyStable is a TerrainAttribute of a GeographicArea in which the geological substructure is stable, i.e., there are no active Volcanoes, no major fault lines, no blasting or other destabilizing activity.
GeologicallyUnstable is a TerrainAttribute of a GeographicArea in which the geological substructure is unstable, e.g., there are active Volcanoes, major fault lines, blasting or other destabilizing activity.
GroundCoverVegetation describes the density of uniform low vegetation in a field or meadow.
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
Headwind is the relative attribute of a Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to the front of the object (FrontFn). A headwind can negatively affect the speed capability of a vehicle.
IndianOcean represents the Indian Ocean.
IslandOfGreatBritain is the large island lying west of mainland Europe, and which constitutes the largest geographic area of the UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland.
IslandOfIreland is the large island lying west of Great Britain in the British Isles, and which is divided politically between Ireland and NorthernIreland.
JordanRiver is a non-navigable River in the MiddleEastRegion that flows North to South through the DeadSea, partially forms the border between Jordan and Israel (WestBank).
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Level is a PositionalAttribute that describes the relation between two things, one of which is located down a slope from the other.
LowTerrain is terrain in which the slope is less than 3%.
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas
MiddleAmerica represents the GeographicArea straddling the Continents of NorthAmerica and SouthAmerica.
MiddleEastRegion represents a GeopoliticalArea that comprises countries of Southwestern Asia and (in some definitions) Northwestern Africa. Here MiddleEastRegion is defined as in the CIA World Fact Book, in which the Middle East includes: Bahrain, Cyprus, the Gaza Strip, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen.
MountainousTerrain is a TerrainAttribute that describes an area of rugged terrain in which there are many mountains.
NorthAtlanticOcean denotes the northern geographicSubregion of the AtlanticOcean.
NorthPacificOcean denotes the northern geographicSubregion of the PacificOcean.
The NorthPole is the GeographicArea at the northern end of the axis of PlanetEarth. Its location is currently different from that of the MagneticNorthPole. The NorthPole is designated as 90 degrees North Latitude.
Northeast represents the compass direction of Northeast.
NorthernAfrica represents the northern GeographicArea of the Continent of Africa.
NorthernAsia represents the northern GeographicArea of the Continent of Asia.
NorthernEurope represents the northern GeographicArea of the Continent of Europe.
NorthernNorthAmerica represents the northern GeographicArea of the Continent of NorthAmerica.
NorthernSouthAmerica represents the northern GeographicArea of the Continent of SouthAmerica.
Northwest represents the compass direction of Northwest.
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water
As defined in the CIA World Fact Book (2002), Oceania denotes the Continent that comprises Australia and (most of) the PacificOcean islands.
OpenSea is the Attribute of a WaterArea that is open ocean beyond five NauticalMiles of land, also known as 'blue water'.
Opposite is the PositionalAttribute that describes the relative orientation of two things that are separated by 180 AngularDegrees.
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
The OzoneShield is a layer in EarthsAtmosphere, located about 25 miles above Earth's surface, composed of ozone gas that absorbs ultraviolent radiation from the Sun that can be damaging to living things.
The PrimeMeridian is the longitude line encircling PlanetEarth through the geographical NorthPole and SouthPole. It is designated as zero degrees Longitude. It is also known as the Greenwich meridian, because it passes through GreenwichEnglandUK, where the English Royal Observatory was located.
ScatteredVegetation describes the pattern of vegetation in which plants appear at intervals.
SeaLevel is a GeographicArea, or layer, that circles PlanetEarth and is used as a reference point for measures of elevation. It may be considered as based on the global Mean Sea Surface (MSS), which in turn is based on all the local Mean Sea Levels (MSL). In fact, there are local variations in MSL, due to tides and long- and short-term weather conditions. The idealized reference ellipsoid used to 'smooth out' the local variations is called the 'geoid'.
Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973
SouthAtlanticOcean denotes the southern geographicSubregion of the AtlanticOcean.
SouthPacificOcean denotes the southern geographicSubregion of the PacificOcean.
The SouthPole is the GeographicArea at the southern end of the axis of PlanetEarth. Its location is currently different from that of the MagneticSouthPole. The SouthPole is designated as 90 degrees South Latitude.
SouthSandwichTrench represents the South Sandwich Trench in the SouthernOcean.
Southeast represents the compass direction of Southeast.
SoutheasternAsia represents the southeastern GeographicArea of the Continent of Asia.
SoutheasternEurope represents the southeastern GeographicArea of the Continent of Europe.
SouthernAfrica represents the southern GeographicArea of the Continent of Africa.
SouthernAsia represents the southern GeographicArea of the Continent of Asia.
SouthernEurope represents the southern GeographicArea of the Continent of Europe.
SouthernOcean represents the Southern Ocean.
SouthernSouthAmerica represents the southern GeographicArea of the Continent of SouthAmerica.
Southwest represents the compass direction of Southwest.
SouthwesternAsia represents the southwestern GeographicArea of the Continent of Asia.
SouthwesternEurope represents the southwestern GeographicArea of the Continent of Europe.
SparseVegetation describes the pattern of vegetation in an area where there is very little vegetation.
SteepTerrain is the TerrainAttribute that describes a region in which there is a slopeGradient of more than 10%. There may be a wide variation in elevation and gradient in the parts of the region.
Tailwind is the relative attribute of a Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to the back of the object (BackFn). A tailwind can positively affect the speed capability of a vehicle.
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
The Tropics is the region of PlanetEarth that lies between approximately 23 and one half degrees North latitude and 23 and one half degrees South latitude, encircling the globe. 'The Tropics'. See also TropicArea.
Uphill is a PositionalAttribute that describes the relation between two things, one of which is located up a slope from the other.
Upstream is a PositionalAttribute that describes the orientation of being in the area or direction from which a Fluid is flowing.
Upwind is a PositionalAttribute that indicates relative position upwind (windward) with respect to the direction that the Wind is blowing.
VolcanicallyActive is the state of a Volcano in which volcanic activity is ongoing, with either a current VolcanicEruption or active preconditions for one.
VolcanicallyDormant is the state of a Volcano in which there is no current or imminent VolcanicEruption, but which still shows signs of volcanic potential, i.e., it is not yet considered extinct.
VolcanicallyExtinct is the state of a Volcano in which there is no current VolcanicEruption nor any signs volcanic potential, i.e., it is considered extinct.
WesternAfrica represents the western GeographicArea of the Continent of Africa.
WesternEurope represents the western GeographicArea of the Continent of Europe.
WesternSouthAmerica represents the western GeographicArea of the Continent of SouthAmerica.
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
The ArcticRegion is the region of PlanetEarth that lies north of the Arctic Circle (approximately 66 and one half degrees North latitude) or beyond the northern treeline: 'The Arctic'.
AtlanticOcean represents the Atlantic Ocean.
EarthsAtmosphere is the layer of gases, a mixture of mainly oxygen and nitrogen, surrounding PlanetEarth. See also Air.
Outside is a PositionAttribute used to describe the relative location of one object or region to another region. For example, (orientation Cuba UnitedStates Outside).
PacificOcean represents the Pacific Ocean.
Palestine is a GeographicArea in the MiddleEastRegion that partly overlaps the state of Israel. Historically, the name Palestine has had varying extents and references, including a former country that was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1516 -1917 and a mandate of the British Empire from 1923-1948, as well as the Biblical nation of Canaan. The area now referred to by this name is largely coextensive with Israel, though historically Palestine included parts of Jordan and Egypt. The core area of the region is the land between the MediterraneanSea and the JordanRiver.
Sol is the nearest Star to PlanetEarth and the focus of its SolarSystem.
The WorldOcean is the collective mass of sea water that covers 70% of the surface of PlanetEarth, surrounding all of its dry land areas. Earth's individual Oceans and Seas are parts of the WorldOcean.