AbsoluteValueFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The value of (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) is the absolute value of the RealNumber ?NUMBER.
range: NonnegativeRealNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: RealNumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

AbstractionFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a Class into the instance of Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership in the Class.
range: Attribute
domain: Class
type: NamedIndividual
type: PartialValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

BackFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A Function that maps an Object to the side that is opposite the FrontFn of the Object. Note that this is a partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.
range: SelfConnectedObject
domain: SelfConnectedObject
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: PartialValuedRelation
type: SpatialRelation
type: UnaryFunction

BeginFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval begins.
domain: TimeInterval
range: TimePoint
type: NamedIndividual
type: TemporalRelation
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

CardinalityFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the number of instances in the SetOrClass ?CLASS or the number of members in the ?CLASS Collection.
range: Number
type: DatatypeProperty
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

CeilingFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest Integer greater than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER.
range: Integer
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: RealNumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

ComplementFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The complement of a given SetOrClass C is the SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an object is an instance of the complement of a SetOrClass C just in case it is not an instance of C.
domain: SetOrClass
range: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

CosineFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.
range: RealNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: PlaneAngleMeasure
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

DenominatorFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the denominator of the canonical reduced form of the RealNumber ?NUMBER.
range: Integer
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: RealNumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

EndFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval ends.
domain: TimeInterval
range: TimePoint
type: NamedIndividual
type: TemporalRelation
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

ExtensionFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps an Attribute into the Class whose condition for membership is the Attribute.
domain: Attribute
range: Class
type: NamedIndividual
type: PartialValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

FloorFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest Integer less than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER.
range: Integer
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: RealNumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

FrontFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A Function that maps an Object to the side that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the direction in which the Object moves. Note that this is a partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.
range: SelfConnectedObject
domain: SelfConnectedObject
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: PartialValuedRelation
type: SpatialRelation
type: UnaryFunction

FutureFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to the TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at PositiveInfinity.
range: TimeInterval
domain: TimePosition
type: NamedIndividual
type: TemporalRelation
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

GeneralizedIntersectionFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that takes a SetOrClass of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which is the intersection of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. the SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of all instances of the original SetOrClass.
range: SetOrClass
domain: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

GeneralizedUnionFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that takes a SetOrClass of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which is the merge of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. the SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the original SetOrClass.
range: SetOrClass
domain: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

GigaFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (GigaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 Hertz.
range: UnitOfMeasure
domain: UnitOfMeasure
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

GovernmentFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (GovernmentFn ?AREA) denotes the Government of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, (GovernmentFn UnitedStates) denotes the Federal-level government of the United States; (GovernmentFn PuertoRico) denotes the government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
domain: GeopoliticalArea
range: Government
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnaryFunction

HoleHostFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to the Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a Hole is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only when the argument is a hole).
domain: Hole
range: Object
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: SpatialRelation
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

HoleSkinFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to the skin of the Hole. The skin of a Hole is the fusion of those superficial parts (see superficialPart) of the Hole's principal host (see HoleHostFn) with which the Hole is externally connected.
domain: Hole
range: Object
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: SpatialRelation
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

ImaginaryPartFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor.
range: ImaginaryNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: ComplexNumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

ImmediateFamilyFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) denotes the immediate family of ?PERSON, i.e. the Group consisting of the parents of ?PERSON and anyone of whom ?PERSON is a parent.
range: FamilyGroup
domain: Human
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnaryFunction

ImmediateFutureFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that immediately follows the TimePosition.
range: TimeInterval
domain: TimePosition
type: NamedIndividual
type: TemporalRelation
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

ImmediatePastFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that immediately precedes the TimePosition.
range: TimeInterval
domain: TimePosition
type: NamedIndividual
type: TemporalRelation
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

IntegerSquareRootFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER.
range: NonnegativeInteger
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: RealNumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: PartialValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

KiloFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (KiloFn Gram) is 1,000 Grams.
domain: UnitOfMeasure
range: UnitOfMeasure
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

ListLengthFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A Function that takes a List as its sole argument and returns the number of items in the List. For example, (ListLengthFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would return the value 3.
range: NonnegativeInteger
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: List
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

MagnitudeFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The magnitude of a ConstantQuantity is the numeric value for the quantity. In other words, MagnitudeFn converts a ConstantQuantity with an associated UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the ConstantQuantity 2 Kilometers is the RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original quantity.
range: RealNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: ConstantQuantity
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnaryFunction

MegaFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MegaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000 Hertz.
range: UnitOfMeasure
domain: UnitOfMeasure
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

MicroFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MicroFn Meter) is .000001 Meters.
domain: UnitOfMeasure
range: UnitOfMeasure
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

MilliFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MilliFn Gram) is .001 Grams.
domain: UnitOfMeasure
range: UnitOfMeasure
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

NanoFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MicroFn SecondDuration) is .000000001 SecondDurations.
domain: UnitOfMeasure
range: UnitOfMeasure
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

NumeratorFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER.
range: Integer
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: RealNumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

PastFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to the TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at NegativeInfinity.
range: TimeInterval
domain: TimePosition
type: NamedIndividual
type: TemporalRelation
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

PicoFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (PicoFn SecondDuration) is .000000000001 SecondDurations.
domain: UnitOfMeasure
range: UnitOfMeasure
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

PowerSetFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the SetOrClass ?CLASS to the SetOrClass of all subclasses of ?CLASS.
domain: SetOrClass
range subclass: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

PredecessorFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4.
range: Integer
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Integer
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

PremisesFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete set of premises of the Argument ?ARGUMENT.
domain: Argument
range: Proposition
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnaryFunction

ProbabilityFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations, ProbabilityFn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of affairs. (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA) denotes the a priori probability of ?FORMULA.
range: RealNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Formula
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: ProbabilityRelation
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

PropertyFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to the Set of Objects owned by the Agent.
domain: Agent
range: Set
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

RationalNumberFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the rational representation of ?NUMBER.
range: RationalNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Number
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnaryFunction

RealNumberFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that is a RealNumber.
range: RealNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Number
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnaryFunction

ReciprocalFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator (MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER. Not all numbers have a reciprocal element. For example the number 0 does not. If a number ?NUMBER has a reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be 1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1. The reciprocal of an element is equal to applying the ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power -1.
range: Quantity
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Quantity
type: NamedIndividual
type: RelationExtendedToQuantities
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

RoundFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the Integer closest to ?NUMBER on the number line. If ?NUMBER is halfway between two Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger Integer.
range: Quantity
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Quantity
type: NamedIndividual
type: RelationExtendedToQuantities
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

SignumFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. This is one of the following values: -1, 1, or 0.
range: Integer
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: RealNumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

SineFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.
range: RealNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: PlaneAngleMeasure
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

SquareRootFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal square root of ?NUMBER.
range: Number
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: RealNumber
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnaryFunction

SuccessorFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6.
range: Integer
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Integer
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

TangentFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled triangle.
range: RealNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: PlaneAngleMeasure
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

TeraFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (TeraFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 Hertz.
domain: UnitOfMeasure
range: UnitOfMeasure
type: NamedIndividual
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

WealthFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to a CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the Agent. Note that this Function is generally used in conjunction with the Function PropertyFn, e.g. (WealthFn (PropertyFn BillGates)) would return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings.
domain: Agent
range: CurrencyMeasure
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnaryFunction

WhenFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps an Object or Process to the exact TimeInterval during which it exists. Note that, for every TimePoint ?TIME outside of the TimeInterval (WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold.
domain: Physical
range: TimeInterval
type: NamedIndividual
type: TemporalRelation
type: TotalValuedRelation
type: UnaryFunction

YearFn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar Year. For example, (YearFn 1912) returns the Class containing just one instance, the year of 1912. As might be expected, positive integers return years in the Common Era, while negative integers return years in B.C.E. Note that this function returns a Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. MonthFn, DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific TimeIntervals and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of these functions classes rather than individuals.
domain: Integer
range subclass: Year
type: NamedIndividual
type: TemporalRelation
type: UnaryFunction

age
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Simply relates an Object to a ConstantQuantity specifying the age of the Object.
range: TimeDuration
sub property of: measure
type: NamedIndividual
type: SingleValuedRelation

agent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, Eve is an agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple.
range: Agent
domain: Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: CaseRole

ancestor
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The transitive closure of the parent predicate. (ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR) means that ?ANCESTOR is either the parent of ?DESCENDANT or the parent of the parent of DESCENDANT or etc.
range: Organism
domain: Organism
sub property of: familyRelation
type: NamedIndividual
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

angleOfFigure
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (angleOfFigure ?ANGLE ?FIGURE) means that the TwoDimensionalAngle ?ANGLE is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE.
range: GeometricFigure
domain: TwoDimensionalAngle
sub property of: geometricPart

angularMeasure
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (angularMeasure ?ANGLE ?MEASURE) means that the two-dimensional geometric angle ?ANGLE has the PlaneAngleMeasure of ?MEASURE.
range: PlaneAngleMeasure
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: TwoDimensionalAngle
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: TotalValuedRelation

attends
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (attends ?DEMO ?PERSON) means that ?PERSON attends, i.e. is a member of the audience, of the performance event ?DEMO.
domain: Demonstrating
range: Human
sub property of: experiencer

attribute
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that ?PROPERTY is a Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red).
domain: Object
sub property of: property
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: IrreflexiveRelation

authors
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is creatively responsible for ?TEXT. For example, Agatha Christie is author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.
domain: Agent
range: Text
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

before
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline.
range: TimePoint
domain: TimePoint
sub property of: beforeOrEqual
related internal concept: earlier
type: NamedIndividual
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: TemporalRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

beforeOrEqual
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline.
range: TimePoint
domain: TimePoint
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation
type: TemporalRelation

believes
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The epistemic predicate of belief. (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.
domain: CognitiveAgent
range: Formula
sub property of: inScopeOfInterest
type: NamedIndividual
type: PropositionalAttitude

bottom
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT) holds if ?BOTTOM is the lowest or deepest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT.
range: SelfConnectedObject
domain: SelfConnectedObject
sub property of: superficialPart

brother
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The general relationship of being a brother. (brother ?MAN ?PERSON) means that ?MAN is the brother of ?PERSON.
range: Human
domain: Man
sub property of: sibling
type: NamedIndividual
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

causes
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The causation relation between instances of Process. (causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the instance of Process ?PROCESS2.
domain: Process
range: Process
related internal concept: causesSubclass
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

causesSubclass
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The causation relation between subclasses of Process. (causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the subclass of Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (causesSubclass Killing Death).
domain: Process
range: Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

citizen
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the Human ?PERSON is a citizen of Nation ?NATION.
domain: Human
range: Nation
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

closedOn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryFunction is closed on a SetOrClass if it is defined for all instances of the SetOrClass and its value is always an instance of the SetOrClass.
domain: Function
range: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

completelyFills
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that some part of the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. Note that if (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE).
sub property of: partiallyFills
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation

component
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A specialized common sense notion of part for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a country, or the limbs and organs of an animal. Compare piece, which is also a subrelation of part.
domain: CorpuscularObject
range: CorpuscularObject
sub property of: part

conclusion
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the Argument ?ARGUMENT. Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT entails ?PROPOSITION.
domain: Argument
range: Proposition
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: SingleValuedRelation
type: TotalValuedRelation

connected
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2.
domain: Object
range: Object
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: ReflexiveRelation
type: SpatialRelation
type: SymmetricRelation

connectedEngineeringComponents
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This is the most general connection relation between EngineeringComponents. If (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor ?COMP2 can be an engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation connectedEngineeringComponents is a SymmetricRelation; there is no information in the direction of connection between two components. It is also an IrreflexiveRelation; no EngineeringComponent bears this relation to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type with the connection.
domain: EngineeringComponent
range: EngineeringComponent
sub property of: connected
type: NamedIndividual
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: SymmetricRelation

considers
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.
domain: CognitiveAgent
range: Formula
sub property of: inScopeOfInterest
type: NamedIndividual
type: PropositionalAttitude

consistent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it is possible for both of them to be true at the same time.
range: Proposition
domain: Proposition
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: SymmetricRelation

contains
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation of spatial containment for two separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an automobile and one of its seats), the relation of part should be used. (contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has a space (i.e. a Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2.
range: Object
domain: SelfConnectedObject
disjoint relation: part
sub property of: partlyLocated
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: SpatialRelation

containsInformation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A subrelation of represents. This predicate relates a ContentBearingObject to the Proposition that is expressed by the ContentBearingObject. Examples include the relationships between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its musical content.
domain: ContentBearingObject
range: Proposition
sub property of: represents
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

cooccur
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the Object or Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, or jointly with the Object or Process ?THING2. This covers the following temporal relations: is co-incident with, is concurrent with, is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with.
range: Physical
domain: Physical
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: EquivalenceRelation
type: TemporalRelation

copy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: relates an Object to an exact copy of the Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal location.
domain: Object
range: Object
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: EquivalenceRelation

crosses
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that Object ?OBJ1 traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being connected to it.
disjoint relation: connected
sub property of: traverses
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

date
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryPredicate that specifies a TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution of one day, for a particular Object or Process.
range: Day
domain: Physical
sub property of: time
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: SingleValuedRelation

daughter
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The general relationship of daughterhood. (daughter ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological daughter of ?PARENT.
range: Human
domain: Woman
sub property of: parent

decreasesLikelihood
type: ObjectProperty
comment: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.
domain: Formula
range: Formula
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: ProbabilityRelation

desires
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. Note too that desires is distinguished from wants only in that the former is a PropositionalAttitude, while wants is an ObjectAttitude.
domain: CognitiveAgent
range: Formula
sub property of: inScopeOfInterest
related internal concept: wants
type: NamedIndividual
type: PropositionalAttitude

destination
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went to Danbury. Note that this is a very general CaseRole and, in particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'. Thus, John would be the destination in the following proposition: Tom gave a book to John.
range: Entity
domain: Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: CaseRole

developmentalForm
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are developmentalForms of frogs and butterflies, respectively.
range: DevelopmentalAttribute
domain: OrganicObject
sub property of: attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: TransitiveRelation

diameter
type: ObjectProperty
comment: BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of a circular Object from side to side.
sub property of: width

direction
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one would use this Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving North.
range: DirectionalAttribute
domain: Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: CaseRole

disjoint
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Classes are disjoint only if they share no instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying IntersectionFn to them is empty.
domain: SetOrClass
range: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: SymmetricRelation

distributes
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is distributive over another BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.
domain: BinaryFunction
range: BinaryFunction
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: BinaryRelation

documentation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation between objects in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text. The domain of documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves. This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with their documentation.
domain: Entity
range: SymbolicString
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

duration
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the duration of the TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this Predicate can be used in conjunction with the Function WhenFn to specify the duration of any instance of Physical.
range: TimeDuration
domain: TimeInterval
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: TotalValuedRelation

during
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2.
range: TimeInterval
domain: TimeInterval
sub property of: overlapsTemporally
sub property of: temporalPart
type: NamedIndividual
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

earlier
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 ends before the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2 begins.
range: TimeInterval
domain: TimeInterval
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: TemporalRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

editor
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (editor ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is an editor of ?TEXT.
domain: Agent
range: Text
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

element
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case ?ENTITY is contained in the Set ?SET. An Entity can be an element of another Entity only if the latter is a Set.
domain: Entity
range: Set
sub property of: instance
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IntransitiveRelation

employs
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried, hourly or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary compensation.
range: CognitiveAgent
domain: Organization
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate

engineeringSubcomponent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB ?SUPER) means that the EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a properPart of ?SUPER. This relation is an AsymmetricRelation, since two EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other.
domain: EngineeringComponent
range: EngineeringComponent
sub property of: properPart

entails
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The operator of logical entailment. (entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF.
domain: Formula
range: Formula
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate

equal
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case ?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2.
domain: Entity
range: Entity
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: EquivalenceRelation
type: RelationExtendedToQuantities

equivalenceRelationOn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryRelation is an equivalenceRelationOn a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn the SetOrClass and it is both a TransitiveRelation and a SymmetricRelation.
domain: BinaryRelation
range: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

equivalentContentClass
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa. An example would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'. Note that (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1).
range: ContentBearingObject
domain: ContentBearingObject
sub property of: subsumesContentClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: EquivalenceRelation

equivalentContentInstance
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryPredicate relating two instances of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed copy of the same letter. Note that (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) implies (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2).
range: ContentBearingObject
domain: ContentBearingObject
related internal concept: equivalentContentClass
sub property of: subsumesContentInstance
type: NamedIndividual
type: EquivalenceRelation

exactlyLocated
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The actual, minimal location of an Object. This is a subrelation of the more general Predicate located.
sub property of: located

experiencer
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT experiences the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo is the experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo sees the fish. Note that experiencer, unlike agent, does not entail a causal relation between its arguments.
range: Agent
domain: Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: CaseRole

exploits
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used by ?AGENT as a resource in an unspecified instance of Process. This Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the relations agent and resource.
range: Agent
domain: Object
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

expressedInLanguage
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) means that the LinguisticExpression ?EXPRESS is part of the Language ?LANG.
range: Language
domain: LinguisticExpression
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

faces
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of ?OBJ (see FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION. More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of ?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it intersected with its back (see BackFn).
range: DirectionalAttribute
domain: Object
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate

familyRelation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A very general Predicate for biological relationships. (familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor.
domain: Organism
range: Organism
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: EquivalenceRelation

father
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The general relationship of fatherhood. (father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological father of ?CHILD.
range: Organism
domain: Organism
sub property of: parent
type: NamedIndividual
type: SingleValuedRelation

fills
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Holes can be filled. (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. Note that fills here means perfectly filled.
related internal concept: Fillable
range: Hole
domain: Object
sub property of: completelyFills
sub property of: properlyFills
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation

finishes
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same ending TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1.
domain: TimeInterval
range: TimeInterval
sub property of: temporalPart
type: NamedIndividual
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: TemporalRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

frequency
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME.
domain: Process
range: TimeDuration
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

geographicSubregion
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the GeographicArea ?PART is part of the GeographicArea ?WHOLE.
domain: GeographicArea
range: GeographicArea
sub property of: located
sub property of: properPart
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: TransitiveRelation

geometricPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (geometricPart ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the GeometricFigure ?PART is part of the GeometricFigure ?WHOLE.
domain: GeometricFigure
range: GeometricFigure
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation

geopoliticalSubdivision
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (geopoliticalSubdivision ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any geopolitical part of ?AREA2; that is, ?AREA1 is an integral geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), having its own associated GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by the government of ?AREA2. Cf. dependentGeopoliticalArea.
range: GeopoliticalArea
domain: GeopoliticalArea
sub property of: geographicSubregion
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

grasps
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The state of grasping an Object. (grasps ?ANIMAL ?OBJ) means that the Animal ?ANIMAL is intentionally holding on to the Object ?OBJ.
domain: Animal
range: Object
sub property of: meetsSpatially

greaterThan
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the Quantity ?NUMBER2.
range: Quantity
trichotomizing on: RealNumber
inverse: lessThan
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Quantity
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: RelationExtendedToQuantities
type: TransitiveRelation

greaterThanOrEqualTo
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the Quantity ?NUMBER2.
range: Quantity
trichotomizing on: RealNumber
inverse: lessThanOrEqualTo
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Quantity
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation
type: RelationExtendedToQuantities

hasPurpose
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This Predicate expresses the concept of a conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. Accordingly, (hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between the Predicates hasPurpose and result. Although the second argument of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no goal; a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on.
range: Formula
domain: Physical
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

hasSkill
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Similar to the capability Predicate with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/ demonstrated to some measurable degree.
range: Agent
domain: Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

height
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The height of an Object is the distance between its top and its bottom.
range: LengthMeasure
domain: SelfConnectedObject
sub property of: length

holdsDuring
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every TimePoint which is a temporalPart of ?TIME.
range: Formula
domain: TimePosition
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

hole
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a Hole in ?OBJ. A Hole is a fillable body located at the surface an Object.
domain: Hole
range: SelfConnectedObject
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: SpatialRelation

home
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a Human and a PermanentResidence of the Human.
domain: Human
range: PermanentResidence
sub property of: inhabits

husband
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the husband of ?WOMAN.
domain: Man
range: Woman
sub property of: spouse
inverse: wife
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: IrreflexiveRelation

identicalListItems
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 have exactly the same items in their respective lists. Although ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 are required to share exactly the same items, they may order these items differently.
domain: List
range: List
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: EquivalenceRelation

identityElement
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An object ?ID is the identity element for BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST, applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST.
domain: BinaryFunction
range: Entity
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

immediateInstance
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An object is an immediateInstance of a SetOrClass if it is an instance of the SetOrClass and it is not an instance of a proper subclass of SetOrClass.
sub property of: instance
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: IntransitiveRelation

immediateSubclass
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an immediateSubclass of another SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2 and there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of it.
sub property of: subclass
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: IntransitiveRelation

inList
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The analog of element and instance for Lists. (inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the List ?LIST. For example, (inList Tuesday (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would be true.
domain: Entity
range: List
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation

inScopeOfInterest
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A very general Predicate. (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY.
domain: CognitiveAgent
range: Entity
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IntentionalRelation

increasesLikelihood
type: ObjectProperty
comment: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.
domain: Formula
range: Formula
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: ProbabilityRelation

independentProbability
type: ObjectProperty
comment: One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent.
range: Formula
domain: Formula
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: ProbabilityRelation
type: SymmetricRelation

inhabits
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A very basic notion of living within something else. (inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence (either permanent or temporary), nest, etc. of ?ORGANISM.
range: Object
domain: Organism
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

inhibits
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A very general Predicate. (inhibits ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders the occurrence of the Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances.
domain: Process
range: Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation

initialList
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a subList of ?LIST2 and (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) returns the same value as (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER) for all of the values of ?NUMBER over which (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) is defined.
sub property of: subList
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation

instance
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An object is an instance of a SetOrClass if it is included in that SetOrClass. An individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of instance about specificity or uniqueness.
domain: Entity
range: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate

instrument
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an instrument in the following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that instrument and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair.
range: Object
domain: Process
sub property of: patient

interiorPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and any superficialPart ?OBJ2.
sub property of: part
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

inverse
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The inverse of a BinaryRelation is a relation in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed. In other words, one BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are equivalent when their arguments are swapped.
range: BinaryRelation
domain: BinaryRelation
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IntransitiveRelation
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: SymmetricRelation

irreflexiveOn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a SetOrClass only if no instance of the SetOrClass bears the relation to itself.
domain: BinaryRelation
range: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

knows
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The epistemic predicate of knowing. (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that knows entails conscious awareness, so this Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or unconscious knowledge.
domain: CognitiveAgent
range: Formula
sub property of: inScopeOfInterest
type: NamedIndividual
type: PropositionalAttitude

larger
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is larger, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.
domain: Object
range: Object
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: SpatialRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

leader
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (leader ?INSTITUTION ?PERSON) means that the leader of ?INSTITUTION is ?PERSON.
domain: Agent
range: Human
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: SingleValuedRelation

legalRelation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means that ?AGENT1 and ?AGENT2 are relatives by virtue of a legal relationship. Some examples include marriage, adoption, etc.
domain: CognitiveAgent
range: CognitiveAgent
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: SymmetricRelation

length
type: ObjectProperty
comment: BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an Object from one point to another point along its surface. Note that the difference between the predicates length and distance is that the length is used to state the LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while distance is used to state the LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects
range: LengthMeasure
sub property of: measure

lessThan
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the Quantity ?NUMBER2.
range: Quantity
trichotomizing on: RealNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Quantity
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: RelationExtendedToQuantities
type: TransitiveRelation

lessThanOrEqualTo
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to the Quantity ?NUMBER2.
range: Quantity
trichotomizing on: RealNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Quantity
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation
type: RelationExtendedToQuantities

lineMeasure
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (lineMeasure ?LINE ?MEASURE) means that the straight line ?LINE has the LengthMeasure of ?MEASURE.
range: LengthMeasure
domain: OneDimensionalFigure
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: TotalValuedRelation

located
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is partlyLocated at ?OBJ, and there is no part or subProcess of ?PHYS that is not located at ?OBJ.
sub property of: partlyLocated
type: NamedIndividual
type: AntisymmetricRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

manner
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the Attribute ?MANNER. The Attributes of Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports competition.
domain: Process
disjoint relation: attribute
sub property of: property
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: IrreflexiveRelation

material
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. For example, plastic is a material of my computer monitor. Compare part and its subrelations, viz component and piece.
range: CorpuscularObject
domain: Substance
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate

measure
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A very general Predicate for asserting that a particular Object is measured by a particular ConstantQuantity. In general, the second argument of this Predicate will be an instance of the Function MeasureFn.
domain: Object
range: PhysicalQuantity
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

meetsSpatially
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 overlapsSpatially the other.
sub property of: connected
disjoint relation: overlapsSpatially
type: NamedIndividual
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: SymmetricRelation

meetsTemporally
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the terminal point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the initial point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2.
domain: TimeInterval
range: TimeInterval
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IntransitiveRelation
type: TemporalRelation

member
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A specialized common sense notion of part for uniform parts of Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock.
range: Collection
domain: SelfConnectedObject
related internal concept: element
related internal concept: instance
sub property of: part
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: IntransitiveRelation

modalAttribute
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryRelation that is used to state the normative force of a Proposition. (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means that the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the NormativeAttribute ?PROP. For example, (modalAttribute (exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (and (instance ?ACT Giving) (agent ?ACT John) (patient ?ACT ?OBJ) (destination ?ACT Tom))) Obligation) means that John is obligated to give Tom something.
domain: Formula
range: NormativeAttribute
sub property of: property
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation

monetaryValue
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryPredicate that associates an Object or Process with its value expressed as an instance of CurrencyMeasure.
range: CurrencyMeasure
domain: Physical
sub property of: measure
type: NamedIndividual
type: SingleValuedRelation

mother
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The general relationship of motherhood. (mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother of ?CHILD.
range: Organism
domain: Organism
sub property of: parent
type: NamedIndividual
type: SingleValuedRelation

names
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing ?ENTITY has the SymbolicString ?STRING as its name. Note that names and represents are the two immediate subrelations of refers. The predicate names is used when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the predicate represents is used for referring items that have such content.
domain: SymbolicString
sub property of: refers

needs
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT.
domain: CognitiveAgent
range: Physical
sub property of: inScopeOfInterest
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectAttitude

origin
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a submarine.
range: Object
domain: Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: CaseRole

overlapsPartially
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 is a part of the other.
sub property of: overlapsSpatially
type: NamedIndividual
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: SymmetricRelation

overlapsSpatially
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common. This is a reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation.
sub property of: connected
type: NamedIndividual
type: ReflexiveRelation
type: SymmetricRelation

overlapsTemporally
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 have a TimeInterval as a common part.
domain: TimeInterval
range: TimeInterval
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: ReflexiveRelation
type: SymmetricRelation
type: TemporalRelation

parallel
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2) means that the OneDimensionalFigures ?LINE1 and ?LINE2 are parallel to one another, i.e. they are equidistant from one another at every point.
domain: OneDimensionalFigure
range: OneDimensionalFigure
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate

parent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The general relationship of parenthood. (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent of ?CHILD.
domain: Organism
range: Organism
sub property of: familyRelation
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IntransitiveRelation

part
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The basic mereological relation. All other mereological relations are defined in terms of this one. (part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the Object ?PART is part of the Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since part is a ReflexiveRelation, every Object is a part of itself.
domain: Object
range: Object
type: NamedIndividual
type: PartialOrderingRelation
type: SpatialRelation

partialOrderingOn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryRelation is a partial ordering on a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn the SetOrClass, and it is both an AntisymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation.
domain: BinaryRelation
range: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

partiallyFills
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?OBJ completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (partiallyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as (is a limit case of) a partial one.
range: Hole
domain: Object
sub property of: located
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: SpatialRelation

partlyLocated
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (partlyLocated ?THING ?OBJ) means that the instance of Physical ?THING is at least partially located at ?OBJ. For example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia and partly located in Europe. Note that partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation: located is an immediate subrelation of partlyLocated and exactlyLocated is an immediate subrelation of located.
range: Object
domain: Physical
type: NamedIndividual
type: AntisymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: SpatialRelation

path
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101.
domain: Motion
range: Object
type: NamedIndividual
type: CaseRole

patient
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients. Note that the patient of a Process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the Process. The CaseRole of patient is used when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a Process.
range: Entity
domain: Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: CaseRole

penetrates
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth).
sub property of: meetsSpatially
sub property of: traverses
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: IntransitiveRelation

piece
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A specialized common sense notion of part for arbitrary parts of Substances. Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, etc. Compare component, another subrelation of part.
domain: Substance
range: Substance
sub property of: part

pointOfFigure
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE) means that the GeometricPoint ?POINT is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE.
range: GeometricFigure
domain: GeometricPoint
sub property of: geometricPart

possesses
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relation that holds between an Agent and an Object when the Agent has ownership of the Object.
domain: Agent
range: Object
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

precondition
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A very general Predicate. (precondition ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an instance of ?PROC1 also exists.
range: Process
domain: Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: TransitiveRelation

premise
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the Argument ?ARGUMENT.
domain: Argument
range: Proposition
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: TotalValuedRelation

prevents
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A very general Predicate. (prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 cannot occur at the same time and place. For example, innoculating prevents contracting disease. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances.
domain: Process
range: Process
related internal concept: inhibits
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation

properPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a TransitiveRelation and AsymmetricRelation (hence an IrreflexiveRelation).
sub property of: part
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

properlyFills
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that properlyFills is the dual of completelyFills, and is so related to partiallyFills that ?OBJ properlyFills ?HOLE just in case ?OBJ partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect filler is both complete and proper in this sense).
range: Hole
domain: Object
sub property of: partiallyFills
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation

property
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This Predicate holds between an instance of Entity and an instance of Attribute. (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) means that ?ENTITY has the Attribute ?ATTR.
range: Attribute
domain: Entity
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate

publishes
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (publishes ?ORG ?TEXT) means that ?ORG publishes ?TEXT. For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.
domain: Organization
range: Text
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

range
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Gives the range of a function. In other words, (range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are instances of ?CLASS.
domain: Function
range: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

rangeSubclass
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are subclasses of ?CLASS.
domain: Function
range: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

realization
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A subrelation of represents. (realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the reading of a poem.
domain: Process
range: Proposition
related internal concept: containsInformation
related internal concept: equivalentContentInstance
sub property of: represents
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation

refers
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that refers is more general in meaning than represents, because presumably something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, etc.
range: Entity
domain: Entity
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate

reflexiveOn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryRelation is reflexive on a SetOrClass only if every instance of the SetOrClass bears the relation to itself.
domain: BinaryRelation
range: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

relatedInternalConcept
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Means that the two arguments are related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate relatedExternalConcept.
domain: Entity
range: Entity
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: EquivalenceRelation

represents
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A very general semiotics Predicate. (represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The Predicates containsInformation and realization are subrelations of represents. Note that represents is a subrelation of refers, since something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the documentation string for names.
sub property of: refers

resource
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that ?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS. For example, soap is a resource in the following proposition: the gun was carved out of soap. Note that resource differs from instrument, another subrelation of patient, in that its internal or physical properties are altered in some way by the Process.
range: Object
domain: Process
sub property of: patient

result
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a result in the following proposition: Eric built a house.
range: Entity
domain: Process
sub property of: patient

sibling
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relationship between two Organisms that have the same mother and father. Note that this relationship does not hold between half-brothers, half-sisters, etc.
domain: Organism
range: Organism
sub property of: familyRelation
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: SymmetricRelation

side
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (side ?SIDE ?OBJECT) means that ?SIDE is a side of the object, as opposed to the top or bottom.
domain: SelfConnectedObject
range: SelfConnectedObject
sub property of: superficialPart

sister
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The general relationship of being a sister. (sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON) means that ?WOMAN is the sister of ?PERSON.
range: Human
domain: Woman
sub property of: sibling
type: NamedIndividual
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

smaller
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is smaller, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.
range: Object
domain: Object
inverse: larger
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: SpatialRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

son
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The general relationship of being a son. (son ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological son of ?PARENT.
range: Human
domain: Man
sub property of: parent

spouse
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relationship of marriage between two Humans.
range: Human
domain: Human
sub property of: legalRelation
type: NamedIndividual
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: SymmetricRelation

starts
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same initial TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2.
range: TimeInterval
domain: TimeInterval
sub property of: temporalPart
type: NamedIndividual
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: TemporalRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

stays
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relation between a Human and a TemporaryResidence of the Human.
domain: Human
range: TemporaryResidence
disjoint relation: home
sub property of: inhabits

subAttribute
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Means that the second argument can be ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it.
domain: Attribute
range: Attribute
disjoint relation: successorAttribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation

subCollection
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that the Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the Collection ?COLL2.
domain: Collection
range: Collection
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation

subList
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and the elements that are common to both Lists have the same order in both Lists.
domain: List
range: List
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation

subOrganization
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means that ?ORG1 is an Organization which is a part of the Organization ?ORG2. Note that subOrganization is a ReflexiveRelation, so every Organization is a subOrganization of itself.
range: Organization
domain: Organization
sub property of: subCollection
type: NamedIndividual
type: PartialOrderingRelation

subPlan
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 is a Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally used to relate a supporting Plan to the overall Plan in a particular context.
domain: Plan
range: Plan
sub property of: subProposition
type: NamedIndividual
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

subProcess
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally distinguished part (proper or not) of a Process.
domain: Process
range: Process
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation

subProposition
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that ?PROP1 is a Proposition which is a proper part of the Proposition ?PROP2. In other words, subProposition is the analogue of properPart for chunks of abstract content.
range: Proposition
domain: Proposition
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

subclass
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses.
range: SetOrClass
domain: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation

subrelation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that every tuple of ?REL1 is also a tuple of ?REL2. In other words, if the Relation ?REL1 holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then the Relation ?REL2 holds for the same arguments. A consequence of this is that a Relation and its subrelations must have the same valence. In CycL, subrelation is called #$genlPreds.
range: Relation
domain: Relation
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation

subset
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the elements of the Set ?SET1 are also elements of the Set ?SET2.
domain: Set
range: Set
sub property of: subclass

subsumesContentClass
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1. Examples include the relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and one of its chapters. Note that this is a relation between subclasses of ContentBearingObject, rather than instances. If one wants to relate instances, the Predicate subsumesContentInstance can be used. Note that subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases. Consider, for example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its Book of Genesis. This relation holds for every copy of this edition and not just for a single instance.
range: ContentBearingObject
domain: ContentBearingObject
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation

subsumesContentInstance
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryPredicate relating two instances of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, rather than Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship between Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a part of that work, the relation subsumesContentClass should be used.
domain: ContentBearingObject
range: ContentBearingObject
related internal concept: subsumesContentClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation

successorAttribute
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that ?ATTR2 is the Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 on the scale that they share.
range: Attribute
domain: Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

successorAttributeClosure
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The transitive closure of successorAttribute. (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that there is a chain of successorAttribute assertions connecting ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2.
domain: Attribute
range: Attribute
related internal concept: successorAttribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

superficialPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too is a transitive relation closed under MereologicalSumFn and MereologicalProductFn.
sub property of: part
type: NamedIndividual
type: IrreflexiveRelation
type: TransitiveRelation

surface
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a maximally connected superficialPart of ?OBJ2. Note that some SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface.
domain: SelfConnectedObject
range: SelfConnectedObject
sub property of: superficialPart
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation

temporalPart
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The temporal analogue of the spatial part predicate. (temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that TimePosition ?POS1 is part of TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since temporalPart is a ReflexiveRelation every TimePostion is a temporalPart of itself.
range: TimePosition
domain: TimePosition
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: PartialOrderingRelation
type: TemporalRelation

time
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation holds between an instance of Physical and an instance of TimePosition just in case the temporal lifespan of the former includes the latter. In other words, (time ?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME. Note that time does for instances of Physical what holdsDuring does for instances of Formula. The constants located and time are the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively.
domain: Physical
range: TimePosition
related internal concept: holdsDuring
related internal concept: located
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: TemporalRelation

top
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (top ?TOP ?OBJECT) means that ?TOP is the highest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT.
domain: SelfConnectedObject
range: SelfConnectedObject
sub property of: superficialPart

totalOrderingOn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryRelation ?REL is a total ordering on a SetOrClass only if it is a partial ordering for which either (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 in the SetOrClass.
domain: BinaryRelation
range: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

transactionAmount
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION ?AMOUNT) means that ?AMOUNT is an instance of CurrencyMeasure being exhanged in the FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION.
range: CurrencyMeasure
domain: FinancialTransaction
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: SingleValuedRelation
type: TotalValuedRelation

traverses
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that crosses and penetrates are subrelations of traverses.
range: Object
domain: Object
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate
type: SpatialRelation

trichotomizingOn
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A BinaryRelation ?REL is trichotomizing on a SetOrClass only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 of the SetOrClass, at least one of the following holds: (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2), (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2).
domain: BinaryRelation
range: SetOrClass
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

true
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The BinaryPredicate that relates a Sentence to its TruthValue.
domain: Sentence
range: TruthValue
sub property of: property

uniqueIdentifier
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The class of names that uniquely identify an instance of Entity. Some examples of uniqueIdentifiers are the keys of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book Number).
sub property of: names
type: NamedIndividual
type: SingleValuedRelation

uses
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified Process. This Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the CaseRoles agent and instrument.
range: Agent
domain: Object
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate

valence
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Specifies the number of arguments that a relation can take. If a relation does not have a fixed number of arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of VariableArityRelation. For example, holds is a VariableArityRelation.
range: PositiveInteger
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Relation
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: SingleValuedRelation

version
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Some Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete stages or versions. (version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1 is a version of ARTIFACT2. Note that this Predicate relates subclasses of Artifact and not instances.
range: Artifact
domain: Artifact
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: BinaryPredicate
type: TransitiveRelation

wants
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent.
domain: CognitiveAgent
range: Physical
related internal concept: desires
sub property of: inScopeOfInterest
type: NamedIndividual
type: ObjectAttitude

wears
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING) means that ?AGENT is wearing the item of Clothing ?CLOTHING.
domain: Animal
range: Clothing
type: NamedIndividual
type: BinaryPredicate

width
type: ObjectProperty
comment: BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an Object from side to side at its widest span.
sub property of: length
type: NamedIndividual
type: SingleValuedRelation

wife
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (wife ?WOMAN ?MAN) means that ?WOMAN is the wife of ?MAN.
range: Man
domain: Woman
sub property of: spouse
type: NamedIndividual
type: AsymmetricRelation
type: IrreflexiveRelation

AbnormalAnatomicalStructure
type: Class
subclass of: AnatomicalStructure
comment: Any AnatomicalStructure which is not normally found in the Organism of which it is a part, i.e. it is the result of a PathologicProcess. This class covers tumors, birth marks, goiters, etc.

Abstract
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
comment: Properties or qualities as distinguished from any particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment.

Adjective
type: Class
subclass of: Word
comment: One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Objects.

Adverb
type: Class
subclass of: Word
comment: One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Processes.

AgeGroup
type: Class
subclass of: GroupOfPeople
comment: A GroupOfPeople whose members all have the same age.

Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Object
comment: Something or someone that can act on its own and produce changes in the world.

Air
type: Class
subclass of: GasMixture
comment: Air is the gaseous stuff that makes up the atmosphere surrounding Earth.

AlethicAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: ObjectiveNorm
comment: A Class containing all of the Attributes relating to the notions of possibility and necessity.

Alga
type: Class
subclass of: NonFloweringPlant
comment: A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue.

Ambulating
type: Class
subclass of: BodyMotion
subclass of: Translocation
comment: Any BodyMotion which is accomplished by means of the legs of an Animal for the purpose of moving from one point to another.

Amphibian
type: Class
subclass of: ColdBloodedVertebrate
comment: A cold-blooded, smooth-skinned Vertebrate which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by gills. When mature, the Amphibian breathes with Lungs.

AnatomicalStructure
type: Class
subclass of: OrganicObject
comment: A normal or pathological part of the anatomy or structural organization of an Organism. This class covers BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off by Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies.

AngleMeasure
type: Class
subclass of: ConstantQuantity
comment: The value of an angle in a plane or in a solid.

AngularDegree
type: Class
subclass of: PlaneAngleMeasure
comment: A plane angle measure.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

AnimacyAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: BiologicalAttribute
comment: Attributes that indicate whether an Organism is alive or not.

Animal
type: Class
subclass of: Organism
comment: An Organism with eukaryotic Cells, and lacking stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments.

AnimalAnatomicalStructure
type: Class
subclass of: AnatomicalStructure
comment: AnatomicalStructures that are possessed exclusively by Animals.

AnimalLanguage
type: Class
subclass of: Language
comment: The subclass of Languages used by Animals other than Humans.

AnimalSubstance
type: Class
subclass of: BodySubstance
comment: BodySubstances that are produced exclusively by Animals.

AntisymmetricRelation
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryRelation
comment: BinaryRelation ?REL is an AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1). In other words, for all ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1 and ?INST2 are identical. Note that it is possible for an AntisymmetricRelation to be a ReflexiveRelation.

Ape
type: Class
subclass of: Primate
comment: Various Primates with no tails or only short tails.

April
type: Class
subclass of: Month
comment: The Class of all Months which are April.

AquaticMammal
type: Class
subclass of: Mammal
comment: The Class of Mammals that dwell chiefly in the water. Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses.

Arachnid
type: Class
subclass of: Arthropod
comment: A Class of Arthropods that includes ticks and spiders.

AreaMeasure
type: Class
subclass of: ConstantQuantity
comment: Measures of the amount of space in two dimensions.

Argument
type: Class
subclass of: Proposition
comment: Any proposition which has the form of a deductive or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply a conclusion.

ArtWork
type: Class
subclass of: Artifact
comment: Artifacts that are created primarily for aesthetic appreciation. Note that this Class does not include most examples of architecture, which belong under StationaryArtifact.

Arthropod
type: Class
subclass of: Invertebrate
comment: A Class of Invertebrate that includes Arachnids and Insects.

Article
type: Class
subclass of: Text
comment: A relatively short Text that either is unbound or is bound with other Articles in a Book.
disjoint: Book

Artifact
type: Class
subclass of: CorpuscularObject
comment: A CorpuscularObject that is the product of a Making.

ArtificialLanguage
type: Class
subclass of: Language
comment: The subclass of Languages that are designed by Humans.

AsexualReproduction
type: Class
subclass of: Replication
comment: Asexual Processes of biological reproduction.

AssociativeFunction
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryFunction
comment: A BinaryFunction is associative if bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the Function. More precisely, a Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.

AstronomicalBody
type: Class
subclass of: Region
comment: The Class of all astronomical objects of significant size. It includes SelfConnectedObjects like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as Collections like nebulae, galaxies, and constellations. Note that the planet Earth is an AstronomicalBody, but every Region of Earth is a GeographicArea.
disjoint: GeographicArea

AsymmetricRelation
type: Class
subclass of: AntisymmetricRelation
subclass of: IrreflexiveRelation
comment: A BinaryRelation is asymmetric only if it is both an AntisymmetricRelation and an IrreflexiveRelation.

Atom
type: Class
subclass of: ElementalSubstance
comment: An extremely small unit of matter that retains its identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an AtomicNucleus and Electrons surrounding the AtomicNucleus.

AtomicNucleus
type: Class
subclass of: SubatomicParticle
comment: The core of the Atom. It is composed of Protons and Neutrons.

Attaching
type: Class
subclass of: DualObjectProcess
comment: A Process where one Object becomes attached to another Object. Note that this differs from Putting in that two things which are attached may already be in the same location. Note that Combining is different from Attaching in that the former applies to Substances, while the latter applies to CorpuscularObjects. Note too that Attaching is different from Putting in that one or both of the two things which are attached may or may not be moved from the location where they were combined.
disjoint: Detaching
related internal concept: Putting

AttachingDevice
type: Class
subclass of: Device
comment: A Device whose purpose is to attach one thing to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc.

Attack
type: Class
subclass of: Maneuver
comment: A Maneuver in a ViolentContest where the agent attempts to inflict damage on the patient.

Attribute
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract
comment: Qualities which we cannot or choose not to reify into subclasses of Object.

August
type: Class
subclass of: Month
comment: The Class of all Months which are August.

AutonomicProcess
type: Class
subclass of: PhysiologicProcess
comment: The class of PhysiologicProcesses of which there is not conscious awareness and control.
disjoint: IntentionalProcess

Bacterium
type: Class
subclass of: Microorganism
comment: A small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic Microorganism.

Battle
type: Class
subclass of: ViolentContest
comment: A ViolentContest between two or more military units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of Contest.

BeliefGroup
type: Class
subclass of: GroupOfPeople
comment: A GroupOfPeople whose members share a belief or set of beliefs.

Betting
type: Class
subclass of: FinancialTransaction
comment: A FinancialTransaction where an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger instance of CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of Game.

Beverage
type: Class
subclass of: Food
comment: Any Food that is ingested by Drinking. Note that this class is disjoint with the other subclasses of Food, i.e. Meat and FruitOrVegetable.

BinaryFunction
type: Class
subclass of: Function
subclass of: TernaryRelation
comment: The Class of Functions that require two arguments.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

BinaryNumber
type: Class
subclass of: RealNumber
comment: Elements from the number system with base 2. Every BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0.

BinaryPredicate
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryRelation
subclass of: Predicate
comment: A Predicate relating two items - its valence is two.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

BinaryRelation
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: BinaryRelations are relations that are true only of pairs of things. BinaryRelations are represented as slots in frame systems.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

BiologicalAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: InternalAttribute
comment: Attributes that apply specifically to instances of Organism.

BiologicalProcess
type: Class
subclass of: InternalChange
comment: A Process embodied in an Organism.

BiologicallyActiveSubstance
type: Class
subclass of: Substance
comment: A Substance that is capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an Organism. This Class includes Substances used in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. This Class also includes Substances that occur naturally in the body and are administered therapeutically. Finally, BiologicallyActiveSubstance includes Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special handling because of their toxicity.

Bird
type: Class
subclass of: WarmBloodedVertebrate
comment: A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of feathers.
disjoint: Mammal

Birth
type: Class
subclass of: OrganismProcess
comment: The Process of being born.

Bit
type: Class
subclass of: InformationMeasure
comment: One Bit of information. A one or a zero.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Blood
type: Class
subclass of: BodySubstance
comment: A fluid present in Animals that transports Nutrients to and waste products away from various BodyParts.

BodyCavity
type: Class
subclass of: BodyPart
comment: Any BodyPart which contains an unfilled space, e.g. BodyVessels, the atria and ventricles of the heart, the lungs, etc.

BodyCovering
type: Class
subclass of: BodyPart
comment: Any BodyPart which is a covering of another BodyPart or of an entire Organism. This would include the rinds of FruitOrVegetables and the skins of Animals.

BodyJunction
type: Class
subclass of: BodyPart
comment: The place where two BodyParts meet or connect.

BodyMotion
type: Class
subclass of: Motion
comment: Any Motion where the agent is an Organism and the patient is a BodyPart.

BodyPart
type: Class
subclass of: AnatomicalStructure
comment: A collection of Cells and Tissues which are localized to a specific area of an Organism and which are not pathological. The instances of this Class range from gross structures to small components of complex Organs.

BodyPosition
type: Class
subclass of: BiologicalAttribute
comment: The class of Attributes expressing configurations of bodies or parts of bodies of animals or humans, e.g. standing, sitting, kneeling, lying down, etc.

BodySubstance
type: Class
subclass of: Mixture
comment: Extracellular material and mixtures of cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted by an Organism. Included here are Substances such as saliva, dental enamel, sweat, and gastric acid.

BodyVessel
type: Class
subclass of: BodyCavity
comment: Any tube-like structure which occurs naturally in an Organism and through which a BodySubstance can circulate.

Boiling
type: Class
subclass of: StateChange
comment: The Class of Processes where an Object is heated and converted from a Liquid to a Gas.

Bone
type: Class
subclass of: AnimalSubstance
subclass of: Tissue
comment: Rigid Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up the skeleton of Vertebrates. Note that this Class also includes teeth.

Book
type: Class
subclass of: Text
comment: A Text that has pages and is bound.

Borrowing
type: Class
subclass of: Getting
comment: The subclass of Getting Processes where the agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest).

Breathing
type: Class
subclass of: AutonomicProcess
subclass of: OrganismProcess
comment: The Process of respiration, by which oxygen is made available to an Animal. This covers processes of inhalation, exhalation, and alternations between the two.

BritishThermalUnit
type: Class
subclass of: FunctionQuantity
comment: An energy measure.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Building
type: Class
subclass of: StationaryArtifact
comment: The Class of StationaryArtifacts which are intended to house Humans and their activities.

Buying
type: Class
subclass of: FinancialTransaction
comment: A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of Physical.
related internal concept: Selling

Byte
type: Class
subclass of: InformationMeasure
comment: One Byte of information. A Byte is eight Bits.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Calculating
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalPsychologicalProcess
comment: IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of Quantity.

Calorie
type: Class
subclass of: FunctionQuantity
comment: A Calorie is an energy measure.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Canine
type: Class
subclass of: Carnivore
comment: The Class of Carnivores with completely separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles.
disjoint: Feline

Carbohydrate
type: Class
subclass of: Nutrient
comment: An element of living cells and a source of energy for Animals. This class includes both simple Carbohydrates, i.e. sugars, and complex Carbohydrates, i.e. starches.

Carnivore
type: Class
subclass of: Mammal
comment: The Class of flesh-eating Mammals. Members of this Class typically have four or five claws on each paw. Includes cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks.

Carrying
type: Class
subclass of: Transfer
comment: Transfer from one point to another by means of an Animal or Human.

CaseRole
type: Class
subclass of: AsymmetricRelation
subclass of: BinaryPredicate
comment: The Class of Predicates relating the spatially distinguished parts of a Process. CaseRoles include, for example, the agent, patient or destination of an action, the flammable substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

Cell
type: Class
subclass of: BodyPart
comment: The fundamental structural and functional unit of living Organisms.

CelsiusDegree
type: Class
subclass of: TemperatureMeasure
comment: A TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 CelsiusDegrees and 100 CelsiusDegrees.
type: NamedIndividual
type: SystemeInternationalUnit

Centimeter
type: Class
subclass of: LengthMeasure
comment: Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: cm. It is the 100th part of a Meter
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Certificate
type: Class
subclass of: Text
comment: A Text that confers a right or obligation on the holder of the Certificate. Note that the right or obligation need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants certain privileges in the professional world.

ChangeOfPossession
type: Class
subclass of: SocialInteraction
comment: The Class of Processes where ownership of something is transferred from one Agent to another.
related internal concept: possesses

Character
type: Class
subclass of: SymbolicString
comment: An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc. Note that a Character may or may not be part of a Language. Character is a subclass of SymbolicString, because every instance of Character is an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element.

ChemicalDecomposition
type: Class
subclass of: ChemicalProcess
subclass of: Separating
comment: The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which a CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products.

ChemicalProcess
type: Class
subclass of: InternalChange
comment: A ChemicalProcess occurs whenever chemical compounds (CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed. For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products appear as chemical change occurs. In a chemical change a chemical reaction takes place. Catalysts in a ChemicalProcess may speed up the reaction, but aren't themselves produced or consumed. Examples: rusting of iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen.

ChemicalSynthesis
type: Class
subclass of: ChemicalProcess
subclass of: Combining
comment: The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which a CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants.

City
type: Class
subclass of: GeopoliticalArea
subclass of: LandArea
comment: A LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure. Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements like towns, villages, hamlets, etc.

Class
subclass of: SetOrClass
comment: Classes differ from Sets in three important respects. First, Classes are not assumed to be extensional. That is, distinct Classes might well have exactly the same instances. Second, Classes typically have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the Class. So, for example, the condition `human' determines the Class of Humans. Note that some Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the Class of Abstract things is Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves. Third, the instances of a class may occur only once within the class, i.e. a class cannot contain duplicate instances.

Classifying
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalPsychologicalProcess
comment: The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. Note that Classifying is distinguished from Learning by the fact that the latter covers the acquisition by a CognitiveAgent of any Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label or category.

ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure
type: Class
subclass of: TwoDimensionalFigure
comment: Any TwoDimensionalFigure which has a well defined interior and exterior.

Clothing
type: Class
subclass of: Artifact
comment: Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other materials that are used to cover the bodies of Humans.
disjoint: StationaryArtifact

Cloud
type: Class
subclass of: GasMixture
comment: Any GasMixture that is visible, e.g. Smoke produced by a fire or clouds of water vapor in the sky.

CognitiveAgent
type: Class
subclass of: SentientAgent
comment: A SentientAgent with responsibilities and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc. This is essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person. Note that, although Human is a subclass of CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of Human. For example, chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials (if they exist) may be CognitiveAgents.

ColdBloodedVertebrate
type: Class
subclass of: Vertebrate
comment: Vertebrates whose body temperature is not internally regulated.

Collection
type: Class
subclass of: Object
comment: Collections have members like Classes, but, unlike Classes, they have a position in space-time and members can be added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks of sheep.
disjoint: SelfConnectedObject

ColorAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: InternalAttribute
comment: The Class of Attributes relating to the color of Objects.

Coloring
type: Class
subclass of: SurfaceChange
comment: The subclass of SurfaceChange where a ColorAttribute of the patient is altered.

Combining
type: Class
subclass of: DualObjectProcess
comment: A Process where two or more SelfConnectedObjects are incorporated into a single SelfConnectedObject. Note that Combining is different from Attaching in that the former results in one of the objects being part of the other, while Attaching only results in the two objects being connected with one another. Note too that Combining is different from Putting in that one or both of the two things which are combined may or may not be moved from the location where they were combined.

Combustion
type: Class
subclass of: ChemicalDecomposition
comment: The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which an Object reacts with oxygen and gives off heat. This includes all Processes in which something is burning.

CommercialAgent
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
comment: An Agent that provides products and/or services for a fee with the aim of making a profit.

CommercialService
type: Class
subclass of: FinancialTransaction
comment: Any FinancialTransaction by a CommercialAgent where the aim is to produce a profit.

Committing
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticCommunication
comment: Instances of this Class commit the agent to some future course. For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm.

Communication
type: Class
subclass of: SocialInteraction
comment: A SocialInteraction that involves the transfer of information between two or more CognitiveAgents. Note that Communication is closely related to, but essentially different from, ContentDevelopment. The latter involves the creation or modification of a ContentBearingObject, while Communication is the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message.
related internal concept: ContentDevelopment

CommutativeFunction
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryFunction
comment: A BinaryFunction is commutative if the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value returned by the function. More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.

Comparing
type: Class
subclass of: DualObjectProcess
subclass of: IntentionalPsychologicalProcess
comment: The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of two or more Entities.

ComplexNumber
type: Class
subclass of: Number
comment: A Number that has the form: x + yi, where x and y are RealNumbers and i is the square root of -1.
disjoint: RealNumber

CompoundSubstance
type: Class
subclass of: PureSubstance
comment: The Class of Substances that contain two or more elements (ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still retains all of the properties of the compound. Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O).

ComputerLanguage
type: Class
subclass of: ArtificialLanguage
comment: The class of Languages designed for and interpreted by a computer.

ComputerProgram
type: Class
subclass of: Procedure
comment: A set of instructions in a computer programming language that can be executed by a computer.

Condensing
type: Class
subclass of: StateChange
comment: The Class of Processes where an Object is cooled and converted from a Gas to a Liquid.

Confining
type: Class
subclass of: Keeping
comment: The Class of Keeping Processes where the patient is a Human or an Animal and is kept involuntarily. This covers caging, imprisonment, jailing, etc.

ConsciousnessAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: StateOfMind
comment: Attributes that indicate whether an Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of an Organism.

ConstantQuantity
type: Class
subclass of: PhysicalQuantity
comment: A ConstantQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity which has a constant value, e.g. 3 meters and 5 hours. The magnitude (see MagnitudeFn) of every ConstantQuantity is a RealNumber. ConstantQuantities are distinguished from FunctionQuantities, which map ConstantQuantities to other ConstantQuantities. All ConstantQuantites are expressed with the BinaryFunction MeasureFn, which takes a Number and a UnitOfMeasure as arguments. For example, 3 Meters can be expressed as (MeasureFn 3 Meter). ConstantQuantities form a partial order (see PartialOrderingRelation) with the lessThan relation, since lessThan is a RelationExtendedToQuantities and lessThan is defined over the RealNumbers. The lessThan relation is not a total order (see TotalOrderingRelation) over the class ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as mass quantities).

ConstructedLanguage
type: Class
subclass of: ArtificialLanguage
subclass of: HumanLanguage
comment: An ConstructedLanguage is a HumanLanguage that did not evolve spontaneously within a language community, but rather had its core grammar and vocabulary invented by one or more language experts, often with an aim to produce a more grammatically regular language than any language that has evolved naturally. This Class includes languages like Esperanto that were created to facilitate international communication

Constructing
type: Class
subclass of: Making
comment: The subclass of Making in which a StationaryArtifact is built.

ContentBearingObject
type: Class
subclass of: CorpuscularObject
comment: Any SelfConnectedObject that expresses content. This content may be a Proposition, e.g. when the ContentBearingObject is a Sentence or Text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or physical object, as with an Icon, a Word or a Phrase.
related internal concept: containsInformation

ContentDevelopment
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
comment: A subclass of IntentionalProcess in which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew.

Contest
type: Class
subclass of: SocialInteraction
comment: A SocialInteraction where the agent and patient are CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another. Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment.

ContestAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: ObjectiveNorm
comment: A Class containing Attributes that are specific to participants in a Contest. In particular, these Attributes indicate the position of one of the agents in the Contest with respect to other agent(s) in the Contest. Some examples of these Attributes are winning, losing, won, lost, etc.

Continent
type: Class
subclass of: LandArea
comment: One of the seven largest land masses on earth, viz. Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. Note that this naming scheme is the one used in the CIA World Factbook.

ContinuousFunction
type: Class
subclass of: Function
comment: Functions which are continuous. This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits are devised.

Cooking
type: Class
subclass of: Making
comment: The Making of an instance of Food. Note that this can cover any preparation of Food, e.g. making a salad, cutting up fruit, etc. It does not necessarily involve the application of heat.

Cooling
type: Class
subclass of: Decreasing
comment: Any Decreasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity decreased is a TemperatureMeasure.

Cooperation
type: Class
subclass of: SocialInteraction
comment: The subclass of SocialInteraction where the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common goal.

Corporation
type: Class
subclass of: CommercialAgent
subclass of: Organization
comment: An Organization that has a special legal status that allows a group of persons to act as a CommercialAgent and that insulates the owners (shareholders) from many liabilities that might result from the corporation's operation.

CorpuscularObject
type: Class
subclass of: SelfConnectedObject
comment: A SelfConnectedObject whose parts have properties that are not shared by the whole.
disjoint: Substance

Counting
type: Class
subclass of: Calculating
comment: Enumerating something. The Class of Calculating Processes where the aim is to determine the Number corresponding to the patient.

Covering
type: Class
subclass of: Putting
comment: The Class of Putting processes where the agent covers the patient, either completely or only partially, with something else.

Creation
type: Class
subclass of: InternalChange
comment: The subclass of Process in which something is created. Note that the thing created is specified with the result CaseRole.
related internal concept: Destruction

Crustacean
type: Class
subclass of: Arthropod
comment: A Class of Arthropods that mainly dwells in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton. Includes lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles.

Cup
type: Class
subclass of: VolumeMeasure
comment: English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a Pint.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Currency
type: Class
subclass of: FinancialInstrument
comment: Any element of the official currrency of some Nation. This covers both CurrencyBills and CurrencyCoins.

CurrencyBill
type: Class
subclass of: Currency
comment: Any instance of Currency that is made of paper.

CurrencyCoin
type: Class
subclass of: Currency
comment: Any instance of Currency that is made of Metal.

CurrencyMeasure
type: Class
subclass of: ConstantQuantity
comment: Includes all standard measures of monetary value, including UnitedStatesDollar, UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc.

Cutting
type: Class
subclass of: Poking
comment: The subclass of Poking Processes which involve a sharp instrument.

Damaging
type: Class
subclass of: InternalChange
comment: The Class of Processes where the agent brings about a situation where the patient no longer functions normally or as intended.
disjoint: Repairing

Day
type: Class
subclass of: TimeInterval
comment: The Class of all calendar Days.
related internal concept: DayDuration
related internal concept: DayFn

DayDuration
type: Class
subclass of: TimeDuration
comment: Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Death
type: Class
subclass of: OrganismProcess
comment: The Process of dying.

December
type: Class
subclass of: Month
comment: The Class of all Months which are December.

Deciding
type: Class
subclass of: Selecting
comment: The subclass of Selecting where the agent opts for one course of action out of a set of multiple possibilities that are open to him/her.

Declaring
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticCommunication
comment: The Class of LinguisticCommunications that effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating.

Decoding
type: Class
subclass of: Writing
comment: Converting a document or message that has previously been encoded (see Encoding) into a Language that can be understood by a relatively large number of speakers.
disjoint: Encoding

Decreasing
type: Class
subclass of: QuantityChange
comment: Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity is decreased.
related internal concept: Removing

DeductiveArgument
type: Class
subclass of: Argument
comment: An Argument which has the form of a deduction, i.e. it is claimed that the set of premises entails the conclusion.

DefensiveManeuver
type: Class
subclass of: Maneuver
comment: A Maneuver in a ViolentContest where the agent attempts to avoid being damaged.

Demonstrating
type: Class
subclass of: Disseminating
comment: Exhibiting something or a range of things before the public in a particular location. This would cover software demos, theatrical plays, lectures, dance and music recitals, museum exhibitions, etc.

DeonticAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: ObjectiveNorm
comment: A Class containing all of the Attributes relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition.

Designing
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalPsychologicalProcess
comment: The spatial analogue of Planning. Designing a Collection of Objects involves determining a placement of the Objects with respect to one another and perhaps other Objects as well, in order to satisfy a particular purpose.

Destruction
type: Class
subclass of: Damaging
comment: The subclass of Damagings in which the patient (or an essential element of the patient) is destroyed. Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely one of extent.

Detaching
type: Class
subclass of: DualObjectProcess
comment: A Process where the agent detaches one thing from something else. Note that Detaching is different from Separating in that the latter applies to Substances, while the former applies to CorpuscularObjects. Note too that Detaching is different from Removing in that one or both of the two things which are detached may or may not be moved from the location where they were attached.

DevelopmentalAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: BiologicalAttribute
comment: Attributes that indicate the stage of development of an Organism.

Device
type: Class
subclass of: Artifact
comment: A Device is an Artifact whose purpose is to serve as an instrument in a specific subclass of Process.

DiagnosticProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Investigating
comment: A Process that is carried out for the purpose of determining the nature of a DiseaseOrSyndrome.

Digesting
type: Class
subclass of: AutonomicProcess
subclass of: OrganismProcess
comment: The Process by which Food that has been ingested is broken down into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by the Organism.

Directing
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticCommunication
comment: Instances of this Class urge some further action among the receivers. A Directing can be an Ordering, a Requesting or a Questioning.

DirectionChange
type: Class
subclass of: Motion
comment: The act of changing the direction in which the patient of the act is oriented.

DirectionalAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: PositionalAttribute
comment: The subclass of PositionalAttributes that concern compass directions.

Discovering
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalPsychologicalProcess
comment: Finding something that was sought. Note that this class is restricted to cases of discovering something Physical. For cases involving the acquisition of knowledge, the class Learning should be used.

DiseaseOrSyndrome
type: Class
subclass of: BiologicalAttribute
comment: A BiologicalAttribute which qualifies something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity of an Organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of one or more of the host's systems, parts, or Organs.

Disseminating
type: Class
subclass of: Communication
comment: Any Communication that involves a single agent and many destinations. This covers the release of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc.

Drinking
type: Class
subclass of: Ingesting
comment: The Process by which liquid Food, i.e. Beverages, are incorporated into an Animal.

Driving
type: Class
subclass of: Guiding
comment: Controlling the direction and/or speed of a Vehicle. This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, operating a train, etc.

Drying
type: Class
subclass of: Removing
comment: The Class of Processes where a Liquid is removed from an Object.

DualObjectProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Process
comment: Any Process that requires two, nonidentical patients.

Eating
type: Class
subclass of: Ingesting
comment: The Process by which solid Food is incorporated into an Animal.

EducationalOrganization
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
comment: A EducationalOrganization is an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12 schools, and colleges and universities.

EducationalProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Guiding
comment: Any Process which is intended to result in Learning.

Egg
type: Class
subclass of: AnimalAnatomicalStructure
subclass of: ReproductiveBody
comment: The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody of an Animal. This includes Bird and Reptile eggs, as well as mammalian ova.

Election
type: Class
subclass of: OrganizationalProcess
comment: Election is the class of events conducted by an organization, in which qualified participants vote for officers, adopt resolutions, or settle other issues in that Organization.

Electron
type: Class
subclass of: SubatomicParticle
comment: SubatomicParticles that surround the AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge.

ElementalSubstance
type: Class
subclass of: PureSubstance
comment: The Class of PureSubstances that cannot be separated into two or more Substances by ordinary chemical (or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. ElementalSubstances are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). ElementalSubstances are the simplest PureSubstances.

EmotionalState
type: Class
subclass of: StateOfMind
comment: The Class of Attributes that denote emotional states of Organisms.

Encoding
type: Class
subclass of: Writing
comment: Converting a document or message into a formal language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small body of Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of the content in the original document or message.

EngineeringComponent
type: Class
subclass of: Device
comment: A fundamental concept that applies in many engineering domains. An EngineeringComponent is an element of a Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense. Thus, an EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a system with a stable identity.

EngineeringConnection
type: Class
subclass of: EngineeringComponent
comment: An EngineeringConnection is an EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between two other EngineeringComponents. It is a reification of the Predicate connectedEngineeringComponents. That means that whenever this Predicate holds between two EngineeringComponents, there exists an EngineeringConnection. The practical reason for reifying a relationship is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type. EngineeringConnections are EngineeringComponents and can therefore be an engineeringSubcomponent of other EngineeringComponents. However, to provide for modular regularity in component systems, EngineeringConnections cannot be connected. For each pair of EngineeringComponents related by connectedEngineeringComponents, there exists at least one EngineeringConnection. However, that object may not be unique, and the same EngineeringConnection may be associated with several pairs of EngineeringComponents.

Entity
comment: The universal class of individuals. This is the root node of the ontology.

EquivalenceRelation
type: Class
subclass of: ReflexiveRelation
subclass of: SymmetricRelation
subclass of: TransitiveRelation
comment: A BinaryRelation is an equivalence relation if it is a ReflexiveRelation, a SymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation.

EthnicGroup
type: Class
subclass of: GroupOfPeople
comment: A GroupOfPeople whose members originate from the same GeographicArea or share the same Language and/or cultural practices.

EuroCent
type: Class
subclass of: CurrencyMeasure
comment: A currency measure. 1 EuroCent is equal to .01 EuroDollars.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

EuroDollar
type: Class
subclass of: CurrencyMeasure
comment: A currency measure of most European Union countries. It is based on the UnitedStatesDollar.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

EvenInteger
type: Class
subclass of: Integer
comment: An Integer that is evenly divisible by 2.

Experimenting
type: Class
subclass of: Investigating
comment: Investigating the truth of a Proposition by constructing and observing a trial. Note that the trial may be either controlled or uncontrolled, blind or not blind.

Explanation
type: Class
subclass of: DeductiveArgument
comment: An Argument where the conclusion is an observed fact and the premises are other facts which collectively imply the conclusion. Note that this is the they hypothetico-deductive model of explanation.

Expressing
type: Class
subclass of: Communication
comment: Instances of this Class express a state of the agent. For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her. The thanking in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara. Note that Expressing, unlike the other speech act types, is not a subclass of LinguisticCommunication. This is because emotions, for example, can be expressed without language, e.g. by smiling.

Fabric
type: Class
subclass of: Artifact
comment: Artifacts that are created by weaving together natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of Animals. Note that this Class includes articles that are created by stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads. On the other hand, Clothing is not a subclass of Fabric, because many clothing items contain elements that are not fabrics.
disjoint: StationaryArtifact

FactualText
type: Class
subclass of: Text
comment: The class of Texts that purport to reveal facts about the world. Such texts are often known as information or as non-fiction. Note that something can be an instance of FactualText, even if it is wholly inaccurate. Whether something is a FactualText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating the text.
disjoint: FictionalText

FahrenheitDegree
type: Class
subclass of: TemperatureMeasure
comment: A TemperatureMeasure that is commonly used in the United States. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is 212 FahrenheitDegrees.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

FamilyGroup
type: Class
subclass of: GroupOfPeople
comment: A GroupOfPeople whose members bear familyRelations to one another.

FatTissue
type: Class
subclass of: Tissue
comment: Nonrigid Tissue that is composed largely of fat cells.

February
type: Class
subclass of: Month
comment: The Class of all Months which are February.

Feline
type: Class
subclass of: Carnivore
comment: The Class of Carnivores with completely separable toes, nonretractable claws, slim bodies, and rounded heads.

Fern
type: Class
subclass of: NonFloweringPlant
comment: A NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue. This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns.

FictionalText
type: Class
subclass of: Text
comment: The class of Texts that purport to be largely a product of the author's imagination, i.e. the author does not believe that most of the content conveyed by the text is an accurate depiction of the real world. Note that something can be an instance of FictionalText, even if it is completely true. Whether something is a FictionalText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating the text.

FieldOfStudy
type: Class
subclass of: Proposition
comment: An academic or applied discipline with recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note that FieldOfStudy is a subclass of Proposition, because a FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of this content.

FinancialInstrument
type: Class
subclass of: Certificate
comment: A document having monetary value or recording a monetary transaction

FinancialTransaction
type: Class
subclass of: Transaction
comment: A Transaction where an instance of Currency is exchanged for something else.

FiniteSet
type: Class
subclass of: Set
comment: A Set containing a finite number of elements.

Fish
type: Class
subclass of: ColdBloodedVertebrate
comment: A cold-blooded aquatic Vertebrate characterized by fins and breathing by gills. Included here are Fish having either a bony skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark. Also included are those Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or hagfish.

FloweringPlant
type: Class
subclass of: Plant
comment: A Plant that produces seeds and flowers. This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers.

Food
type: Class
subclass of: SelfConnectedObject
comment: Any SelfConnectedObject containing Nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a living Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue.

FootLength
type: Class
subclass of: LengthMeasure
comment: English length unit of feet.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Formula
type: Class
subclass of: Sentence
comment: A syntactically well-formed formula in the SUO-KIF knowledge representation language.

Freezing
type: Class
subclass of: StateChange
comment: The Class of Processes where an Object is cooled and converted from a Liquid to a Solid.

FreshWaterArea
type: Class
subclass of: WaterArea
comment: A WaterArea whose Water is not saline, e.g. most rivers and lakes.

Friday
type: Class
subclass of: Day
comment: The Class of all calendar Fridays.

FruitOrVegetable
type: Class
subclass of: PlantAnatomicalStructure
subclass of: ReproductiveBody
comment: Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a ripened ReproductiveBody of a Plant. Note that FruitOrVegetable is not a subclass of Food, because some fruits, e.g. poisonous berries, are not edible.

Function
type: Class
subclass of: SingleValuedRelation
comment: A Function is a term-forming Relation that maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this n-tuple with at most one range element. Note that the range is a SetOrClass, and each element of the range is an instance of the SetOrClass.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

FunctionQuantity
type: Class
subclass of: PhysicalQuantity
comment: A FunctionQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity that is returned by a Function that maps from one or more instances of ConstantQuantity to another instance of ConstantQuantity. For example, the velocity of a particle would be represented by a FunctionQuantity relating values of time (which are ConstantQuantities) to values of distance (also ConstantQuantities). Note that all elements of the range of the Function corresponding to a FunctionQuantity have the same physical dimension as the FunctionQuantity itself.

Funding
type: Class
subclass of: Giving
comment: Any instance of Giving where the patient is an instance of Currency. Note that this class covers both financing, e.g. where a firm funds a software company with venture capital with the agreement that a certain percentage of the profits on the investment will be returned to the firm, and instances of UnilateralGiving, e.g. providing a tuition waiver and/or a stipend to a student as part of scholarship or fellowship.

Fungus
type: Class
subclass of: NonFloweringPlant
comment: A eukaryotic Organism characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, and mushrooms.

Game
type: Class
subclass of: Contest
subclass of: RecreationOrExercise
comment: A Contest whose purpose is the enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the Game.

GasMixture
type: Class
subclass of: Mixture
comment: Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Gas and any component other than Gas in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles which are suspended in the Gas.
disjoint: LiquidMixture

GasMotion
type: Class
subclass of: Motion
comment: Any Motion where the patient is a Gas. This class would cover, in particular, the motion of Air, e.g. a breeze or wind.

GeographicArea
type: Class
subclass of: Region
comment: A geographic location, generally having definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass Region in that a GeographicArea is a three-dimensional Region of the earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all one-dimensional and two-dimensional Regions are not classed under GeographicArea.

GeologicalProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Motion
comment: The class of activities that are caused by geological forces and affect geological features, and which may affect the biosphere as well.
disjoint: IntentionalProcess

GeometricFigure
type: Class
subclass of: ShapeAttribute
comment: The class of all geometric figures, i.e. the class of all abstract, spatial representations. The instances of this class are GeometricPoints, TwoDimensionalFigures or ThreeDimensionalFigures.

GeometricPoint
type: Class
subclass of: GeometricFigure
comment: The class of zero-dimensional GeometricFigures, i.e. the class of GeometricFigures that have position but lack extension in any dimension.

GeopoliticalArea
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
subclass of: GeographicArea
comment: Any GeographicArea which is associated with some sort of political structure. This class includes Lands, Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc. Note that the identity of a GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders.

Gesture
type: Class
subclass of: BodyMotion
subclass of: Communication
comment: Any BodyMotion, e.g. a hand wave, a nod of the head, a smile, which is also an instance of Communication.

Getting
type: Class
subclass of: ChangeOfPossession
comment: The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is obtained is specified with the origin CaseRole.

Giving
type: Class
subclass of: ChangeOfPossession
comment: The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the agent gives the destination something.

GivingBack
type: Class
subclass of: Giving
comment: Any instance of Giving where the agent gives something to the destination which was previously given to the agent by the destination, e.g. returing a book that was borrowed from someone.

Government
type: Class
subclass of: GovernmentOrganization
comment: The ruling body of a GeopoliticalArea.

GovernmentOrganization
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
comment: GovernmentOrganization is the class of official Organizations that are concerned with the government of a GeopoliticalArea at some level. They may be a subOrganization of a government.

Grabbing
type: Class
subclass of: Attaching
subclass of: Touching
comment: Any instance of Touching which results in a situation where the agent grasps the patient of the Touching.

Graduation
type: Class
subclass of: LeavingAnOrganization
comment: The OrganizationalProcess of graduating from an EducationalOrganization.

Gram
type: Class
subclass of: MassMeasure
comment: Submultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. 1 kilogram = 1000 Grams.
type: NamedIndividual
type: SystemeInternationalUnit

Group
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
subclass of: Collection
comment: A Collection of Agents, e.g. a flock of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop.

GroupOfPeople
type: Class
subclass of: Group
comment: Any Group whose members are exclusively Humans.

Growth
type: Class
subclass of: AutonomicProcess
comment: The Process of biological development in which an Organism or part of an Organism changes its form or its size.

Guiding
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
comment: Any IntentionalProcess where the agent tries to direct the behavior of another Object, whether an Agent or not.

Hearing
type: Class
subclass of: Perception
comment: The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an auditory Organ.

Heating
type: Class
subclass of: Increasing
comment: Any Increasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity increased is a TemperatureMeasure.
disjoint: Cooling

Hertz
type: Class
subclass of: TimeDependentQuantity
comment: SI frequency measure. Symbol: Hz. It is the number of cycles per second. Hertz = s^(-1). Note that Hertz does not have a conversion function.
type: NamedIndividual
type: SystemeInternationalUnit

Hiring
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningAnOrganization
comment: OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an employee of an Organization.

Hole
type: Class
subclass of: Region
comment: A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface of an Object. Since every Hole is ontologically dependent on its host (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a Hole is defined as being a hole in something. Note that two Holes may occupy the same region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts.

Hominid
type: Class
subclass of: Primate
comment: Includes Humans and relatively recent ancestors of Humans.

HoofedMammal
type: Class
subclass of: Mammal
comment: The Class of quadruped Mammals with hooves. Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc.

Hotel
type: Class
subclass of: CommercialAgent
subclass of: ResidentialBuilding
subclass of: TemporaryResidence
comment: A ResidentialBuilding which provides temporary accommodations to guests in exchange for money.

Hour
type: Class
subclass of: TimeInterval
comment: The Class of all clock Hours.
related internal concept: HourDuration
related internal concept: HourFn

HourDuration
type: Class
subclass of: TimeDuration
comment: Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Human
type: Class
subclass of: CognitiveAgent
subclass of: Hominid
comment: Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo genus.

HumanLanguage
type: Class
subclass of: Language
comment: The subclass of Languages used by Humans.

Icon
type: Class
subclass of: ContentBearingObject
comment: This is the subclass of ContentBearingObjects which are not part of a Language and which have some sort of similarity with the Objects that they represent. This Class would include symbolic roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc.

ImaginaryNumber
type: Class
subclass of: Number
comment: Any Number that is the result of multiplying a RealNumber by the square root of -1.

Impacting
type: Class
subclass of: Touching
comment: Any Touching where something comes into sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples would be striking, knocking, whipping etc.

Impelling
type: Class
subclass of: Transfer
comment: The subclass of Transfer where the patient travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc.

Inch
type: Class
subclass of: LengthMeasure
comment: English length unit of inches.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Increasing
type: Class
subclass of: QuantityChange
comment: Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity is increased.
related internal concept: Putting

InductiveArgument
type: Class
subclass of: Argument
comment: An Argument which is inductive, i.e. it is claimed that a set of specific cases makes the conclusion, which generalizes these cases, more likely to be true.

InformationMeasure
type: Class
subclass of: ConstantQuantity
comment: Measures of the amount of information. Includes Bit, Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. KiloByte and MegaByte.

Ingesting
type: Class
subclass of: OrganismProcess
comment: The Process by which Food is taken into an Animal.

InheritableRelation
comment: This is a Class of Classes. Each instance of InheritableRelation is a subclass of Relation whose properties can be inherited downward in the class hierarchy via the subrelation Predicate.
type: NamedIndividual
type: Class

Injecting
type: Class
subclass of: Inserting
comment: Inserting a BiologicallyActiveSubstance into an Animal or a Human with a syringe.

Injuring
type: Class
subclass of: Damaging
subclass of: PathologicProcess
comment: The process of creating a traumatic wound or injury. Since Injuring is not possible without some biologic function of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of BiologicalProcess.

Insect
type: Class
subclass of: Arthropod
comment: A Class of small Arthropods that are air-breathing and that are distinguished by appearance.

Inserting
type: Class
subclass of: Putting
comment: Putting one thing inside of another thing.

Integer
type: Class
subclass of: RationalNumber
comment: A negative or nonnegative whole number.

IntentionalProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Process
comment: A Process that has a specific purpose for the CognitiveAgent who performs it.

IntentionalPsychologicalProcess
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
subclass of: PsychologicalProcess
comment: An IntentionalProcess that can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an Organism. Thus, for example, Reasoning is a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain. On the other hand, RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because many instances of RecreationOrExercise necessarily have subProcesses of BodyMotion.

IntentionalRelation
comment: The Class of Relations between an Agent and one or more Entities, where the Relation requires that the Agent have awareness of the Entity.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

InternalAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: Attribute
comment: Any Attribute of an Entity that is an internal property of the Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, etc.

InternalChange
type: Class
subclass of: Process
comment: Processes which involve altering an internal property of an Object, e.g. the shape of the Object, its coloring, its structure, etc. Processes that are not instances of this class include changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in spatial or temporal location.

Interpreting
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalPsychologicalProcess
comment: Any Process of assigning a Proposition to a Text, i.e. understanding the Text.

IntransitiveRelation
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryRelation
comment: A BinaryRelation ?REL is intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.

InvalidDeductiveArgument
type: Class
subclass of: DeductiveArgument
comment: DeductiveArguments that are not ValidDeductiveArguments, i.e. it is not the case that the set of premises in fact entails the conclusion.

Invertebrate
type: Class
subclass of: Animal
comment: An Animal which has no spinal column.

Investigating
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalPsychologicalProcess
comment: The class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses where the agent attempts to obtaina information (i.e. a Proposition denoted by a Formula).

IrrationalNumber
type: Class
subclass of: RealNumber
comment: Any RealNumber that is not also a RationalNumber.

IrreflexiveRelation
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryRelation
comment: Relation ?REL is irreflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) holds for no value of ?INST.

Island
type: Class
subclass of: LandArea
comment: A LandArea that is completely surrounded by a WaterArea.

January
type: Class
subclass of: Month
comment: The Class of all Months which are January.

JoiningAnOrganization
type: Class
subclass of: OrganizationalProcess
comment: The OrganizationalProcess of becoming a member of an Organization.

Judging
type: Class
subclass of: Selecting
comment: The subclass of Selecting where the agent opts for one belief out of a set of multiple possibilities that are available to him/her.

JudicialOrganization
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
comment: JudicialOrganization is the class of Organizations whose primary purpose is to render judgments according to the statutes or regulations of a government or other organization. Judicial bodies are not necessarily government organizations, for example, those associated with sporting associations.

JudicialProcess
type: Class
subclass of: PoliticalProcess
comment: Any legal proceeding which is conducted by a JudicialOrganization. Note that there is an important difference between the concepts LegalAction and JudicialProcess. The former refers to legal claims that are brought by a plaintiff, e.g. law suits, while the second refers to trials and other sorts of judicial hearings where the merits of a LegalAction are decided.

July
type: Class
subclass of: Month
comment: The Class of all Months which are July.

June
type: Class
subclass of: Month
comment: The Class of all Months which are June.

Keeping
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
comment: The Class of Processes where the agent keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time.

KelvinDegree
type: Class
subclass of: TemperatureMeasure
comment: SI TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be 273.16 KelvinDegrees while it is 0 CelsiusDegrees. The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition the conversion constant is 273.15.
type: NamedIndividual
type: SystemeInternationalUnit

Killing
type: Class
subclass of: Destruction
comment: The subclass of Destruction in which the death of an Organism is caused by an Organism. Note that in cases of suicide the Organism would be the same in both cases.

KiloByte
type: Class
subclass of: InformationMeasure
comment: One KiloByte (KB) of information. One KiloByte is 1024 Bytes. Note that this sense of 'kilo' is different from the one accepted in the SI system.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

LandArea
type: Class
subclass of: GeographicArea
comment: An area which is predominantly solid ground, e.g. a Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a LandArea may contain some relatively small WaterAreas. For example, Australia is a LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes.

LandTransitway
type: Class
subclass of: LandArea
subclass of: Transitway
comment: LandTransitway is the subclass of Transitway that represents areas intended for motion over the ground.

Language
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticExpression
comment: A system of signs for expressing thought. The system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created by a person or group of people.

LeapYear
type: Class
subclass of: Year
comment: The Class of all leap years. These are years which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century).

Learning
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalPsychologicalProcess
comment: The Class of Processes which relate to the acquisition of information.

LeavingAnOrganization
type: Class
subclass of: OrganizationalProcess
comment: The OrganizationalProcess of leaving an Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily.
disjoint: JoiningAnOrganization

LegalAction
type: Class
subclass of: Contest
comment: Any Process where a CognitiveAgent seeks to obtain something through a court of law.

LegalDecision
type: Class
subclass of: Declaring
subclass of: JudicialProcess
comment: A decision issued by a court with respect to a LegalAction. Note that a LegalDecision is the act of Declaring a decision of a court; it is not the act of judge or jury Deciding the merits of a particular LegalAction.

Lending
type: Class
subclass of: Giving
comment: The subclass of Giving Processes where the agent gives the destination something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest).

LengthMeasure
type: Class
subclass of: ConstantQuantity
comment: The Class of ConstantQuantities relating to length.

LinguisticCommunication
type: Class
subclass of: Communication
comment: A Communication that involves the transfer of information via a LinguisticExpression.

LinguisticExpression
type: Class
subclass of: ContentBearingObject
comment: This is the subclass of ContentBearingObjects which are language-related. Note that this Class encompasses both Language and the the elements of Languages, e.g. Words.
disjoint: Icon

LiquidMixture
type: Class
subclass of: Mixture
comment: Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Liquid and any component other than Liquid in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles which are suspended in the Liquid.

LiquidMotion
type: Class
subclass of: Motion
comment: Any Motion where the patient is a Liquid. This class would cover, in particular, the flow of Water.

List
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: Every List is a particular ordered n-tuple of items. Generally speaking, Lists are created by means of the ListFn Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other Lists, may be an item in a List. Note too that Lists are extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are identical. Note too that a List may contain no items. In that case, the List is the NullList.

Listening
type: Class
subclass of: Hearing
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
comment: Any instance of Hearing which is intentional.

Liter
type: Class
subclass of: VolumeMeasure
comment: Unit of volume in the metric system. It is currently defined to be equal to one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Looking
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
subclass of: Seeing
comment: Any instance of Seeing which is intentional.

Machine
type: Class
subclass of: Device
comment: Machines are Devices that that have a well-defined resource and result and that automatically convert the resource into the result.

Maintaining
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
comment: The Class of Processes where the agent cares for or maintains the Object.

Making
type: Class
subclass of: Creation
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
comment: The subclass of Creation in which an individual Artifact or a type of Artifact is made.

Mammal
type: Class
subclass of: WarmBloodedVertebrate
comment: A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat glands.

Man
type: Class
subclass of: Human
comment: The class of Male Humans.

Managing
type: Class
subclass of: Guiding
subclass of: OrganizationalProcess
comment: OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing the activities of others. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess and its sibling Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between the manager and the managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred.

Maneuver
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
comment: An intentional move or play within a Contest. In many cases, a Maneuver is a realization of part of a strategy for winning the Contest, but it also may be just an arbitrary or semi-arbitrary division of the overarching Contest, e.g. innings in a baseball game.

ManualHumanLanguage
type: Class
subclass of: HumanLanguage
comment: A ManualHumanLanguage is a HumanLanguage which has as its medium gestures and movement, such as the shape, position, and movement of the hands.

Manufacture
type: Class
subclass of: Making
comment: The Making of Artifacts on a mass scale.

Manufacturer
type: Class
subclass of: Corporation
comment: Any Corporation which manufactures Products.

March
type: Class
subclass of: Month
comment: The Class of all Months which are March.

Marsupial
type: Class
subclass of: Mammal
comment: The Class of Mammals which have a pouch for their young.

MassMeasure
type: Class
subclass of: ConstantQuantity
comment: The Class of ConstantQuantities relating to the amount of matter in an Object.

Matriculation
type: Class
subclass of: JoiningAnOrganization
comment: The OrganizationalProcess of joining an EducationalOrganization as a student.

May
type: Class
subclass of: Month
comment: The Class of all Months which are May.

Measuring
type: Class
subclass of: Calculating
comment: The Class of Calculating Processes where the aim is to determine the PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the patient.

MeasuringDevice
type: Class
subclass of: Device
comment: Any Device whose purpose is to measure a PhysicalQuantity.

Meat
type: Class
subclass of: Food
comment: Any Food which was originally part of an Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal blood that is eaten as food. Note that this class covers both raw meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking. Note too that preparations involving Meat and FruitOrVegetable are classed directly under Food.

Meeting
type: Class
subclass of: SocialInteraction
comment: The coming together of two or more CognitiveAgents for the purpose of Communication. This covers informal meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board of directors meeting.

MegaByte
type: Class
subclass of: InformationMeasure
comment: One MegaByte (MB) of information. One MegaByte is 1024 KiloBytes. Note that this sense of 'mega' is different from the one accepted in the SI system.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Melting
type: Class
subclass of: StateChange
comment: The Class of Processes where an Object is heated and converted from a Solid to a Liquid.

MercantileOrganization
type: Class
subclass of: Corporation
comment: Any Corporation which sells goods or services to customers for a profit.

Metal
type: Class
subclass of: ElementalSubstance
comment: A Metal is an ElementalSubstance that conducts heat and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered into sheets or drawn into wire. About 80% of the known chemical elements (ElementalSubstances) are metals.

Meter
type: Class
subclass of: LengthMeasure
comment: SI LengthMeasure. Symbol: m. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the Meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a SecondDuration.
type: NamedIndividual
type: SystemeInternationalUnit

Microorganism
type: Class
subclass of: Organism
comment: An Organism that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope.

Mile
type: Class
subclass of: LengthMeasure
comment: English length unit of miles.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

MilitaryForce
type: Class
subclass of: PoliticalOrganization
comment: MilitaryForce is the subclass of Organizations that are organized along military lines and for the purpose of either defensive or offensive combat, whether or not the force is an official GovernmentOrganization.

MilitaryOrganization
type: Class
subclass of: GovernmentOrganization
subclass of: MilitaryForce
comment: Any heavily armed Organization that is part of a Government and that is charged with representing the Government in international conflicts.

MilitaryProcess
type: Class
subclass of: PoliticalProcess
comment: Any Process that is carried out by a military organization. Note that this class covers Processes, e.g. military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as those which are unscripted.

Mineral
type: Class
subclass of: Substance
comment: Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral.

Minute
type: Class
subclass of: TimeInterval
comment: The Class of all clock Minutes.
related internal concept: MinuteDuration
related internal concept: MinuteFn

MinuteDuration
type: Class
subclass of: TimeDuration
comment: Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Mixture
type: Class
subclass of: Substance
comment: A Mixture is two or more PureSubstances, combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties. The components of a Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete.

Molecule
type: Class
subclass of: CompoundSubstance
comment: A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O. A molecule is two or more Atoms linked by a chemical bond.

Mollusk
type: Class
subclass of: Invertebrate
comment: Soft-bodied Invertebrate that is usually contained in a shell. Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs, octopi, and squid.

Monday
type: Class
subclass of: Day
comment: The Class of all calendar Mondays.

Monkey
type: Class
subclass of: Primate
comment: Various Primates with relatively long tails.

Month
type: Class
subclass of: TimeInterval
comment: The Class of all calendar Months.
related internal concept: MonthFn

Morpheme
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticExpression
comment: Part of a Word which cannot be subdivided and which expresses a meaning.

Moss
type: Class
subclass of: NonFloweringPlant
comment: A NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little if any vascular tissue.

Motion
type: Class
subclass of: Process
comment: Any Process of movement.

Muscle
type: Class
subclass of: AnimalSubstance
subclass of: Tissue
comment: Nonrigid Tissue appearing only in Animals and composed largely of contractile cells.

Music
type: Class
subclass of: RadiatingSound
comment: The subclass of RadiatingSound where the sound is intended to be melodic and is produced deliberately.

MusicalInstrument
type: Class
subclass of: Device
comment: A Device which is manipulated by a Human and whose purpose is to produce Music.

MutuallyDisjointClass
type: Class
subclass of: SetOrClass
comment: A SetOrClass is a MutuallyDisjointClass just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of the original SetOrClass.

Myriapod
type: Class
subclass of: Arthropod
comment: A Class of Arthropods that includes centipedes and millipedes.

Naming
type: Class
subclass of: Declaring
comment: The Process of assigning a name to someone or something.

Nation
type: Class
subclass of: GeopoliticalArea
subclass of: LandArea
comment: The broadest GeopoliticalArea, i.e. Nations are GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts of loose international organizations).

NaturalLanguage
type: Class
subclass of: HumanLanguage
comment: The subclass of HumanLanguages which are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural languages.

NaturalSubstance
type: Class
subclass of: Substance
comment: Any Substance that is not the result of an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally.

NegativeInteger
type: Class
subclass of: Integer
subclass of: NegativeRealNumber
comment: An Integer that is less than zero.

NegativeRealNumber
type: Class
subclass of: RealNumber
comment: A RealNumber that is less than zero.

Neutron
type: Class
subclass of: SubatomicParticle
comment: Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have no charge.

NonFloweringPlant
type: Class
subclass of: Plant
comment: A Plant that reproduces with spores and does not produce flowers.
disjoint: FloweringPlant

NonNullSet
type: Class
subclass of: SetOrClass
comment: Any SetOrClass that contains at least one instance.

NonnegativeInteger
type: Class
subclass of: Integer
subclass of: NonnegativeRealNumber
comment: An Integer that is greater than or equal to zero.

NonnegativeRealNumber
type: Class
subclass of: RealNumber
comment: A RealNumber that is greater than or equal to zero.

NormativeAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: RelationalAttribute
comment: A Class containing all of the Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics, etiquette, etc. Many of these attributes express a judgement that something ought or ought not to be the case.

Noun
type: Class
subclass of: Word
comment: One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Objects.

NounPhrase
type: Class
subclass of: Phrase
comment: A Phrase that has the same function as a Noun.
disjoint: VerbPhrase

November
type: Class
subclass of: Month
comment: The Class of all Months which are November.

NullSet
type: Class
subclass of: SetOrClass
comment: Any SetOrClass that contains no instances.

Number
type: Class
subclass of: Quantity
comment: A measure of how many things there are, or how much there is, of a certain kind. Numbers are subclassed into RealNumber, ComplexNumber, and ImaginaryNumber.

Nutrient
type: Class
subclass of: BiologicallyActiveSubstance
comment: A BiologicallyActiveSubstance required by an Organism. It is generally ingested as Food, and it is of primary interest because of its role in the biologic functioning of the Organism.

Object
type: Class
subclass of: Physical
comment: Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, and locations of Processes, the complement of Objects in the Physical class. In a 4D ontology, an Object is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the time-axis.

ObjectAttitude
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalRelation
comment: The Class of IntentionalRelations where the Agent has awareness of an instance of Physical.
disjoint: PropositionalAttitude
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

ObjectiveNorm
type: Class
subclass of: NormativeAttribute
comment: The Class of NormativeAttributes that are associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable.

October
type: Class
subclass of: Month
comment: The Class of all Months which are October.

OddInteger
type: Class
subclass of: Integer
comment: An Integer that is not evenly divisible by 2.

Offering
type: Class
subclass of: Committing
comment: The subclass of Committing in which a CognitiveAgent offers something Physical to another agent. Offerings may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a Transaction of some sort).

OneDimensionalFigure
type: Class
subclass of: GeometricFigure
comment: The class of GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along a single dimension, viz. straight lines.

OneToOneFunction
type: Class
subclass of: UnaryFunction
comment: The Class of UnaryFunctions which are one to one. A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y).

OpenTwoDimensionalFigure
type: Class
subclass of: TwoDimensionalFigure
comment: The class of TwoDimensionalFigures that are not ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures.

Ordering
type: Class
subclass of: Directing
comment: A Directing in which the receiver is commanded to realize the content of a ContentBearingObject. Orders are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee.

Organ
type: Class
subclass of: BodyPart
comment: A somewhat independent BodyPart that performs a specialized function. Note that this functional definition covers bodily systems, e.g. the digestive system or the central nervous system.

OrganOrTissueProcess
type: Class
subclass of: AutonomicProcess
comment: A PhysiologicProcess of a particular Organ or Tissue.
disjoint: OrganismProcess

OrganicObject
type: Class
subclass of: CorpuscularObject
comment: This class encompasses Organisms, CorpuscularObjects that are parts of Organisms, i.e. BodyParts, and CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies.
disjoint: Artifact

Organism
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
subclass of: OrganicObject
comment: Generally, a living individual, including all Plants and Animals.

OrganismProcess
type: Class
subclass of: PhysiologicProcess
comment: A physiologic function of the Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple Organs or Tissues.

Organization
type: Class
subclass of: CognitiveAgent
subclass of: Group
comment: An Organization is a corporate or similar institution. The members of an Organization typically have a common purpose or function. Note that this class also covers divisions, departments, etc. of organizations. For example, both the Shell Corporation and the accounting department at Shell would both be instances of Organization. Note too that the existence of an Organization is dependent on the existence of at least one member (since Organization is a subclass of Collection). Accordingly, in cases of purely legal organizations, a fictitious member should be assumed.

OrganizationalProcess
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
comment: An IntentionalProcess that involves an Organization.

Ounce
type: Class
subclass of: VolumeMeasure
comment: English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a Cup.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

PairwiseDisjointClass
type: Class
subclass of: SetOrClass
comment: A SetOrClass is a PairwiseDisjointClass just in case every instance of the SetOrClass is either equal to or disjoint from every other instance of the SetOrClass.

ParamilitaryOrganization
type: Class
subclass of: MilitaryForce
comment: An Organization which is much like a MilitaryOrganization, e.g. it is made up of armed fighters, except that it is not associated with a Government.
disjoint: GovernmentOrganization

PartialOrderingRelation
type: Class
subclass of: AntisymmetricRelation
subclass of: ReflexiveRelation
subclass of: TransitiveRelation
comment: A BinaryRelation is a partial ordering if it is a ReflexiveRelation, an AntisymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation.

PartialValuedRelation
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: A Relation is a PartialValuedRelation just in case it is not a TotalValuedRelation, i.e. just in case assigning values to every argument position except the last one does not necessarily mean that there is a value assignment for the last argument position. Note that, if a Relation is both a PartialValuedRelation and a SingleValuedRelation, then it is a partial function.

ParticleWord
type: Class
subclass of: Word
comment: An umbrella Class for any Word that does not fit into the other subclasses of Word. A ParticleWord is generally a small term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of', 'since', etc. At some point, this class might be broken up into the subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc. Note that the class ParticleWord includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. 'she', 'hers', 'it', 'its', etc.

Patent
type: Class
subclass of: Certificate
comment: A Certificate that expresses the content of an invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental entity.

PathologicProcess
type: Class
subclass of: BiologicalProcess
comment: A disordered process, activity, or state of the Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of multiple Organs or Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have systemic effects.
disjoint: PhysiologicProcess

Perception
type: Class
subclass of: PsychologicalProcess
comment: Sensing some aspect of the material world. Note that the agent of this sensing is assumed to be an Animal.

Periodical
type: Class
subclass of: Series
comment: A Series whose elements are published separately and on a periodic basis.

PermanentResidence
type: Class
subclass of: Residence
comment: A Residence where people live, i.e. where people have a home.

Phrase
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticExpression
comment: A set of Words in a Language which form a unit, i.e. express a meaning in the Language.

Physical
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
comment: An entity that has a location in space-time. Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in space-time.

PhysicalQuantity
type: Class
subclass of: Quantity
comment: A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial coordinates). All PhysicalQuantities are either ConstantQuantities or FunctionQuantities. Instances of ConstantQuantity are dependent on a UnitOfMeasure, while instances of FunctionQuantity are Functions that map instances of ConstantQuantity to other instances of ConstantQuantity (e.g., TimeDependentQuantities are FunctionQuantities). Although the name and definition of PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, PhysicalQuantities need not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of PhysicalQuantity. PhysicalQuantities are distinguished from Numbers by the fact that the former are associated with a dimension of measurement.

PhysicalState
type: Class
subclass of: InternalAttribute
comment: The physical state of an Object. There are three reified instances of this Class: Solid, Liquid, and Gas. Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical states) of a given substance. For example, melting an iron nail yields a substance still called iron.

PhysiologicProcess
type: Class
subclass of: BiologicalProcess
comment: A normal process of an Organism or part of an Organism.

Pint
type: Class
subclass of: VolumeMeasure
comment: English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a Quart.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Plan
type: Class
subclass of: Procedure
comment: A specification of a sequence of Processes which is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time.

PlaneAngleMeasure
type: Class
subclass of: AngleMeasure
comment: The value of an angle in a plane.

Planning
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalPsychologicalProcess
comment: Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a set of goals or objectives.

Plant
type: Class
subclass of: Organism
comment: An Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing by synthesis of Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion.

PlantAnatomicalStructure
type: Class
subclass of: AnatomicalStructure
comment: AnatomicalStructures that are possessed exclusively by Plants.

PlantSubstance
type: Class
subclass of: BodySubstance
comment: BodySubstances that are produced exclusively by Plants.

Poking
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
comment: The Class of Processes where the agent pierces the surface of the Object with an instrument.

PoliceOrganization
type: Class
subclass of: GovernmentOrganization
comment: Any GovernmentOrganization that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the Government.

PoliticalOrganization
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
comment: An Organization that is a subOrganization of a Government, or an Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort of political change.

PoliticalProcess
type: Class
subclass of: OrganizationalProcess
comment: An OrganizationalProcess carried out by, for or against officially constituted governments. Some examples would be voting on proposed legislation, electing a government representative, or even overthrowing a government in a revolution.

Pollen
type: Class
subclass of: PlantAnatomicalStructure
subclass of: ReproductiveBody
comment: A powder produced by FloweringPlants that contains male gametes and is capable of fertilizing the seeds of FloweringPlants of the same species.

Position
type: Class
subclass of: SocialRole
comment: A formal position of reponsibility within an Organization. Examples of Positions include president, laboratory director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc.

PositionalAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: RelationalAttribute
comment: Attributes characterizing the orientation of an Object, e.g. Vertical versus Horizontal, Left versus Right etc.

PositiveInteger
type: Class
subclass of: NonnegativeInteger
subclass of: PositiveRealNumber
comment: An Integer that is greater than zero.

PositiveRealNumber
type: Class
subclass of: NonnegativeRealNumber
comment: A RealNumber that is greater than zero.

PoundMass
type: Class
subclass of: MassMeasure
comment: English mass unit of pounds.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Precipitation
type: Class
subclass of: WeatherProcess
comment: Precipitation is the process of water molecules falling from the air to the ground, in either a liquid or frozen state.

Predicate
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: A Predicate is a sentence-forming Relation. Each tuple in the Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects. The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a Predicate is denoted by '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)', where the arg_i are the objects so related. In the case of BinaryPredicates, the fact can be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2' or `a *predicate* of arg_1 is arg_2'.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

Predicting
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalPsychologicalProcess
comment: The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the formulation of a Proposition about a state of affairs which might be realized in the future.

PrepositionalPhrase
type: Class
subclass of: Phrase
comment: A Phrase that begins with a preposition and that functions as an Adjective or an Adverb.

Pretending
type: Class
subclass of: SocialInteraction
comment: Any SocialInteraction where a CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents attempts to make another CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents believe something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few examples.

PrimaryColor
type: Class
subclass of: ColorAttribute
comment: Colors which can be blended to form any color and which cannot be derived from any other colors.

Primate
type: Class
subclass of: Mammal
comment: The Class of Mammals which are Primates.

PrimeNumber
type: Class
subclass of: Integer
comment: An Integer that is evenly divisible only by itself and 1.

ProbabilityAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: ObjectiveNorm
comment: A class containing all of the Attributes relating to objective, qualitative assessments of probability, e.g. Likely and Unlikely.

ProbabilityRelation
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: The Class of Relations that permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

Procedure
type: Class
subclass of: Proposition
comment: A sequence-dependent specification. Some examples are ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts of plays and movies.

Process
type: Class
subclass of: Physical
comment: Intuitively, the class of things that happen and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events like a football match or a race, actions like Pursuing and Reading, and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that lasts for a time but is not an Object. Note that a Process may have participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages roughly perpendicular to the time-axis.

Product
type: Class
subclass of: Artifact
comment: An Artifact that is produced by Manufacture and that is intended to be sold.

Proposition
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract
comment: Propositions are Abstract entities that express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the Proposition that the entity named Yojo is an element of the Class of Cats. Note that propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual sentences of a Language. They may encompass the content expressed by theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish Propositions from the ContentBearingObjects that express them. A Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, but a ContentBearingObject is an Object that represents this information. A Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the Proposition that the cat is on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form

PropositionalAttitude
type: Class
subclass of: AsymmetricRelation
subclass of: IntentionalRelation
comment: The Class of IntentionalRelations where the Agent has awareness of a Proposition.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

Protein
type: Class
subclass of: Nutrient
comment: A Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

Proton
type: Class
subclass of: SubatomicParticle
comment: Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have a positive charge.

PsychologicalAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: BiologicalAttribute
comment: Attributes that characterize the mental or behavioral life of an Organism.

PsychologicalDysfunction
type: Class
subclass of: DiseaseOrSyndrome
subclass of: PsychologicalAttribute
comment: A clinically significant dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies or manifestations.

PsychologicalProcess
type: Class
subclass of: BiologicalProcess
comment: A BiologicalProcess which takes place in the mind or brain of an Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior of the Organism.

Publication
type: Class
subclass of: ContentDevelopment
subclass of: Manufacture
comment: The Manufacture of Texts. Note that there is no implication that the Texts are distributed. Such distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of Dissemination.

PureSubstance
type: Class
subclass of: Substance
comment: The Class of Substances with constant composition. A PureSubstance can be either an element (ElementalSubstance) or a compound of elements (CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2).

Pursuing
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
comment: The class of IntentionalProcesses where something is sought. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking.

Putting
type: Class
subclass of: Transfer
comment: The Class of Processes where something is put in a location. Note that the location is specified with the CaseRole destination.

Quantity
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract
comment: Any specification of how many or how much of something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of Quantity: Number (how many) and PhysicalQuantity (how much).

QuantityChange
type: Class
subclass of: InternalChange
comment: Any InternalChange where a PhysicalQuantity associated with the patient is altered.

Quart
type: Class
subclass of: VolumeMeasure
comment: English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a UnitedStatesGallon.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

QuaternaryFunction
type: Class
subclass of: Function
subclass of: QuintaryRelation
comment: The Class of Functions that require exactly four arguments.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

QuaternaryPredicate
type: Class
subclass of: Predicate
subclass of: QuaternaryRelation
comment: The Class of Predicates that require four arguments.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

QuaternaryRelation
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: QuaternaryRelations relate four items. The two subclasses of QuaternaryRelation are QuaternaryPredicate and TernaryFunction.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

Questioning
type: Class
subclass of: Directing
comment: A request for information. For example, John asked Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union address.

QuintaryPredicate
type: Class
subclass of: Predicate
subclass of: QuintaryRelation
comment: The Class of Predicates that require five arguments.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

QuintaryRelation
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: QuintaryRelations relate five items. The two subclasses of QuintaryRelation are QuintaryPredicate and QuaternaryFunction.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

Radian
type: Class
subclass of: PlaneAngleMeasure
comment: SI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. Radian = m/m = 1.
type: NamedIndividual
type: SystemeInternationalUnit

Radiating
type: Class
subclass of: Motion
comment: Processes in which some form of electromagnetic radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given off or absorbed by something else.

RadiatingLight
type: Class
subclass of: Radiating
comment: The subclass of Radiating in which light is given off or absorbed. Some examples include blinking, flashing, and glittering.

RadiatingNuclear
type: Class
subclass of: Radiating
comment: Releasing atomic energy, i.e. energy from a nuclear reaction.

RadiatingSound
type: Class
subclass of: Radiating
comment: The subclass of Radiating in which sound waves are given off or absorbed. Some examples include creaking, roaring, and whistling.

RankineDegree
type: Class
subclass of: TemperatureMeasure
comment: A TemperatureMeasure. Note that 0 RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 KelvinDegrees).
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

RationalNumber
type: Class
subclass of: RealNumber
comment: Any RealNumber that is the product of dividing two Integers.

Reading
type: Class
subclass of: ContentDevelopment
comment: A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from a written form into a spoken representation. Note that the class Interpreting should be used in cases where a Text is read silently.
related internal concept: Interpreting

RealNumber
type: Class
subclass of: Number
comment: Any Number that can be expressed as a (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any Number that has a position on the number line.

Reasoning
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalPsychologicalProcess
comment: The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive evidence, that a particular Proposition or Sentence is true.

RecreationOrExercise
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
comment: A Process that is carried out for the purpose of recreation or exercise. Since RecreationOrExercise is a subclass of IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether or not it is an instance of the class. Hence, if John and Bill watch the same program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely to satisfy an educational requirement, then John's watching the movie is an instance of RecreationOrExercise, while Bill's is not (both cases of watching the television program would however be in the class of Seeing, since being an instance of this latter class is not determined by intention).

ReflexiveRelation
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryRelation
comment: Relation ?REL is reflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST.

Region
type: Class
subclass of: Object
comment: A topographic location. Regions encompass surfaces of Objects, imaginary places, and GeographicAreas. Note that a Region is the only kind of Object which can be located at itself. Note too that Region is not a subclass of SelfConnectedObject, because some Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have parts which are not connected with one another.

RegulatoryProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Guiding
comment: an Guiding whose aim is the enforcement of rules or regulations. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess and the related concept Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred.

Relation
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract
comment: The Class of relations. There are three kinds of Relation: Predicate, Function, and List. Predicates and Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between these two Classes is that Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while Functions cover term-forming operators. A List, on the other hand, is a particular ordered n-tuple.

RelationExtendedToQuantities
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: A RelationExtendedToQuantities is a Relation that, when it is true on a sequence of arguments that are RealNumbers, it is also true on a sequence of ConstantQuantites with those magnitudes in some unit of measure. For example, the lessThan relation is extended to quantities. This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2, (lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1, ?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT), ?QUANTITY2 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2), for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured. Note that, when a RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from RealNumbers to ConstantQuantities, the ConstantQuantities must be measured along the same physical dimension.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

RelationalAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: Attribute
comment: Any Attribute that an Entity has by virtue of a relationship that it bears to another Entity or set of Entities, e.g. SocialRoles and PositionalAttributes.

ReligiousOrganization
type: Class
subclass of: BeliefGroup
subclass of: Organization
comment: An Organization whose members share a set of religious beliefs.

ReligiousProcess
type: Class
subclass of: OrganizationalProcess
comment: An OrganizationalProcess that is carried out within or by a ReligiousOrganization.

Remembering
type: Class
subclass of: PsychologicalProcess
comment: The Class of PsychologicalProcesses which involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge which was previously acquired.

Removing
type: Class
subclass of: Transfer
comment: The Class of Processes where something is taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location are specified with the CaseRoles patient and origin, respectively.

Repairing
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
comment: The Class of Processes where the agent makes a modification or series of modifications to an Object that is not functioning as intended so that it works properly.
related internal concept: Maintaining

Replication
type: Class
subclass of: OrganismProcess
comment: The Process of biological reproduction. This can be either a sexual or an asexual process.

RepresentationalArtWork
type: Class
subclass of: ArtWork
subclass of: Icon
comment: Any ArtWork that represents something Physical.

ReproductiveBody
type: Class
subclass of: BodyPart
comment: Reproductive structure of Organisms. Consists of an Embryonic Object and a nutritive/protective envelope. Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and FruitOrVegetables, as well as the eggs produced by Animals.

Reptile
type: Class
subclass of: ColdBloodedVertebrate
comment: A ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external covering of scales or horny plates. Reptiles breathe by means of Lungs and generally lay eggs.

Requesting
type: Class
subclass of: Directing
comment: A request expresses a desire that some future action be performed. For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support from the 3rd Bomber Group. Note that this class covers proposals, recommendations, suggestions, etc.

Residence
type: Class
subclass of: StationaryArtifact
comment: A Building or part of a Building which provides some accomodation for sleeping.

ResidentialBuilding
type: Class
subclass of: Building
subclass of: Residence
comment: A Building which provides some accomodation for sleeping. Note that this class does not cover just permanent residences, e.g. Houses and condominium and apartment buildings, but also temporary residences, e.g. hotels and dormitories. ResidentialBuildings are also distinguished from CommercialBuildings, which are intended to serve an organizational rather than a residential function.

Roadway
type: Class
subclass of: LandTransitway
comment: Roadway is the subclass of LandTransitways that are areas intended for surface travel by self-powered, wheeled vehicles, excluding those that travel on tracks. Roadways have been at least minimally improved to enable the passage of vehicles. Roadways include dirt and gravelled roads, paved streets, and expressways.

Rodent
type: Class
subclass of: Mammal
comment: The Class of Mammals with one or two pairs of incisors for gnawing. Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.

Room
type: Class
subclass of: StationaryArtifact
comment: A properPart of a Building which is separated from the exterior of the Building and/or other Rooms of the Building by walls. Some Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking, entertainment, etc.
disjoint: Building

Running
type: Class
subclass of: Ambulating
comment: Ambulating relatively quickly, i.e. moving in such a way that, with each step, neither foot is in contact with the ground for a period of time.

SaltWaterArea
type: Class
subclass of: WaterArea
comment: A WaterArea whose Water is saline, e.g. oceans and seas.
disjoint: FreshWaterArea

SaturationAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: InternalAttribute
comment: A Class of Attributes that specify, in a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of Object in another kind of Object.

Saturday
type: Class
subclass of: Day
comment: The Class of all calendar Saturdays.

Second
type: Class
subclass of: TimeInterval
comment: The Class of all clock Seconds.
related internal concept: SecondDuration
related internal concept: SecondFn

SecondDuration
type: Class
subclass of: TimeDuration
comment: SI TimeDuration. Symbol: s. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.
type: NamedIndividual
type: SystemeInternationalUnit

Seed
type: Class
subclass of: PlantAnatomicalStructure
subclass of: ReproductiveBody
comment: The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody of a FloweringPlant.

Seeing
type: Class
subclass of: Perception
comment: The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an ocular Organ.

Selecting
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalPsychologicalProcess
comment: The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve opting for one or more Entity out of a larger set of Entities. Note that this covers all cases of judging or evaluating.

SelfConnectedObject
type: Class
subclass of: Object
comment: A SelfConnectedObject is any Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts.

Selling
type: Class
subclass of: FinancialTransaction
comment: A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of Physical is exchanged for an instance of CurrencyMeasure.

Sentence
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticExpression
comment: A syntactically well-formed formula of a Language. It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a Proposition.

SentientAgent
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
comment: An Agent that has rights but may or may not have responsibilities and the ability to reason. If the latter are present, then the Agent is also an instance of CognitiveAgent. Domesticated animals are an example of SentientAgents that are not also CognitiveAgents.

Separating
type: Class
subclass of: DualObjectProcess
comment: A Process where a SelfConnectedObject is separated into (some of) its parts. Note that Separating is different from Detaching in that the latter only results in the two objects not being connected. Note too that Separating is different from Removing in that one or both of the two things which are separated may or may not be moved from the location where they were separated.
disjoint: Combining

September
type: Class
subclass of: Month
comment: The Class of all Months which are September.

SequenceFunction
type: Class
subclass of: OneToOneFunction
comment: The Class of OneToOneFunctions whose range is a subclass of the PositiveIntegers.

Series
type: Class
subclass of: Text
comment: A Text consisting of multiple self-contained units. Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple dozen volumes, a television series made up of many episodes, a film serial, etc.

Set
type: Class
subclass of: SetOrClass
comment: A SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. Sets differ from Classes in two important respects. First, Sets are extensional - two Sets with the same elements are identical. Second, a Set can be an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that Sets have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that Sets are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. elements of a Set may occur more than once in the Set.

SetOrClass
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract
comment: The SetOrClass of Sets and Classes, i.e. any instance of Abstract that has elements or instances.

SexAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: BiologicalAttribute
comment: Attributes that indicate the sex of an Organism.

SexualReproduction
type: Class
subclass of: Replication
comment: Sexual Processes of biological reproduction.
disjoint: AsexualReproduction

ShapeAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: InternalAttribute
comment: Any Attribute that relates to the shape of an Object.

ShapeChange
type: Class
subclass of: InternalChange
comment: The Process of changing the shape of an Object.

Shooting
type: Class
subclass of: Impelling
comment: The subclass of Impelling where the patient is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of Device.

ShoreArea
type: Class
subclass of: LandArea
comment: A ShoreArea is a LandArea approximately 1-3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river, or lake. A ShoreArea may comprise a variety of LandForms, such as dunes, sloughs, and marshes.

Singing
type: Class
subclass of: Music
subclass of: Speaking
comment: Speaking that is also Music.

SingleFamilyResidence
type: Class
subclass of: PermanentResidence
comment: A PermanentResidence which is intended to be the home of a single SocialUnit. This class covers Houses, ApartmentUnits, and CondominiumUnits.

SingleValuedRelation
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: A Relation is a SingleValuedRelation just in case an assignment of values to every argument position except the last one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position. Note that not all SingleValuedRelations are TotalValuedRelations.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

Smelling
type: Class
subclass of: Perception
comment: The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an olefactory Organ.

Smoke
type: Class
subclass of: Cloud
comment: A mixture of fine particles suspended in a gas that is produced by Combustion.

SocialInteraction
type: Class
subclass of: IntentionalProcess
comment: The subclass of IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between CognitiveAgents.

SocialRole
type: Class
subclass of: RelationalAttribute
comment: The Class of all Attributes that specify the position or status of a CognitiveAgent within an Organization or other Group.

SocialUnit
type: Class
subclass of: GroupOfPeople
comment: A GroupOfPeople who all have the same home.

SolidAngleMeasure
type: Class
subclass of: AngleMeasure
comment: The value of an angle in a solid.
disjoint: PlaneAngleMeasure

Solution
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidMixture
comment: A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes. A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition. Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given amount of water.

SpatialRelation
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: The Class of Relations that are spatial in a wide sense. This Class includes mereological relations and topological relations.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

Speaking
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticCommunication
subclass of: Vocalizing
comment: Any LinguisticGeneration which is also a Vocalizing, i.e. any LinguisticCommunication by a Human which involves his/her vocal cords.

SpokenHumanLanguage
type: Class
subclass of: HumanLanguage
comment: A SpokenHumanLanguage is a HumanLanguage which has as its medium the human voice. It can also berepresented visually through writing, although not all SpokenHumanLanguages have a codified written form.

Spore
type: Class
subclass of: PlantAnatomicalStructure
subclass of: ReproductiveBody
comment: Any ReproductiveBody of a NonFloweringPlant.

Sport
type: Class
subclass of: Game
comment: A Game which requires some degree of physical exercion from the participants of the game.

StateChange
type: Class
subclass of: InternalChange
comment: Any Process where the PhysicalState of part of the patient of the Process changes.

StateOfMind
type: Class
subclass of: PsychologicalAttribute
comment: The class StateOfMind is distinguished from its complement TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's behavioral/psychological make-up.

StateOrProvince
type: Class
subclass of: GeopoliticalArea
subclass of: LandArea
comment: Administrative subdivisions of a Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that may exist. This Class includes the states of the United States, as well as the provinces of Canada and European countries.

StaticWaterArea
type: Class
subclass of: WaterArea
comment: A WaterArea in which water does not flow constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds.

Stating
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticCommunication
comment: Instances of this Class commit the agent to some truth. For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese.

StationaryArtifact
type: Class
subclass of: Artifact
comment: A StationaryArtifact is an Artifact that has a fixed spatial location. Most instances of this Class are architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers, single-family houses, etc.

Steradian
type: Class
subclass of: SolidAngleMeasure
comment: SI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. Another definition is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. Steradian = m^2/m^2 = 1.
type: NamedIndividual
type: SystemeInternationalUnit

StreamWaterArea
type: Class
subclass of: WaterArea
comment: A relatively narrow WaterArea where the water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream, etc.
disjoint: StaticWaterArea

SubatomicParticle
type: Class
subclass of: ElementalSubstance
comment: The class of ElementalSubstances that are smaller than Atoms and compose Atoms.

SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: NormativeAttribute
comment: The Class of NormativeAttributes which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of these Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the same subject over time. This Class is, generally speaking, only used when mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO. If a term from such a knowledge source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to this Class.
disjoint: ObjectiveNorm

Substance
type: Class
subclass of: SelfConnectedObject
comment: An Object in which every part is similar to every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a Substance may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part to another. An example would be a body of water.

Substituting
type: Class
subclass of: DualObjectProcess
subclass of: Transfer
comment: The Class of Transfers where one thing is replaced with something else.

Summary
type: Class
subclass of: Text
comment: A short Text that is a summary of another, longer Text.

Sunday
type: Class
subclass of: Day
comment: The Class of all calendar Sundays.

Supposing
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticCommunication
comment: Instances of this Class suppose, for the sake of argument, that a proposition is true. For example, John considered what he would do if he won the lottery.

SurfaceChange
type: Class
subclass of: InternalChange
comment: Processes which involve altering the properties that apply to the surface of an Object.

Surgery
type: Class
subclass of: TherapeuticProcess
comment: Any TherapeuticProcess that involves making an incision in the Animal that is the patient of the TherapeuticProcess.

Suspension
type: Class
subclass of: LiquidMixture
comment: A LiquidMixture where at least one of the components of the Mixture is equally distributed throughout the Mixture but is not dissolved in it.

SymbolicString
type: Class
subclass of: ContentBearingObject
comment: The Class of alphanumeric sequences.

SymmetricRelation
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryRelation
comment: A BinaryRelation ?REL is symmetric just in case (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.

SyntheticSubstance
type: Class
subclass of: Substance
comment: Any Substance that is the result of an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by Humans.

SystemeInternationalUnit
type: Class
subclass of: UnitOfMeasure
comment: The Class of Systeme International (SI) units.

TactilePerception
type: Class
subclass of: Perception
comment: The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by Touching. Note that Touching need not involve TactilePerception. For example, a person who has lost all sensation in both of his legs would have no TactilePerception of anything his legs were Touching.

Tasting
type: Class
subclass of: Perception
comment: The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by of an Organ which can discriminate various tastes.

TemperatureMeasure
type: Class
subclass of: ConstantQuantity
comment: Measures of temperature. In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing.

TemporalRelation
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: The Class of temporal Relations. This Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, (temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

TemporaryResidence
type: Class
subclass of: Residence
comment: A Residence which is strictly temporary, i.e. where no one makes his/her home.

TerminatingEmployment
type: Class
subclass of: LeavingAnOrganization
comment: OrganizationalProcesses where someone ceases to be an employee of an Organization. Note that this covers being laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job.

TernaryFunction
type: Class
subclass of: Function
subclass of: QuaternaryRelation
comment: The Class of Functions that require exactly three arguments.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

TernaryPredicate
type: Class
subclass of: Predicate
subclass of: TernaryRelation
comment: The Class of Predicates that require exactly three arguments.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

TernaryRelation
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: TernaryRelations relate three items. The two subclasses of TernaryRelation are TernaryPredicate and BinaryFunction.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

Text
type: Class
subclass of: Artifact
subclass of: LinguisticExpression
comment: A LinguisticExpression or set of LinguisticExpressions that perform a specific function related to Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular topic, and that are inscribed in a CorpuscularObject by Humans.

TherapeuticProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Repairing
comment: A Process that is carried out for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated with a DiseaseOrSyndrome.

ThreeDimensionalFigure
type: Class
subclass of: GeometricFigure
comment: The class of GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along three dimensions, viz. geometric solids like polyhedrons and cylinders.

Thursday
type: Class
subclass of: Day
comment: The Class of all calendar Thursdays.

TimeDependentQuantity
type: Class
subclass of: UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity
comment: A UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity of continuous time. All instances of this Class are returned by Functions that map a time quantity into another ConstantQuantity such as temperature. For example, 'the temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a TimeDependentQuantity since its value depends on the time.

TimeDuration
type: Class
subclass of: TimeMeasure
comment: Any measure of length of time, with or without respect to the universal timeline.

TimeInterval
type: Class
subclass of: TimePosition
comment: An interval of time. Note that a TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal timeline. Note too that a TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals.

TimeMeasure
type: Class
subclass of: ConstantQuantity
comment: The class of temporal durations (instances of TimeDuration) and positions of TimePoints and TimeIntervals along the universal timeline (instances of TimePosition).

TimePoint
type: Class
subclass of: TimePosition
comment: An extensionless point on the universal timeline. The TimePoints at which Processes occur can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually TimePoints are point-like and not interval-like. That is, it doesn't make sense to talk about how long a TimePoint lasts.

TimePosition
type: Class
subclass of: TimeMeasure
comment: Any TimePoint or TimeInterval along the universal timeline from NegativeInfinity to PositiveInfinity.

TimeZone
type: Class
subclass of: RelationalAttribute
comment: An Attribute which is used to specify coordinates in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to the same TimePositions.

Tissue
type: Class
subclass of: BodySubstance
comment: An aggregation of similarly specialized Cells and the associated intercellular substance. Tissues are relatively non-localized in comparison to BodyParts, Organs or Organ components. The main features of Tissues are self-connectivity (see SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the same granularity are instances of Tissue as well).

TotalOrderingRelation
type: Class
subclass of: PartialOrderingRelation
subclass of: TrichotomizingRelation
comment: A BinaryRelation is a TotalOrderingRelation if it is a PartialOrderingRelation and a TrichotomizingRelation.

TotalValuedRelation
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: A Relation is a TotalValuedRelation just in case there exists an assignment for the last argument position of the Relation given any assignment of values to every argument position except the last one. Note that declaring a Relation to be both a TotalValuedRelation and a SingleValuedRelation means that it is a total function.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

Touching
type: Class
subclass of: Transfer
comment: Any Transfer where two Objects are brought into immediate physical contact with one another.

TraitAttribute
type: Class
subclass of: PsychologicalAttribute
comment: Attributes that indicate the the behavior/personality traits of an Organism.

Transaction
type: Class
subclass of: ChangeOfPossession
subclass of: DualObjectProcess
comment: The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where something is exchanged for something else.

Transfer
type: Class
subclass of: Translocation
comment: Any instance of Translocation where the agent and the patient are not the same thing.

TransitiveRelation
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryRelation
comment: A BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.

Transitway
type: Class
subclass of: Region
subclass of: SelfConnectedObject
comment: Transitway is the broadest class of regions which may be passed through as a path in instances of Translocation. Transitway includes land, air, and sea regions, and it includes both natural and artificial transitways.

Translating
type: Class
subclass of: ContentDevelopment
subclass of: DualObjectProcess
comment: Converting content from one Language into another. This covers oral translation (i.e. interpreting) as well as written translation.

Translocation
type: Class
subclass of: Motion
comment: Translocation is that class of Motions in which an object moves from one place to another. In the case of round trips, the origin and destination are the same, but the intervening motion passes through other locations. Translocation represents linear motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place. A vehicle is not necessary; Ambulating is a kind of Translocation.

Transportation
type: Class
subclass of: Translocation
comment: Motion from one point to another by means of a TransportationDevice.
related internal concept: TransportationDevice

TransportationDevice
type: Class
subclass of: Device
comment: A TransportationDevice is a Device which serves as the instrument in a Transportation Process which carries the patient of the Process from one point to another.

TrichotomizingRelation
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryRelation
comment: A BinaryRelation ?REL is a TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of distinct individuals are elements of ?REL.

TruthValue
type: Class
subclass of: RelationalAttribute
comment: The Class of truth values, e.g. True and False. These are Attributes of Sentences and Propositions.

Tuesday
type: Class
subclass of: Day
comment: The Class of all calendar Tuesdays.

TwoDimensionalAngle
type: Class
subclass of: OpenTwoDimensionalFigure
comment: Any two OneDimensionalFigures (i.e. straight lines) meeting at a single GeometricPoint.

TwoDimensionalFigure
type: Class
subclass of: GeometricFigure
comment: The class of GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along two dimensions, viz. plane figures like circles and polygons.

UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity
type: Class
subclass of: FunctionQuantity
comment: The class of FunctionQuantities that are returned by UnaryFunctions that map from the Class ConstantQuantity to the Class ConstantQuantity.

UnaryFunction
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryRelation
subclass of: Function
comment: The Class of Functions that require a single argument.
type: NamedIndividual
type: InheritableRelation

Uncovering
type: Class
subclass of: Removing
comment: The Class of Removing processes where the agent uncovers the patient, either completely or only partially.
disjoint: Covering

Ungrasping
type: Class
subclass of: Detaching
comment: Any instance of Detaching which results in a situation where it is not the case that the agent grasps something which he/she grasps previously.

UnilateralGetting
type: Class
subclass of: Getting
comment: Any instance of Getting that is not part of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Getting where nothing is given in return. Some examples of UnilateralGetting are: appropriating, commandeering, stealing, etc.
related internal concept: UnilateralGiving

UnilateralGiving
type: Class
subclass of: Giving
comment: Any instance of Giving that is not part of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Giving where nothing is received in return. Some examples of UnilateralGiving are: honorary awards, gifts, and financial grants.

UniqueList
type: Class
subclass of: List
comment: A List in which no item appears more than once, i.e. a List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 such that (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) return the same value.

UnitOfMeasure
type: Class
subclass of: PhysicalQuantity
comment: A standard of measurement for some dimension. For example, the Meter is a UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, as is the Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a UnitOfMeasure that makes it primitive or fundamental; rather, a system of units (e.g. SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and assigns units for each.

UnitedStatesCent
type: Class
subclass of: CurrencyMeasure
comment: A currency measure. 1 UnitedStatesCent is equal to .01 UnitedStatesDollars.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

UnitedStatesDollar
type: Class
subclass of: CurrencyMeasure
comment: A currency measure.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

UnitedStatesGallon
type: Class
subclass of: VolumeMeasure
comment: Unit of volume commonly used in the United States.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

ValidDeductiveArgument
type: Class
subclass of: DeductiveArgument
comment: A DeductiveArgument which is valid, i.e. the set of premises in fact entails the conclusion.

VariableArityRelation
type: Class
subclass of: Relation
comment: The Class of Relations that do not have a fixed number of arguments.

Vehicle
type: Class
subclass of: TransportationDevice
comment: Vehicle is the subclass of TransportationDevices that transport passengers or goods from one place to another by moving from one place to the other with them, e.g., cars, trucks, ferries, and airplanes. Contrast with devices such as pipelines, escalators, or supermarket checkout belts, which carry items from one place to another by means of a moving part, without the device removing from the origin to the destination.

Verb
type: Class
subclass of: Word
comment: One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Processes.

VerbPhrase
type: Class
subclass of: Phrase
comment: A Phrase that has the same function as a Verb.

Vertebrate
type: Class
subclass of: Animal
comment: An Animal which has a spinal column.

ViolentContest
type: Class
subclass of: Contest
comment: A Contest where one participant attempts to physically injure another participant.

Virus
type: Class
subclass of: Microorganism
comment: An Organism consisting of a core of a single nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the usual characteristics of living things.

Vitamin
type: Class
subclass of: Nutrient
comment: A Nutrient present in natural products or made synthetically, which is essential in the diet of Humans and other higher Animals. Included here are Vitamin precursors and provitamins.

Vocalizing
type: Class
subclass of: BodyMotion
subclass of: RadiatingSound
comment: Any instance of RadiatingSound where the instrument is the Human vocal cords. This covers grunts, screams, roars, as well as Speaking.

VolumeMeasure
type: Class
subclass of: ConstantQuantity
comment: Measures of the amount of space in three dimensions.

Voting
type: Class
subclass of: Deciding
comment: Voting is the activity of voting in an Election. Voting is typically done by individuals, while Elections are conducted by Organizations. The voting process by an individual voter is part of an Election process.

Walking
type: Class
subclass of: Ambulating
comment: Ambulating relatively slowly, i.e. moving in such a way that at least one foot is always in contact with the ground.

War
type: Class
subclass of: ViolentContest
comment: A military confrontation between two or more GeopoliticalAreas or Organizations whose members are GeopoliticalAreas. As the corresponding axiom specifies, a War is made up of Battles.

WarmBloodedVertebrate
type: Class
subclass of: Vertebrate
comment: Vertebrates whose body temperature is internally regulated.
disjoint: ColdBloodedVertebrate

Water
type: Class
subclass of: CompoundSubstance
comment: The Class of samples of the compound H20. Note that this Class covers both pure and impure Water.

WaterArea
type: Class
subclass of: GeographicArea
comment: A body which is made up predominantly of water, e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.

WaterCloud
type: Class
subclass of: Cloud
comment: Any Cloud that is composed primarily of water vapor.

Weapon
type: Class
subclass of: Device
comment: The Class of Devices that are designed primarily to damage or destroy Humans/Animals, StationaryArtifacts or the places inhabited by Humans/Animals.

WeatherProcess
type: Class
subclass of: Motion
comment: WeatherProcess is the broadest class of processes that involve weather, including weather seasons (not to be confused with instances of SeasonOfYear), weather systems, and short-term weather events.
disjoint: IntentionalProcess

Wedding
type: Class
subclass of: Declaring
comment: Any Declaring that leads to one person being the spouse of another.

Wednesday
type: Class
subclass of: Day
comment: The Class of all calendar Wednesdays.

Week
type: Class
subclass of: TimeInterval
comment: The Class of all calendar weeks.

WeekDuration
type: Class
subclass of: TimeDuration
comment: Time unit. A week's duration is seven days.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Wetting
type: Class
subclass of: Putting
comment: The Class of Processes where a Liquid is added to an Object.

Wind
type: Class
subclass of: GasMotion
comment: Any Motion of Air.

Woman
type: Class
subclass of: Human
comment: The class of Female Humans.

Word
type: Class
subclass of: LinguisticExpression
comment: A term of a Language that represents a concept.

Worm
type: Class
subclass of: Invertebrate
comment: Long, narrow, soft-bodied Invertebrates.

Writing
type: Class
subclass of: ContentDevelopment
comment: A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented mentally) into a written form. Note that this class covers both transcription and original creation of written Texts.

Year
type: Class
subclass of: TimeInterval
comment: The Class of all calendar Years.
related internal concept: YearDuration
related internal concept: YearFn

YearDuration
type: Class
subclass of: TimeDuration
comment: Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year = 365 days = 31536000 seconds.
type: NamedIndividual
type: UnitOfMeasure

Above
type: NamedIndividual
type: PositionalAttribute
comment: This is a PositionalAttribute derived from the up/down schema and not involving contact. Note that this means directly above, i.e., if one object is Above another object, then the projections of the two objects overlap.
contrary attribute: Below

Adjacent
type: NamedIndividual
type: PositionalAttribute
comment: Used to assert that an object ?OBJ1 is close to, near or abutting ?OBJ2. This PositionalAttribute covers the following common sense notions: adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to, is juxtaposed, and is close to.

Asleep
type: NamedIndividual
type: ConsciousnessAttribute
comment: Attribute that applies to Organisms that are sleeping.

Awake
type: NamedIndividual
type: ConsciousnessAttribute
comment: Attribute that applies to Organisms that are neither Unconscious nor Asleep.

Below
type: NamedIndividual
type: PositionalAttribute
comment: This PositionalAttribute is derived from the up/down schema and may or may not involve contact. Note that this means directly below, i.e., if one object is Below another object, then the projections of the two objects overlap.

Black
type: NamedIndividual
type: PrimaryColor
comment: The Attribute of being black in color.

Blue
type: NamedIndividual
type: PrimaryColor
comment: The Attribute of being blue in color.

CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone
type: NamedIndividual
type: TimeZone
comment: A TimeZone which functions as the standard time zone. It is also known as Zulu time (in the military), Greenwich Mean Time, and the Western European time zone. Note that whenever a TimeZone is not specified, the TimePosition is understood to be with respect to the CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone.

Damp
type: NamedIndividual
type: SaturationAttribute
comment: An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object contains some Liquid.

Dead
type: NamedIndividual
type: AnimacyAttribute
comment: This Attribute applies to Organisms that are not alive.
contrary attribute: Living
sub attribute: Unconscious

Dry
type: NamedIndividual
type: SaturationAttribute
comment: An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object contains no Liquid.
contrary attribute: Damp

East
type: NamedIndividual
type: DirectionalAttribute
comment: The compass direction of East.

False
type: NamedIndividual
type: TruthValue
comment: The TruthValue of being false.
contrary attribute: True

Female
type: NamedIndividual
type: SexAttribute
comment: An Attribute indicating that an Organism is female in nature.

Fillable
type: NamedIndividual
type: ShapeAttribute
comment: Something is Fillable if it can be filled by something else. Note that 'filled' here means perfectly filled.

Fluid
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalState
comment: Fluid is the PhysicalState attribute of an Object that does not have a fixed shape and thus tends to flow or to conform to the shape of a container.

FullyFormed
type: NamedIndividual
type: DevelopmentalAttribute
comment: The stage of an Organism when it has reached the end of its growth phase.

Gas
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalState
comment: An Object has the Attribute of Gas if it has neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape.
sub attribute: Fluid

Horizontal
type: NamedIndividual
type: PositionalAttribute
comment: Attribute used to indicate that an Object is positioned width-wise with respect to another Object.
contrary attribute: Vertical

Left
type: NamedIndividual
type: PositionalAttribute
comment: This PositionalAttribute is derived from the left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the left, so that, if one object is to the left of another, then the projections of the two objects overlap.

Likely
type: NamedIndividual
type: ProbabilityAttribute
comment: The ProbabilityAttribute of being probable, i.e. more likely than not to be True.
contrary attribute: Unlikely

Liquid
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalState
comment: An Object has the Attribute of Liquid if it has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape.
sub attribute: Fluid

Living
type: NamedIndividual
type: AnimacyAttribute
comment: This Attribute applies to Organisms that are alive.

Male
type: NamedIndividual
type: SexAttribute
comment: An Attribute indicating that an Organism is male in nature.
contrary attribute: Female

Monochromatic
type: NamedIndividual
type: ColorAttribute
comment: An Object with this Attribute has the same color on every part of its surface.

Near
type: NamedIndividual
type: PositionalAttribute
comment: The relation of common sense adjacency. Note that, if an object is Near another object, then the objects are not connected.

Necessity
type: NamedIndividual
type: AlethicAttribute
comment: Attribute that applies to Propositions that are necessary, i.e. true in every possible world.

NegativeInfinity
type: NamedIndividual
type: TimePoint
comment: The TimePoint that is before all other TimePoints.

NonFullyFormed
type: NamedIndividual
type: DevelopmentalAttribute
comment: The stage of an Organism before it is FullyFormed.
contrary attribute: FullyFormed
successor attribute: FullyFormed

North
type: NamedIndividual
type: DirectionalAttribute
comment: The compass direction of North.

NumberE
type: NamedIndividual
type: PositiveRealNumber
comment: NumberE is the RealNumber that is the base for natural logarithms. It is approximately equal to 2.718282.

Obligation
type: NamedIndividual
type: DeonticAttribute
comment: Attribute that applies to Propositions that an Agent is required, by some authority, to make true.

On
type: NamedIndividual
type: PositionalAttribute
comment: This is used to assert that an object is on top of another object, and it is derived from the up/down schema and involves contact.

Permission
type: NamedIndividual
type: DeonticAttribute
comment: Attribute that applies to Propositions that an Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true.

Pi
type: NamedIndividual
type: PositiveRealNumber
comment: Pi is the RealNumber that is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter. It is approximately equal to 3.141592653589793.

Plasma
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalState
comment: An extremely energetic PhysicalState that consists of atomic nuclei stripped of electrons. That is, a plasma is composed of positive ions and free electrons. Plasma behaves differently enough from Gas that it is referred to as the fourth state of matter.
sub attribute: Fluid

Polychromatic
type: NamedIndividual
type: ColorAttribute
comment: An Object with this Attribute has different colors on different parts of its surface.
contrary attribute: Monochromatic

PositiveInfinity
type: NamedIndividual
type: TimePoint
comment: The TimePoint that is after all other TimePoints.

Possibility
type: NamedIndividual
type: AlethicAttribute
comment: Attribute that applies to Propositions that are possible, i.e. true in at least one possible world.

Prohibition
type: NamedIndividual
type: DeonticAttribute
comment: Prohibition is the DeonticAttribute that applies to Formulas that an Agent is forbidden, by some authority, to make true.

Prostrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: BodyPosition
comment: The BodyPosition of lying down, being in a horizontal position.

Red
type: NamedIndividual
type: PrimaryColor
comment: The Attribute of redness.

Right
type: NamedIndividual
type: PositionalAttribute
comment: This PositionalAttribute is derived from the left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the right, so that, if one object is to the right of another, then the projections of the two objects overlap.
contrary attribute: Left

Sitting
type: NamedIndividual
type: BodyPosition
comment: The BodyPosition of being recumbent, i.e. knees bent and back side supported.

Solid
type: NamedIndividual
type: PhysicalState
comment: An Object has the Attribute of Solid if it has a fixed shape and a fixed volume.

South
type: NamedIndividual
type: DirectionalAttribute
comment: The compass direction of South.

Standing
type: NamedIndividual
type: BodyPosition
comment: The BodyPosition of being upright, i.e. being fully extended and supported by nothing other than one's own feet.

True
type: NamedIndividual
type: TruthValue
comment: The TruthValue of being true.

Unconscious
type: NamedIndividual
type: ConsciousnessAttribute
comment: Attribute that applies to Organisms that are unconscious. An Organism may be Unconscious because it is Dead or because of a blow to the head, a drug, etc.
contrary attribute: Awake

Unemployed
type: NamedIndividual
type: SocialRole
comment: The Attribute of a CognitiveAgent when he/she is unemployed.

Unlikely
type: NamedIndividual
type: ProbabilityAttribute
comment: The ProbabilityAttribute of being improbable, i.e. more likely than not to be False.

Vertical
type: NamedIndividual
type: PositionalAttribute
comment: Attribute used to indicate that an Object is positioned height-wise with respect to another Object.

West
type: NamedIndividual
type: DirectionalAttribute
comment: The compass direction of West.

Wet
type: NamedIndividual
type: SaturationAttribute
comment: An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object is fully saturated with a Liquid, i.e. every part of the Object has a subpart which is a Liquid.
sub attribute: Damp

White
type: NamedIndividual
type: PrimaryColor
comment: The Attribute of being white in color.

Yellow
type: NamedIndividual
type: PrimaryColor
comment: The Attribute of being yellow in color.

NakedPromise
comment: A Promise where nothing is promised in return, i.e. a nudum pactum.
contrary attribute: Contract
sub attribute: Promise

Embryonic
comment: The stage of an Organism or an AnatomicalStructure that exists only before the Organism is born. Mammals, for example, have this Attribute only prior to their birth.
contrary attribute: Larval
sub attribute: NonFullyFormed

Law
comment: Attribute that applies to Propositions that are required by a government or a branch of the government and that are enforced with penalties for noncompliance. These Propositions may be codified as legislation or they may be more informal, as in the case of government policy.
sub attribute: Obligation

Promise
comment: Attribute that applies to Propositions that an Agent promises to make true. Promises may be implicit or explicit. They may be expressed in a written or verbal or gestural manner.
sub attribute: Obligation

Larval
comment: Form of most Invertebrates, Amphibians, and Fish immediately after they hatch. This form is fundamentally unlike the adult form, and metamorphosis is required to reach the latter form.
sub attribute: NonFullyFormed

Contract
comment: Attribute that applies to Propositions where something is promised in return, i.e. a reciprocal promise.
sub attribute: Promise