The value of (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) is the absolute value of the RealNumber ?NUMBER.
A UnaryFunction that maps a Class into the instance of Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership in the Class.
A Function that maps an Object to the side that is opposite the FrontFn of the Object. Note that this is a partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.
A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval begins.
(CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the number of instances in the SetOrClass ?CLASS or the number of members in the ?CLASS Collection.
(CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest Integer greater than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER.
The complement of a given SetOrClass C is the SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an object is an instance of the complement of a SetOrClass C just in case it is not an instance of C.
(CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.
(DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the denominator of the canonical reduced form of the RealNumber ?NUMBER.
A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval ends.
A UnaryFunction that maps an Attribute into the Class whose condition for membership is the Attribute.
(FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest Integer less than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER.
A Function that maps an Object to the side that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the direction in which the Object moves. Note that this is a partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.
A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to the TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at PositiveInfinity.
A UnaryFunction that takes a SetOrClass of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which is the intersection of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. the SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of all instances of the original SetOrClass.
A UnaryFunction that takes a SetOrClass of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which is the merge of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. the SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the original SetOrClass.
A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (GigaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 Hertz.
(GovernmentFn ?AREA) denotes the Government of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, (GovernmentFn UnitedStates) denotes the Federal-level government of the United States; (GovernmentFn PuertoRico) denotes the government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to the Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a Hole is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only when the argument is a hole).
A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to the skin of the Hole. The skin of a Hole is the fusion of those superficial parts (see superficialPart) of the Hole's principal host (see HoleHostFn) with which the Hole is externally connected.
(ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor.
(ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) denotes the immediate family of ?PERSON, i.e. the Group consisting of the parents of ?PERSON and anyone of whom ?PERSON is a parent.
A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that immediately follows the TimePosition.
A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that immediately precedes the TimePosition.
(IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER.
A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (KiloFn Gram) is 1,000 Grams.
A Function that takes a List as its sole argument and returns the number of items in the List. For example, (ListLengthFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would return the value 3.
The magnitude of a ConstantQuantity is the numeric value for the quantity. In other words, MagnitudeFn converts a ConstantQuantity with an associated UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the ConstantQuantity 2 Kilometers is the RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original quantity.
A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MegaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000 Hertz.
A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MicroFn Meter) is .000001 Meters.
A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MilliFn Gram) is .001 Grams.
A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MicroFn SecondDuration) is .000000001 SecondDurations.
(NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER.
A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to the TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at NegativeInfinity.
A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (PicoFn SecondDuration) is .000000000001 SecondDurations.
(PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the SetOrClass ?CLASS to the SetOrClass of all subclasses of ?CLASS.
A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4.
(PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete set of premises of the Argument ?ARGUMENT.
One of the basic ProbabilityRelations, ProbabilityFn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of affairs. (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA) denotes the a priori probability of ?FORMULA.
A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to the Set of Objects owned by the Agent.
(RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the rational representation of ?NUMBER.
(RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that is a RealNumber.
(ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator (MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER. Not all numbers have a reciprocal element. For example the number 0 does not. If a number ?NUMBER has a reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be 1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1. The reciprocal of an element is equal to applying the ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power -1.
(RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the Integer closest to ?NUMBER on the number line. If ?NUMBER is halfway between two Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger Integer.
(SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. This is one of the following values: -1, 1, or 0.
(SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.
(SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal square root of ?NUMBER.
A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6.
(TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled triangle.
A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (TeraFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 Hertz.
A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to a CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the Agent. Note that this Function is generally used in conjunction with the Function PropertyFn, e.g. (WealthFn (PropertyFn BillGates)) would return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings.
A UnaryFunction that maps an Object or Process to the exact TimeInterval during which it exists. Note that, for every TimePoint ?TIME outside of the TimeInterval (WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold.
A UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar Year. For example, (YearFn 1912) returns the Class containing just one instance, the year of 1912. As might be expected, positive integers return years in the Common Era, while negative integers return years in B.C.E. Note that this function returns a Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. MonthFn, DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific TimeIntervals and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of these functions classes rather than individuals.
Simply relates an Object to a ConstantQuantity specifying the age of the Object.
(agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, Eve is an agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple.
The transitive closure of the parent predicate. (ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR) means that ?ANCESTOR is either the parent of ?DESCENDANT or the parent of the parent of DESCENDANT or etc.
(angleOfFigure ?ANGLE ?FIGURE) means that the TwoDimensionalAngle ?ANGLE is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE.
(angularMeasure ?ANGLE ?MEASURE) means that the two-dimensional geometric angle ?ANGLE has the PlaneAngleMeasure of ?MEASURE.
(attends ?DEMO ?PERSON) means that ?PERSON attends, i.e. is a member of the audience, of the performance event ?DEMO.
(attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that ?PROPERTY is a Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red).
(authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is creatively responsible for ?TEXT. For example, Agatha Christie is author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.
(before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline.
(beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline.
The epistemic predicate of belief. (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.
(bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT) holds if ?BOTTOM is the lowest or deepest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT.
The general relationship of being a brother. (brother ?MAN ?PERSON) means that ?MAN is the brother of ?PERSON.
The causation relation between instances of Process. (causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the instance of Process ?PROCESS2.
The causation relation between subclasses of Process. (causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the subclass of Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (causesSubclass Killing Death).
(citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the Human ?PERSON is a citizen of Nation ?NATION.
A BinaryFunction is closed on a SetOrClass if it is defined for all instances of the SetOrClass and its value is always an instance of the SetOrClass.
(completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that some part of the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. Note that if (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE).
A specialized common sense notion of part for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a country, or the limbs and organs of an animal. Compare piece, which is also a subrelation of part.
(conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the Argument ?ARGUMENT. Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT entails ?PROPOSITION.
(connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2.
This is the most general connection relation between EngineeringComponents. If (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor ?COMP2 can be an engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation connectedEngineeringComponents is a SymmetricRelation; there is no information in the direction of connection between two components. It is also an IrreflexiveRelation; no EngineeringComponent bears this relation to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type with the connection.
(considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.
(consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it is possible for both of them to be true at the same time.
The relation of spatial containment for two separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an automobile and one of its seats), the relation of part should be used. (contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has a space (i.e. a Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2.
A subrelation of represents. This predicate relates a ContentBearingObject to the Proposition that is expressed by the ContentBearingObject. Examples include the relationships between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its musical content.
(cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the Object or Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, or jointly with the Object or Process ?THING2. This covers the following temporal relations: is co-incident with, is concurrent with, is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with.
relates an Object to an exact copy of the Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal location.
(crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that Object ?OBJ1 traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being connected to it.
A BinaryPredicate that specifies a TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution of one day, for a particular Object or Process.
The general relationship of daughterhood. (daughter ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological daughter of ?PARENT.
One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.
(desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. Note too that desires is distinguished from wants only in that the former is a PropositionalAttitude, while wants is an ObjectAttitude.
(destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went to Danbury. Note that this is a very general CaseRole and, in particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'. Thus, John would be the destination in the following proposition: Tom gave a book to John.
(developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are developmentalForms of frogs and butterflies, respectively.
BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of a circular Object from side to side.
(direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one would use this Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving North.
Classes are disjoint only if they share no instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying IntersectionFn to them is empty.
A BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is distributive over another BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.
A relation between objects in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text. The domain of documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves. This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with their documentation.
(duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the duration of the TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this Predicate can be used in conjunction with the Function WhenFn to specify the duration of any instance of Physical.
(during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2.
(earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 ends before the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2 begins.
(editor ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is an editor of ?TEXT.
(element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case ?ENTITY is contained in the Set ?SET. An Entity can be an element of another Entity only if the latter is a Set.
(employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried, hourly or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary compensation.
(engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB ?SUPER) means that the EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a properPart of ?SUPER. This relation is an AsymmetricRelation, since two EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other.
The operator of logical entailment. (entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF.
(equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case ?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2.
A BinaryRelation is an equivalenceRelationOn a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn the SetOrClass and it is both a TransitiveRelation and a SymmetricRelation.
A BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa. An example would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'. Note that (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1).
A BinaryPredicate relating two instances of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed copy of the same letter. Note that (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) implies (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2).
The actual, minimal location of an Object. This is a subrelation of the more general Predicate located.
(experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT experiences the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo is the experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo sees the fish. Note that experiencer, unlike agent, does not entail a causal relation between its arguments.
(exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used by ?AGENT as a resource in an unspecified instance of Process. This Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the relations agent and resource.
(expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) means that the LinguisticExpression ?EXPRESS is part of the Language ?LANG.
(faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of ?OBJ (see FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION. More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of ?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it intersected with its back (see BackFn).
A very general Predicate for biological relationships. (familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor.
The general relationship of fatherhood. (father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological father of ?CHILD.
Holes can be filled. (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. Note that fills here means perfectly filled.
(finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same ending TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1.
(frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME.
(geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the GeographicArea ?PART is part of the GeographicArea ?WHOLE.
(geometricPart ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the GeometricFigure ?PART is part of the GeometricFigure ?WHOLE.
(geopoliticalSubdivision ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any geopolitical part of ?AREA2; that is, ?AREA1 is an integral geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), having its own associated GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by the government of ?AREA2. Cf. dependentGeopoliticalArea.
The state of grasping an Object. (grasps ?ANIMAL ?OBJ) means that the Animal ?ANIMAL is intentionally holding on to the Object ?OBJ.
(greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the Quantity ?NUMBER2.
(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the Quantity ?NUMBER2.
This Predicate expresses the concept of a conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. Accordingly, (hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between the Predicates hasPurpose and result. Although the second argument of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no goal; a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on.
Similar to the capability Predicate with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/ demonstrated to some measurable degree.
The height of an Object is the distance between its top and its bottom.
(holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every TimePoint which is a temporalPart of ?TIME.
(hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a Hole in ?OBJ. A Hole is a fillable body located at the surface an Object.
The relation between a Human and a PermanentResidence of the Human.
(husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the husband of ?WOMAN.
(identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 have exactly the same items in their respective lists. Although ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 are required to share exactly the same items, they may order these items differently.
An object ?ID is the identity element for BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST, applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST.
An object is an immediateInstance of a SetOrClass if it is an instance of the SetOrClass and it is not an instance of a proper subclass of SetOrClass.
A SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an immediateSubclass of another SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2 and there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of it.
The analog of element and instance for Lists. (inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the List ?LIST. For example, (inList Tuesday (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would be true.
A very general Predicate. (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY.
One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.
One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent.
A very basic notion of living within something else. (inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence (either permanent or temporary), nest, etc. of ?ORGANISM.
A very general Predicate. (inhibits ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders the occurrence of the Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances.
(initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a subList of ?LIST2 and (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) returns the same value as (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER) for all of the values of ?NUMBER over which (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) is defined.
An object is an instance of a SetOrClass if it is included in that SetOrClass. An individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of instance about specificity or uniqueness.
(instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an instrument in the following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that instrument and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair.
(interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and any superficialPart ?OBJ2.
The inverse of a BinaryRelation is a relation in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed. In other words, one BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are equivalent when their arguments are swapped.
A BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a SetOrClass only if no instance of the SetOrClass bears the relation to itself.
The epistemic predicate of knowing. (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that knows entails conscious awareness, so this Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or unconscious knowledge.
(larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is larger, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.
(leader ?INSTITUTION ?PERSON) means that the leader of ?INSTITUTION is ?PERSON.
(legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means that ?AGENT1 and ?AGENT2 are relatives by virtue of a legal relationship. Some examples include marriage, adoption, etc.
BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an Object from one point to another point along its surface. Note that the difference between the predicates length and distance is that the length is used to state the LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while distance is used to state the LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects
(lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the Quantity ?NUMBER2.
(lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to the Quantity ?NUMBER2.
(lineMeasure ?LINE ?MEASURE) means that the straight line ?LINE has the LengthMeasure of ?MEASURE.
(located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is partlyLocated at ?OBJ, and there is no part or subProcess of ?PHYS that is not located at ?OBJ.
(manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the Attribute ?MANNER. The Attributes of Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports competition.
(material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. For example, plastic is a material of my computer monitor. Compare part and its subrelations, viz component and piece.
A very general Predicate for asserting that a particular Object is measured by a particular ConstantQuantity. In general, the second argument of this Predicate will be an instance of the Function MeasureFn.
(meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 overlapsSpatially the other.
(meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the terminal point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the initial point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2.
A specialized common sense notion of part for uniform parts of Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock.
A BinaryRelation that is used to state the normative force of a Proposition. (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means that the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the NormativeAttribute ?PROP. For example, (modalAttribute (exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (and (instance ?ACT Giving) (agent ?ACT John) (patient ?ACT ?OBJ) (destination ?ACT Tom))) Obligation) means that John is obligated to give Tom something.
A BinaryPredicate that associates an Object or Process with its value expressed as an instance of CurrencyMeasure.
The general relationship of motherhood. (mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother of ?CHILD.
(names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing ?ENTITY has the SymbolicString ?STRING as its name. Note that names and represents are the two immediate subrelations of refers. The predicate names is used when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the predicate represents is used for referring items that have such content.
(needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT.
(origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a submarine.
(overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 is a part of the other.
(overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common. This is a reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation.
(overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 have a TimeInterval as a common part.
(parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2) means that the OneDimensionalFigures ?LINE1 and ?LINE2 are parallel to one another, i.e. they are equidistant from one another at every point.
The general relationship of parenthood. (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent of ?CHILD.
The basic mereological relation. All other mereological relations are defined in terms of this one. (part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the Object ?PART is part of the Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since part is a ReflexiveRelation, every Object is a part of itself.
A BinaryRelation is a partial ordering on a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn the SetOrClass, and it is both an AntisymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation.
(partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?OBJ completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (partiallyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as (is a limit case of) a partial one.
(partlyLocated ?THING ?OBJ) means that the instance of Physical ?THING is at least partially located at ?OBJ. For example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia and partly located in Europe. Note that partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation: located is an immediate subrelation of partlyLocated and exactlyLocated is an immediate subrelation of located.
(path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101.
(patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients. Note that the patient of a Process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the Process. The CaseRole of patient is used when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a Process.
(penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth).
A specialized common sense notion of part for arbitrary parts of Substances. Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, etc. Compare component, another subrelation of part.
(pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE) means that the GeometricPoint ?POINT is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE.
Relation that holds between an Agent and an Object when the Agent has ownership of the Object.
A very general Predicate. (precondition ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an instance of ?PROC1 also exists.
(premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the Argument ?ARGUMENT.
A very general Predicate. (prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 cannot occur at the same time and place. For example, innoculating prevents contracting disease. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances.
(properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a TransitiveRelation and AsymmetricRelation (hence an IrreflexiveRelation).
(properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that properlyFills is the dual of completelyFills, and is so related to partiallyFills that ?OBJ properlyFills ?HOLE just in case ?OBJ partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect filler is both complete and proper in this sense).
This Predicate holds between an instance of Entity and an instance of Attribute. (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) means that ?ENTITY has the Attribute ?ATTR.
(publishes ?ORG ?TEXT) means that ?ORG publishes ?TEXT. For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.
Gives the range of a function. In other words, (range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are instances of ?CLASS.
(rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are subclasses of ?CLASS.
A subrelation of represents. (realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the reading of a poem.
(refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that refers is more general in meaning than represents, because presumably something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, etc.
A BinaryRelation is reflexive on a SetOrClass only if every instance of the SetOrClass bears the relation to itself.
Means that the two arguments are related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate relatedExternalConcept.
A very general semiotics Predicate. (represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The Predicates containsInformation and realization are subrelations of represents. Note that represents is a subrelation of refers, since something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the documentation string for names.
(resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that ?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS. For example, soap is a resource in the following proposition: the gun was carved out of soap. Note that resource differs from instrument, another subrelation of patient, in that its internal or physical properties are altered in some way by the Process.
(result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a result in the following proposition: Eric built a house.
The relationship between two Organisms that have the same mother and father. Note that this relationship does not hold between half-brothers, half-sisters, etc.
(side ?SIDE ?OBJECT) means that ?SIDE is a side of the object, as opposed to the top or bottom.
The general relationship of being a sister. (sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON) means that ?WOMAN is the sister of ?PERSON.
(smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is smaller, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.
The general relationship of being a son. (son ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological son of ?PARENT.
The relationship of marriage between two Humans.
(starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same initial TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2.
The relation between a Human and a TemporaryResidence of the Human.
Means that the second argument can be ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it.
(subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that the Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the Collection ?COLL2.
(subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and the elements that are common to both Lists have the same order in both Lists.
(subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means that ?ORG1 is an Organization which is a part of the Organization ?ORG2. Note that subOrganization is a ReflexiveRelation, so every Organization is a subOrganization of itself.
(subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 is a Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally used to relate a supporting Plan to the overall Plan in a particular context.
(subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally distinguished part (proper or not) of a Process.
(subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that ?PROP1 is a Proposition which is a proper part of the Proposition ?PROP2. In other words, subProposition is the analogue of properPart for chunks of abstract content.
(subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses.
(subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that every tuple of ?REL1 is also a tuple of ?REL2. In other words, if the Relation ?REL1 holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then the Relation ?REL2 holds for the same arguments. A consequence of this is that a Relation and its subrelations must have the same valence. In CycL, subrelation is called #$genlPreds.
(subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the elements of the Set ?SET1 are also elements of the Set ?SET2.
A BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1. Examples include the relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and one of its chapters. Note that this is a relation between subclasses of ContentBearingObject, rather than instances. If one wants to relate instances, the Predicate subsumesContentInstance can be used. Note that subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases. Consider, for example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its Book of Genesis. This relation holds for every copy of this edition and not just for a single instance.
A BinaryPredicate relating two instances of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, rather than Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship between Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a part of that work, the relation subsumesContentClass should be used.
(successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that ?ATTR2 is the Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 on the scale that they share.
The transitive closure of successorAttribute. (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that there is a chain of successorAttribute assertions connecting ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2.
(superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too is a transitive relation closed under MereologicalSumFn and MereologicalProductFn.
(surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a maximally connected superficialPart of ?OBJ2. Note that some SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface.
The temporal analogue of the spatial part predicate. (temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that TimePosition ?POS1 is part of TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since temporalPart is a ReflexiveRelation every TimePostion is a temporalPart of itself.
This relation holds between an instance of Physical and an instance of TimePosition just in case the temporal lifespan of the former includes the latter. In other words, (time ?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME. Note that time does for instances of Physical what holdsDuring does for instances of Formula. The constants located and time are the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively.
(top ?TOP ?OBJECT) means that ?TOP is the highest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT.
A BinaryRelation ?REL is a total ordering on a SetOrClass only if it is a partial ordering for which either (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 in the SetOrClass.
(transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION ?AMOUNT) means that ?AMOUNT is an instance of CurrencyMeasure being exhanged in the FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION.
(traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that crosses and penetrates are subrelations of traverses.
A BinaryRelation ?REL is trichotomizing on a SetOrClass only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 of the SetOrClass, at least one of the following holds: (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2), (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2).
The BinaryPredicate that relates a Sentence to its TruthValue.
The class of names that uniquely identify an instance of Entity. Some examples of uniqueIdentifiers are the keys of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book Number).
(uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified Process. This Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the CaseRoles agent and instrument.
Specifies the number of arguments that a relation can take. If a relation does not have a fixed number of arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of VariableArityRelation. For example, holds is a VariableArityRelation.
Some Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete stages or versions. (version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1 is a version of ARTIFACT2. Note that this Predicate relates subclasses of Artifact and not instances.
(wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent.
(wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING) means that ?AGENT is wearing the item of Clothing ?CLOTHING.
BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an Object from side to side at its widest span.
(wife ?WOMAN ?MAN) means that ?WOMAN is the wife of ?MAN.
Any AnatomicalStructure which is not normally found in the Organism of which it is a part, i.e. it is the result of a PathologicProcess. This class covers tumors, birth marks, goiters, etc.
Properties or qualities as distinguished from any particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment.
One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Objects.
One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Processes.
A GroupOfPeople whose members all have the same age.
Something or someone that can act on its own and produce changes in the world.
Air is the gaseous stuff that makes up the atmosphere surrounding Earth.
A Class containing all of the Attributes relating to the notions of possibility and necessity.
A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue.
Any BodyMotion which is accomplished by means of the legs of an Animal for the purpose of moving from one point to another.
A cold-blooded, smooth-skinned Vertebrate which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by gills. When mature, the Amphibian breathes with Lungs.
A normal or pathological part of the anatomy or structural organization of an Organism. This class covers BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off by Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies.
The value of an angle in a plane or in a solid.
Attributes that indicate whether an Organism is alive or not.
An Organism with eukaryotic Cells, and lacking stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments.
AnatomicalStructures that are possessed exclusively by Animals.
The subclass of Languages used by Animals other than Humans.
BodySubstances that are produced exclusively by Animals.
BinaryRelation ?REL is an AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1). In other words, for all ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1 and ?INST2 are identical. Note that it is possible for an AntisymmetricRelation to be a ReflexiveRelation.
Various Primates with no tails or only short tails.
The Class of all Months which are April.
The Class of Mammals that dwell chiefly in the water. Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses.
A Class of Arthropods that includes ticks and spiders.
Measures of the amount of space in two dimensions.
Any proposition which has the form of a deductive or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply a conclusion.
Artifacts that are created primarily for aesthetic appreciation. Note that this Class does not include most examples of architecture, which belong under StationaryArtifact.
A Class of Invertebrate that includes Arachnids and Insects.
A relatively short Text that either is unbound or is bound with other Articles in a Book.
A CorpuscularObject that is the product of a Making.
The subclass of Languages that are designed by Humans.
Asexual Processes of biological reproduction.
A BinaryFunction is associative if bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the Function. More precisely, a Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.
The Class of all astronomical objects of significant size. It includes SelfConnectedObjects like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as Collections like nebulae, galaxies, and constellations. Note that the planet Earth is an AstronomicalBody, but every Region of Earth is a GeographicArea.
A BinaryRelation is asymmetric only if it is both an AntisymmetricRelation and an IrreflexiveRelation.
An extremely small unit of matter that retains its identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an AtomicNucleus and Electrons surrounding the AtomicNucleus.
The core of the Atom. It is composed of Protons and Neutrons.
A Process where one Object becomes attached to another Object. Note that this differs from Putting in that two things which are attached may already be in the same location. Note that Combining is different from Attaching in that the former applies to Substances, while the latter applies to CorpuscularObjects. Note too that Attaching is different from Putting in that one or both of the two things which are attached may or may not be moved from the location where they were combined.
A Device whose purpose is to attach one thing to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc.
A Maneuver in a ViolentContest where the agent attempts to inflict damage on the patient.
Qualities which we cannot or choose not to reify into subclasses of Object.
The Class of all Months which are August.
The class of PhysiologicProcesses of which there is not conscious awareness and control.
A small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic Microorganism.
A ViolentContest between two or more military units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of Contest.
A GroupOfPeople whose members share a belief or set of beliefs.
A FinancialTransaction where an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger instance of CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of Game.
Any Food that is ingested by Drinking. Note that this class is disjoint with the other subclasses of Food, i.e. Meat and FruitOrVegetable.
The Class of Functions that require two arguments.
Elements from the number system with base 2. Every BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0.
A Predicate relating two items - its valence is two.
BinaryRelations are relations that are true only of pairs of things. BinaryRelations are represented as slots in frame systems.
Attributes that apply specifically to instances of Organism.
A Substance that is capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an Organism. This Class includes Substances used in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. This Class also includes Substances that occur naturally in the body and are administered therapeutically. Finally, BiologicallyActiveSubstance includes Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special handling because of their toxicity.
A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of feathers.
One Bit of information. A one or a zero.
A fluid present in Animals that transports Nutrients to and waste products away from various BodyParts.
Any BodyPart which contains an unfilled space, e.g. BodyVessels, the atria and ventricles of the heart, the lungs, etc.
Any BodyPart which is a covering of another BodyPart or of an entire Organism. This would include the rinds of FruitOrVegetables and the skins of Animals.
The place where two BodyParts meet or connect.
Any Motion where the agent is an Organism and the patient is a BodyPart.
A collection of Cells and Tissues which are localized to a specific area of an Organism and which are not pathological. The instances of this Class range from gross structures to small components of complex Organs.
The class of Attributes expressing configurations of bodies or parts of bodies of animals or humans, e.g. standing, sitting, kneeling, lying down, etc.
Extracellular material and mixtures of cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted by an Organism. Included here are Substances such as saliva, dental enamel, sweat, and gastric acid.
Any tube-like structure which occurs naturally in an Organism and through which a BodySubstance can circulate.
The Class of Processes where an Object is heated and converted from a Liquid to a Gas.
Rigid Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up the skeleton of Vertebrates. Note that this Class also includes teeth.
The subclass of Getting Processes where the agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest).
The Process of respiration, by which oxygen is made available to an Animal. This covers processes of inhalation, exhalation, and alternations between the two.
The Class of StationaryArtifacts which are intended to house Humans and their activities.
A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of Physical.
One Byte of information. A Byte is eight Bits.
IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of Quantity.
The Class of Carnivores with completely separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles.
An element of living cells and a source of energy for Animals. This class includes both simple Carbohydrates, i.e. sugars, and complex Carbohydrates, i.e. starches.
The Class of flesh-eating Mammals. Members of this Class typically have four or five claws on each paw. Includes cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks.
Transfer from one point to another by means of an Animal or Human.
The Class of Predicates relating the spatially distinguished parts of a Process. CaseRoles include, for example, the agent, patient or destination of an action, the flammable substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain.
The fundamental structural and functional unit of living Organisms.
A TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 CelsiusDegrees and 100 CelsiusDegrees.
Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: cm. It is the 100th part of a Meter
A Text that confers a right or obligation on the holder of the Certificate. Note that the right or obligation need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants certain privileges in the professional world.
The Class of Processes where ownership of something is transferred from one Agent to another.
An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc. Note that a Character may or may not be part of a Language. Character is a subclass of SymbolicString, because every instance of Character is an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element.
The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which a CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products.
A ChemicalProcess occurs whenever chemical compounds (CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed. For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products appear as chemical change occurs. In a chemical change a chemical reaction takes place. Catalysts in a ChemicalProcess may speed up the reaction, but aren't themselves produced or consumed. Examples: rusting of iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen.
The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which a CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants.
A LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure. Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements like towns, villages, hamlets, etc.
Classes differ from Sets in three important respects. First, Classes are not assumed to be extensional. That is, distinct Classes might well have exactly the same instances. Second, Classes typically have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the Class. So, for example, the condition `human' determines the Class of Humans. Note that some Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the Class of Abstract things is Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves. Third, the instances of a class may occur only once within the class, i.e. a class cannot contain duplicate instances.
The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. Note that Classifying is distinguished from Learning by the fact that the latter covers the acquisition by a CognitiveAgent of any Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label or category.
Any TwoDimensionalFigure which has a well defined interior and exterior.
Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other materials that are used to cover the bodies of Humans.
Any GasMixture that is visible, e.g. Smoke produced by a fire or clouds of water vapor in the sky.
A SentientAgent with responsibilities and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc. This is essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person. Note that, although Human is a subclass of CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of Human. For example, chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials (if they exist) may be CognitiveAgents.
Vertebrates whose body temperature is not internally regulated.
Collections have members like Classes, but, unlike Classes, they have a position in space-time and members can be added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks of sheep.
The Class of Attributes relating to the color of Objects.
The subclass of SurfaceChange where a ColorAttribute of the patient is altered.
A Process where two or more SelfConnectedObjects are incorporated into a single SelfConnectedObject. Note that Combining is different from Attaching in that the former results in one of the objects being part of the other, while Attaching only results in the two objects being connected with one another. Note too that Combining is different from Putting in that one or both of the two things which are combined may or may not be moved from the location where they were combined.
The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which an Object reacts with oxygen and gives off heat. This includes all Processes in which something is burning.
An Agent that provides products and/or services for a fee with the aim of making a profit.
Any FinancialTransaction by a CommercialAgent where the aim is to produce a profit.
Instances of this Class commit the agent to some future course. For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm.
A SocialInteraction that involves the transfer of information between two or more CognitiveAgents. Note that Communication is closely related to, but essentially different from, ContentDevelopment. The latter involves the creation or modification of a ContentBearingObject, while Communication is the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message.
A BinaryFunction is commutative if the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value returned by the function. More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.
The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of two or more Entities.
A Number that has the form: x + yi, where x and y are RealNumbers and i is the square root of -1.
The Class of Substances that contain two or more elements (ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still retains all of the properties of the compound. Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O).
The class of Languages designed for and interpreted by a computer.
A set of instructions in a computer programming language that can be executed by a computer.
The Class of Processes where an Object is cooled and converted from a Gas to a Liquid.
The Class of Keeping Processes where the patient is a Human or an Animal and is kept involuntarily. This covers caging, imprisonment, jailing, etc.
Attributes that indicate whether an Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of an Organism.
A ConstantQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity which has a constant value, e.g. 3 meters and 5 hours. The magnitude (see MagnitudeFn) of every ConstantQuantity is a RealNumber. ConstantQuantities are distinguished from FunctionQuantities, which map ConstantQuantities to other ConstantQuantities. All ConstantQuantites are expressed with the BinaryFunction MeasureFn, which takes a Number and a UnitOfMeasure as arguments. For example, 3 Meters can be expressed as (MeasureFn 3 Meter). ConstantQuantities form a partial order (see PartialOrderingRelation) with the lessThan relation, since lessThan is a RelationExtendedToQuantities and lessThan is defined over the RealNumbers. The lessThan relation is not a total order (see TotalOrderingRelation) over the class ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as mass quantities).
An ConstructedLanguage is a HumanLanguage that did not evolve spontaneously within a language community, but rather had its core grammar and vocabulary invented by one or more language experts, often with an aim to produce a more grammatically regular language than any language that has evolved naturally. This Class includes languages like Esperanto that were created to facilitate international communication
The subclass of Making in which a StationaryArtifact is built.
Any SelfConnectedObject that expresses content. This content may be a Proposition, e.g. when the ContentBearingObject is a Sentence or Text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or physical object, as with an Icon, a Word or a Phrase.
A subclass of IntentionalProcess in which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew.
A SocialInteraction where the agent and patient are CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another. Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment.
A Class containing Attributes that are specific to participants in a Contest. In particular, these Attributes indicate the position of one of the agents in the Contest with respect to other agent(s) in the Contest. Some examples of these Attributes are winning, losing, won, lost, etc.
One of the seven largest land masses on earth, viz. Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. Note that this naming scheme is the one used in the CIA World Factbook.
Functions which are continuous. This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits are devised.
The Making of an instance of Food. Note that this can cover any preparation of Food, e.g. making a salad, cutting up fruit, etc. It does not necessarily involve the application of heat.
Any Decreasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity decreased is a TemperatureMeasure.
The subclass of SocialInteraction where the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common goal.
An Organization that has a special legal status that allows a group of persons to act as a CommercialAgent and that insulates the owners (shareholders) from many liabilities that might result from the corporation's operation.
A SelfConnectedObject whose parts have properties that are not shared by the whole.
Enumerating something. The Class of Calculating Processes where the aim is to determine the Number corresponding to the patient.
The Class of Putting processes where the agent covers the patient, either completely or only partially, with something else.
The subclass of Process in which something is created. Note that the thing created is specified with the result CaseRole.
A Class of Arthropods that mainly dwells in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton. Includes lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles.
English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a Pint.
Any element of the official currrency of some Nation. This covers both CurrencyBills and CurrencyCoins.
Any instance of Currency that is made of paper.
Any instance of Currency that is made of Metal.
Includes all standard measures of monetary value, including UnitedStatesDollar, UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc.
The subclass of Poking Processes which involve a sharp instrument.
The Class of Processes where the agent brings about a situation where the patient no longer functions normally or as intended.
The Class of all Months which are December.
The subclass of Selecting where the agent opts for one course of action out of a set of multiple possibilities that are open to him/her.
The Class of LinguisticCommunications that effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating.
Converting a document or message that has previously been encoded (see Encoding) into a Language that can be understood by a relatively large number of speakers.
Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity is decreased.
An Argument which has the form of a deduction, i.e. it is claimed that the set of premises entails the conclusion.
A Maneuver in a ViolentContest where the agent attempts to avoid being damaged.
Exhibiting something or a range of things before the public in a particular location. This would cover software demos, theatrical plays, lectures, dance and music recitals, museum exhibitions, etc.
A Class containing all of the Attributes relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition.
The spatial analogue of Planning. Designing a Collection of Objects involves determining a placement of the Objects with respect to one another and perhaps other Objects as well, in order to satisfy a particular purpose.
The subclass of Damagings in which the patient (or an essential element of the patient) is destroyed. Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely one of extent.
A Process where the agent detaches one thing from something else. Note that Detaching is different from Separating in that the latter applies to Substances, while the former applies to CorpuscularObjects. Note too that Detaching is different from Removing in that one or both of the two things which are detached may or may not be moved from the location where they were attached.
Attributes that indicate the stage of development of an Organism.
A Device is an Artifact whose purpose is to serve as an instrument in a specific subclass of Process.
A Process that is carried out for the purpose of determining the nature of a DiseaseOrSyndrome.
The Process by which Food that has been ingested is broken down into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by the Organism.
Instances of this Class urge some further action among the receivers. A Directing can be an Ordering, a Requesting or a Questioning.
The act of changing the direction in which the patient of the act is oriented.
The subclass of PositionalAttributes that concern compass directions.
Finding something that was sought. Note that this class is restricted to cases of discovering something Physical. For cases involving the acquisition of knowledge, the class Learning should be used.
A BiologicalAttribute which qualifies something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity of an Organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of one or more of the host's systems, parts, or Organs.
Any Communication that involves a single agent and many destinations. This covers the release of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc.
The Process by which liquid Food, i.e. Beverages, are incorporated into an Animal.
Controlling the direction and/or speed of a Vehicle. This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, operating a train, etc.
The Class of Processes where a Liquid is removed from an Object.
Any Process that requires two, nonidentical patients.
The Process by which solid Food is incorporated into an Animal.
A EducationalOrganization is an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12 schools, and colleges and universities.
Any Process which is intended to result in Learning.
The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody of an Animal. This includes Bird and Reptile eggs, as well as mammalian ova.
Election is the class of events conducted by an organization, in which qualified participants vote for officers, adopt resolutions, or settle other issues in that Organization.
SubatomicParticles that surround the AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge.
The Class of PureSubstances that cannot be separated into two or more Substances by ordinary chemical (or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. ElementalSubstances are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). ElementalSubstances are the simplest PureSubstances.
The Class of Attributes that denote emotional states of Organisms.
Converting a document or message into a formal language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small body of Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of the content in the original document or message.
A fundamental concept that applies in many engineering domains. An EngineeringComponent is an element of a Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense. Thus, an EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a system with a stable identity.
An EngineeringConnection is an EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between two other EngineeringComponents. It is a reification of the Predicate connectedEngineeringComponents. That means that whenever this Predicate holds between two EngineeringComponents, there exists an EngineeringConnection. The practical reason for reifying a relationship is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type. EngineeringConnections are EngineeringComponents and can therefore be an engineeringSubcomponent of other EngineeringComponents. However, to provide for modular regularity in component systems, EngineeringConnections cannot be connected. For each pair of EngineeringComponents related by connectedEngineeringComponents, there exists at least one EngineeringConnection. However, that object may not be unique, and the same EngineeringConnection may be associated with several pairs of EngineeringComponents.
The universal class of individuals. This is the root node of the ontology.
A BinaryRelation is an equivalence relation if it is a ReflexiveRelation, a SymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation.
A GroupOfPeople whose members originate from the same GeographicArea or share the same Language and/or cultural practices.
A currency measure. 1 EuroCent is equal to .01 EuroDollars.
A currency measure of most European Union countries. It is based on the UnitedStatesDollar.
An Integer that is evenly divisible by 2.
Investigating the truth of a Proposition by constructing and observing a trial. Note that the trial may be either controlled or uncontrolled, blind or not blind.
An Argument where the conclusion is an observed fact and the premises are other facts which collectively imply the conclusion. Note that this is the they hypothetico-deductive model of explanation.
Instances of this Class express a state of the agent. For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her. The thanking in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara. Note that Expressing, unlike the other speech act types, is not a subclass of LinguisticCommunication. This is because emotions, for example, can be expressed without language, e.g. by smiling.
Artifacts that are created by weaving together natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of Animals. Note that this Class includes articles that are created by stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads. On the other hand, Clothing is not a subclass of Fabric, because many clothing items contain elements that are not fabrics.
The class of Texts that purport to reveal facts about the world. Such texts are often known as information or as non-fiction. Note that something can be an instance of FactualText, even if it is wholly inaccurate. Whether something is a FactualText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating the text.
A TemperatureMeasure that is commonly used in the United States. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is 212 FahrenheitDegrees.
A GroupOfPeople whose members bear familyRelations to one another.
Nonrigid Tissue that is composed largely of fat cells.
The Class of all Months which are February.
The Class of Carnivores with completely separable toes, nonretractable claws, slim bodies, and rounded heads.
A NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue. This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns.
The class of Texts that purport to be largely a product of the author's imagination, i.e. the author does not believe that most of the content conveyed by the text is an accurate depiction of the real world. Note that something can be an instance of FictionalText, even if it is completely true. Whether something is a FictionalText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating the text.
An academic or applied discipline with recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note that FieldOfStudy is a subclass of Proposition, because a FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of this content.
A document having monetary value or recording a monetary transaction
A Transaction where an instance of Currency is exchanged for something else.
A Set containing a finite number of elements.
A cold-blooded aquatic Vertebrate characterized by fins and breathing by gills. Included here are Fish having either a bony skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark. Also included are those Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or hagfish.
A Plant that produces seeds and flowers. This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers.
Any SelfConnectedObject containing Nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a living Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue.
A syntactically well-formed formula in the SUO-KIF knowledge representation language.
The Class of Processes where an Object is cooled and converted from a Liquid to a Solid.
A WaterArea whose Water is not saline, e.g. most rivers and lakes.
Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a ripened ReproductiveBody of a Plant. Note that FruitOrVegetable is not a subclass of Food, because some fruits, e.g. poisonous berries, are not edible.
A Function is a term-forming Relation that maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this n-tuple with at most one range element. Note that the range is a SetOrClass, and each element of the range is an instance of the SetOrClass.
A FunctionQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity that is returned by a Function that maps from one or more instances of ConstantQuantity to another instance of ConstantQuantity. For example, the velocity of a particle would be represented by a FunctionQuantity relating values of time (which are ConstantQuantities) to values of distance (also ConstantQuantities). Note that all elements of the range of the Function corresponding to a FunctionQuantity have the same physical dimension as the FunctionQuantity itself.
Any instance of Giving where the patient is an instance of Currency. Note that this class covers both financing, e.g. where a firm funds a software company with venture capital with the agreement that a certain percentage of the profits on the investment will be returned to the firm, and instances of UnilateralGiving, e.g. providing a tuition waiver and/or a stipend to a student as part of scholarship or fellowship.
A eukaryotic Organism characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, and mushrooms.
A Contest whose purpose is the enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the Game.
Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Gas and any component other than Gas in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles which are suspended in the Gas.
Any Motion where the patient is a Gas. This class would cover, in particular, the motion of Air, e.g. a breeze or wind.
A geographic location, generally having definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass Region in that a GeographicArea is a three-dimensional Region of the earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all one-dimensional and two-dimensional Regions are not classed under GeographicArea.
The class of activities that are caused by geological forces and affect geological features, and which may affect the biosphere as well.
The class of all geometric figures, i.e. the class of all abstract, spatial representations. The instances of this class are GeometricPoints, TwoDimensionalFigures or ThreeDimensionalFigures.
The class of zero-dimensional GeometricFigures, i.e. the class of GeometricFigures that have position but lack extension in any dimension.
Any GeographicArea which is associated with some sort of political structure. This class includes Lands, Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc. Note that the identity of a GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders.
Any BodyMotion, e.g. a hand wave, a nod of the head, a smile, which is also an instance of Communication.
The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is obtained is specified with the origin CaseRole.
The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the agent gives the destination something.
Any instance of Giving where the agent gives something to the destination which was previously given to the agent by the destination, e.g. returing a book that was borrowed from someone.
GovernmentOrganization is the class of official Organizations that are concerned with the government of a GeopoliticalArea at some level. They may be a subOrganization of a government.
Any instance of Touching which results in a situation where the agent grasps the patient of the Touching.
The OrganizationalProcess of graduating from an EducationalOrganization.
Submultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. 1 kilogram = 1000 Grams.
A Collection of Agents, e.g. a flock of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop.
Any Group whose members are exclusively Humans.
The Process of biological development in which an Organism or part of an Organism changes its form or its size.
Any IntentionalProcess where the agent tries to direct the behavior of another Object, whether an Agent or not.
The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an auditory Organ.
Any Increasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity increased is a TemperatureMeasure.
SI frequency measure. Symbol: Hz. It is the number of cycles per second. Hertz = s^(-1). Note that Hertz does not have a conversion function.
OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an employee of an Organization.
A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface of an Object. Since every Hole is ontologically dependent on its host (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a Hole is defined as being a hole in something. Note that two Holes may occupy the same region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts.
Includes Humans and relatively recent ancestors of Humans.
The Class of quadruped Mammals with hooves. Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc.
A ResidentialBuilding which provides temporary accommodations to guests in exchange for money.
Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo genus.
The subclass of Languages used by Humans.
This is the subclass of ContentBearingObjects which are not part of a Language and which have some sort of similarity with the Objects that they represent. This Class would include symbolic roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc.
Any Number that is the result of multiplying a RealNumber by the square root of -1.
Any Touching where something comes into sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples would be striking, knocking, whipping etc.
The subclass of Transfer where the patient travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc.
Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity is increased.
An Argument which is inductive, i.e. it is claimed that a set of specific cases makes the conclusion, which generalizes these cases, more likely to be true.
Measures of the amount of information. Includes Bit, Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. KiloByte and MegaByte.
The Process by which Food is taken into an Animal.
This is a Class of Classes. Each instance of InheritableRelation is a subclass of Relation whose properties can be inherited downward in the class hierarchy via the subrelation Predicate.
Inserting a BiologicallyActiveSubstance into an Animal or a Human with a syringe.
The process of creating a traumatic wound or injury. Since Injuring is not possible without some biologic function of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of BiologicalProcess.
A Class of small Arthropods that are air-breathing and that are distinguished by appearance.
Putting one thing inside of another thing.
A Process that has a specific purpose for the CognitiveAgent who performs it.
An IntentionalProcess that can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an Organism. Thus, for example, Reasoning is a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain. On the other hand, RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because many instances of RecreationOrExercise necessarily have subProcesses of BodyMotion.
The Class of Relations between an Agent and one or more Entities, where the Relation requires that the Agent have awareness of the Entity.
Any Attribute of an Entity that is an internal property of the Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, etc.
Processes which involve altering an internal property of an Object, e.g. the shape of the Object, its coloring, its structure, etc. Processes that are not instances of this class include changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in spatial or temporal location.
Any Process of assigning a Proposition to a Text, i.e. understanding the Text.
A BinaryRelation ?REL is intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.
DeductiveArguments that are not ValidDeductiveArguments, i.e. it is not the case that the set of premises in fact entails the conclusion.
The class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses where the agent attempts to obtaina information (i.e. a Proposition denoted by a Formula).
Any RealNumber that is not also a RationalNumber.
Relation ?REL is irreflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) holds for no value of ?INST.
A LandArea that is completely surrounded by a WaterArea.
The Class of all Months which are January.
The OrganizationalProcess of becoming a member of an Organization.
The subclass of Selecting where the agent opts for one belief out of a set of multiple possibilities that are available to him/her.
JudicialOrganization is the class of Organizations whose primary purpose is to render judgments according to the statutes or regulations of a government or other organization. Judicial bodies are not necessarily government organizations, for example, those associated with sporting associations.
Any legal proceeding which is conducted by a JudicialOrganization. Note that there is an important difference between the concepts LegalAction and JudicialProcess. The former refers to legal claims that are brought by a plaintiff, e.g. law suits, while the second refers to trials and other sorts of judicial hearings where the merits of a LegalAction are decided.
The Class of Processes where the agent keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time.
SI TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be 273.16 KelvinDegrees while it is 0 CelsiusDegrees. The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition the conversion constant is 273.15.
The subclass of Destruction in which the death of an Organism is caused by an Organism. Note that in cases of suicide the Organism would be the same in both cases.
One KiloByte (KB) of information. One KiloByte is 1024 Bytes. Note that this sense of 'kilo' is different from the one accepted in the SI system.
An area which is predominantly solid ground, e.g. a Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a LandArea may contain some relatively small WaterAreas. For example, Australia is a LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes.
LandTransitway is the subclass of Transitway that represents areas intended for motion over the ground.
A system of signs for expressing thought. The system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created by a person or group of people.
The Class of all leap years. These are years which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century).
The Class of Processes which relate to the acquisition of information.
The OrganizationalProcess of leaving an Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily.
Any Process where a CognitiveAgent seeks to obtain something through a court of law.
A decision issued by a court with respect to a LegalAction. Note that a LegalDecision is the act of Declaring a decision of a court; it is not the act of judge or jury Deciding the merits of a particular LegalAction.
The subclass of Giving Processes where the agent gives the destination something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest).
The Class of ConstantQuantities relating to length.
A Communication that involves the transfer of information via a LinguisticExpression.
This is the subclass of ContentBearingObjects which are language-related. Note that this Class encompasses both Language and the the elements of Languages, e.g. Words.
Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Liquid and any component other than Liquid in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles which are suspended in the Liquid.
Any Motion where the patient is a Liquid. This class would cover, in particular, the flow of Water.
Every List is a particular ordered n-tuple of items. Generally speaking, Lists are created by means of the ListFn Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other Lists, may be an item in a List. Note too that Lists are extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are identical. Note too that a List may contain no items. In that case, the List is the NullList.
Any instance of Hearing which is intentional.
Unit of volume in the metric system. It is currently defined to be equal to one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l.
Any instance of Seeing which is intentional.
Machines are Devices that that have a well-defined resource and result and that automatically convert the resource into the result.
The Class of Processes where the agent cares for or maintains the Object.
The subclass of Creation in which an individual Artifact or a type of Artifact is made.
A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat glands.
OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing the activities of others. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess and its sibling Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between the manager and the managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred.
An intentional move or play within a Contest. In many cases, a Maneuver is a realization of part of a strategy for winning the Contest, but it also may be just an arbitrary or semi-arbitrary division of the overarching Contest, e.g. innings in a baseball game.
A ManualHumanLanguage is a HumanLanguage which has as its medium gestures and movement, such as the shape, position, and movement of the hands.
The Making of Artifacts on a mass scale.
Any Corporation which manufactures Products.
The Class of all Months which are March.
The Class of Mammals which have a pouch for their young.
The Class of ConstantQuantities relating to the amount of matter in an Object.
The OrganizationalProcess of joining an EducationalOrganization as a student.
The Class of Calculating Processes where the aim is to determine the PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the patient.
Any Device whose purpose is to measure a PhysicalQuantity.
Any Food which was originally part of an Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal blood that is eaten as food. Note that this class covers both raw meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking. Note too that preparations involving Meat and FruitOrVegetable are classed directly under Food.
The coming together of two or more CognitiveAgents for the purpose of Communication. This covers informal meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board of directors meeting.
One MegaByte (MB) of information. One MegaByte is 1024 KiloBytes. Note that this sense of 'mega' is different from the one accepted in the SI system.
The Class of Processes where an Object is heated and converted from a Solid to a Liquid.
Any Corporation which sells goods or services to customers for a profit.
A Metal is an ElementalSubstance that conducts heat and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered into sheets or drawn into wire. About 80% of the known chemical elements (ElementalSubstances) are metals.
SI LengthMeasure. Symbol: m. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the Meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a SecondDuration.
An Organism that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope.
MilitaryForce is the subclass of Organizations that are organized along military lines and for the purpose of either defensive or offensive combat, whether or not the force is an official GovernmentOrganization.
Any heavily armed Organization that is part of a Government and that is charged with representing the Government in international conflicts.
Any Process that is carried out by a military organization. Note that this class covers Processes, e.g. military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as those which are unscripted.
Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral.
A Mixture is two or more PureSubstances, combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties. The components of a Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete.
A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O. A molecule is two or more Atoms linked by a chemical bond.
Soft-bodied Invertebrate that is usually contained in a shell. Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs, octopi, and squid.
Various Primates with relatively long tails.
Part of a Word which cannot be subdivided and which expresses a meaning.
A NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little if any vascular tissue.
Nonrigid Tissue appearing only in Animals and composed largely of contractile cells.
The subclass of RadiatingSound where the sound is intended to be melodic and is produced deliberately.
A Device which is manipulated by a Human and whose purpose is to produce Music.
A SetOrClass is a MutuallyDisjointClass just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of the original SetOrClass.
A Class of Arthropods that includes centipedes and millipedes.
The Process of assigning a name to someone or something.
The broadest GeopoliticalArea, i.e. Nations are GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts of loose international organizations).
The subclass of HumanLanguages which are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural languages.
Any Substance that is not the result of an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally.
Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have no charge.
A Plant that reproduces with spores and does not produce flowers.
Any SetOrClass that contains at least one instance.
An Integer that is greater than or equal to zero.
A RealNumber that is greater than or equal to zero.
A Class containing all of the Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics, etiquette, etc. Many of these attributes express a judgement that something ought or ought not to be the case.
One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Objects.
A Phrase that has the same function as a Noun.
The Class of all Months which are November.
Any SetOrClass that contains no instances.
A measure of how many things there are, or how much there is, of a certain kind. Numbers are subclassed into RealNumber, ComplexNumber, and ImaginaryNumber.
A BiologicallyActiveSubstance required by an Organism. It is generally ingested as Food, and it is of primary interest because of its role in the biologic functioning of the Organism.
Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, and locations of Processes, the complement of Objects in the Physical class. In a 4D ontology, an Object is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the time-axis.
The Class of IntentionalRelations where the Agent has awareness of an instance of Physical.
The Class of NormativeAttributes that are associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable.
The Class of all Months which are October.
An Integer that is not evenly divisible by 2.
The subclass of Committing in which a CognitiveAgent offers something Physical to another agent. Offerings may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a Transaction of some sort).
The class of GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along a single dimension, viz. straight lines.
The Class of UnaryFunctions which are one to one. A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y).
The class of TwoDimensionalFigures that are not ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures.
A Directing in which the receiver is commanded to realize the content of a ContentBearingObject. Orders are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee.
A somewhat independent BodyPart that performs a specialized function. Note that this functional definition covers bodily systems, e.g. the digestive system or the central nervous system.
A PhysiologicProcess of a particular Organ or Tissue.
This class encompasses Organisms, CorpuscularObjects that are parts of Organisms, i.e. BodyParts, and CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies.
Generally, a living individual, including all Plants and Animals.
A physiologic function of the Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple Organs or Tissues.
An Organization is a corporate or similar institution. The members of an Organization typically have a common purpose or function. Note that this class also covers divisions, departments, etc. of organizations. For example, both the Shell Corporation and the accounting department at Shell would both be instances of Organization. Note too that the existence of an Organization is dependent on the existence of at least one member (since Organization is a subclass of Collection). Accordingly, in cases of purely legal organizations, a fictitious member should be assumed.
An IntentionalProcess that involves an Organization.
English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a Cup.
A SetOrClass is a PairwiseDisjointClass just in case every instance of the SetOrClass is either equal to or disjoint from every other instance of the SetOrClass.
An Organization which is much like a MilitaryOrganization, e.g. it is made up of armed fighters, except that it is not associated with a Government.
A BinaryRelation is a partial ordering if it is a ReflexiveRelation, an AntisymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation.
A Relation is a PartialValuedRelation just in case it is not a TotalValuedRelation, i.e. just in case assigning values to every argument position except the last one does not necessarily mean that there is a value assignment for the last argument position. Note that, if a Relation is both a PartialValuedRelation and a SingleValuedRelation, then it is a partial function.
An umbrella Class for any Word that does not fit into the other subclasses of Word. A ParticleWord is generally a small term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of', 'since', etc. At some point, this class might be broken up into the subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc. Note that the class ParticleWord includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. 'she', 'hers', 'it', 'its', etc.
A Certificate that expresses the content of an invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental entity.
A disordered process, activity, or state of the Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of multiple Organs or Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have systemic effects.
Sensing some aspect of the material world. Note that the agent of this sensing is assumed to be an Animal.
A Series whose elements are published separately and on a periodic basis.
A Residence where people live, i.e. where people have a home.
A set of Words in a Language which form a unit, i.e. express a meaning in the Language.
An entity that has a location in space-time. Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in space-time.
A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial coordinates). All PhysicalQuantities are either ConstantQuantities or FunctionQuantities. Instances of ConstantQuantity are dependent on a UnitOfMeasure, while instances of FunctionQuantity are Functions that map instances of ConstantQuantity to other instances of ConstantQuantity (e.g., TimeDependentQuantities are FunctionQuantities). Although the name and definition of PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, PhysicalQuantities need not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of PhysicalQuantity. PhysicalQuantities are distinguished from Numbers by the fact that the former are associated with a dimension of measurement.
The physical state of an Object. There are three reified instances of this Class: Solid, Liquid, and Gas. Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical states) of a given substance. For example, melting an iron nail yields a substance still called iron.
A normal process of an Organism or part of an Organism.
English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a Quart.
A specification of a sequence of Processes which is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time.
Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a set of goals or objectives.
An Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing by synthesis of Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion.
AnatomicalStructures that are possessed exclusively by Plants.
BodySubstances that are produced exclusively by Plants.
The Class of Processes where the agent pierces the surface of the Object with an instrument.
Any GovernmentOrganization that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the Government.
An Organization that is a subOrganization of a Government, or an Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort of political change.
An OrganizationalProcess carried out by, for or against officially constituted governments. Some examples would be voting on proposed legislation, electing a government representative, or even overthrowing a government in a revolution.
A powder produced by FloweringPlants that contains male gametes and is capable of fertilizing the seeds of FloweringPlants of the same species.
A formal position of reponsibility within an Organization. Examples of Positions include president, laboratory director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc.
Attributes characterizing the orientation of an Object, e.g. Vertical versus Horizontal, Left versus Right etc.
A RealNumber that is greater than zero.
Precipitation is the process of water molecules falling from the air to the ground, in either a liquid or frozen state.
A Predicate is a sentence-forming Relation. Each tuple in the Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects. The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a Predicate is denoted by '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)', where the arg_i are the objects so related. In the case of BinaryPredicates, the fact can be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2' or `a *predicate* of arg_1 is arg_2'.
The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the formulation of a Proposition about a state of affairs which might be realized in the future.
A Phrase that begins with a preposition and that functions as an Adjective or an Adverb.
Any SocialInteraction where a CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents attempts to make another CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents believe something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few examples.
Colors which can be blended to form any color and which cannot be derived from any other colors.
The Class of Mammals which are Primates.
An Integer that is evenly divisible only by itself and 1.
A class containing all of the Attributes relating to objective, qualitative assessments of probability, e.g. Likely and Unlikely.
The Class of Relations that permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation.
A sequence-dependent specification. Some examples are ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts of plays and movies.
Intuitively, the class of things that happen and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events like a football match or a race, actions like Pursuing and Reading, and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that lasts for a time but is not an Object. Note that a Process may have participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages roughly perpendicular to the time-axis.
An Artifact that is produced by Manufacture and that is intended to be sold.
Propositions are Abstract entities that express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the Proposition that the entity named Yojo is an element of the Class of Cats. Note that propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual sentences of a Language. They may encompass the content expressed by theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish Propositions from the ContentBearingObjects that express them. A Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, but a ContentBearingObject is an Object that represents this information. A Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the Proposition that the cat is on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form
The Class of IntentionalRelations where the Agent has awareness of a Proposition.
A Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have a positive charge.
Attributes that characterize the mental or behavioral life of an Organism.
A clinically significant dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies or manifestations.
A BiologicalProcess which takes place in the mind or brain of an Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior of the Organism.
The Manufacture of Texts. Note that there is no implication that the Texts are distributed. Such distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of Dissemination.
The Class of Substances with constant composition. A PureSubstance can be either an element (ElementalSubstance) or a compound of elements (CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2).
The class of IntentionalProcesses where something is sought. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking.
The Class of Processes where something is put in a location. Note that the location is specified with the CaseRole destination.
Any specification of how many or how much of something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of Quantity: Number (how many) and PhysicalQuantity (how much).
Any InternalChange where a PhysicalQuantity associated with the patient is altered.
English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a UnitedStatesGallon.
The Class of Functions that require exactly four arguments.
The Class of Predicates that require four arguments.
QuaternaryRelations relate four items. The two subclasses of QuaternaryRelation are QuaternaryPredicate and TernaryFunction.
A request for information. For example, John asked Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union address.
The Class of Predicates that require five arguments.
QuintaryRelations relate five items. The two subclasses of QuintaryRelation are QuintaryPredicate and QuaternaryFunction.
SI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. Radian = m/m = 1.
Processes in which some form of electromagnetic radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given off or absorbed by something else.
The subclass of Radiating in which light is given off or absorbed. Some examples include blinking, flashing, and glittering.
Releasing atomic energy, i.e. energy from a nuclear reaction.
The subclass of Radiating in which sound waves are given off or absorbed. Some examples include creaking, roaring, and whistling.
A TemperatureMeasure. Note that 0 RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 KelvinDegrees).
Any RealNumber that is the product of dividing two Integers.
A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from a written form into a spoken representation. Note that the class Interpreting should be used in cases where a Text is read silently.
Any Number that can be expressed as a (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any Number that has a position on the number line.
The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive evidence, that a particular Proposition or Sentence is true.
A Process that is carried out for the purpose of recreation or exercise. Since RecreationOrExercise is a subclass of IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether or not it is an instance of the class. Hence, if John and Bill watch the same program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely to satisfy an educational requirement, then John's watching the movie is an instance of RecreationOrExercise, while Bill's is not (both cases of watching the television program would however be in the class of Seeing, since being an instance of this latter class is not determined by intention).
Relation ?REL is reflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST.
A topographic location. Regions encompass surfaces of Objects, imaginary places, and GeographicAreas. Note that a Region is the only kind of Object which can be located at itself. Note too that Region is not a subclass of SelfConnectedObject, because some Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have parts which are not connected with one another.
an Guiding whose aim is the enforcement of rules or regulations. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess and the related concept Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred.
The Class of relations. There are three kinds of Relation: Predicate, Function, and List. Predicates and Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between these two Classes is that Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while Functions cover term-forming operators. A List, on the other hand, is a particular ordered n-tuple.
A RelationExtendedToQuantities is a Relation that, when it is true on a sequence of arguments that are RealNumbers, it is also true on a sequence of ConstantQuantites with those magnitudes in some unit of measure. For example, the lessThan relation is extended to quantities. This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2, (lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1, ?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT), ?QUANTITY2 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2), for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured. Note that, when a RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from RealNumbers to ConstantQuantities, the ConstantQuantities must be measured along the same physical dimension.
Any Attribute that an Entity has by virtue of a relationship that it bears to another Entity or set of Entities, e.g. SocialRoles and PositionalAttributes.
An Organization whose members share a set of religious beliefs.
An OrganizationalProcess that is carried out within or by a ReligiousOrganization.
The Class of PsychologicalProcesses which involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge which was previously acquired.
The Class of Processes where something is taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location are specified with the CaseRoles patient and origin, respectively.
The Class of Processes where the agent makes a modification or series of modifications to an Object that is not functioning as intended so that it works properly.
The Process of biological reproduction. This can be either a sexual or an asexual process.
Any ArtWork that represents something Physical.
Reproductive structure of Organisms. Consists of an Embryonic Object and a nutritive/protective envelope. Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and FruitOrVegetables, as well as the eggs produced by Animals.
A ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external covering of scales or horny plates. Reptiles breathe by means of Lungs and generally lay eggs.
A request expresses a desire that some future action be performed. For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support from the 3rd Bomber Group. Note that this class covers proposals, recommendations, suggestions, etc.
A Building or part of a Building which provides some accomodation for sleeping.
A Building which provides some accomodation for sleeping. Note that this class does not cover just permanent residences, e.g. Houses and condominium and apartment buildings, but also temporary residences, e.g. hotels and dormitories. ResidentialBuildings are also distinguished from CommercialBuildings, which are intended to serve an organizational rather than a residential function.
Roadway is the subclass of LandTransitways that are areas intended for surface travel by self-powered, wheeled vehicles, excluding those that travel on tracks. Roadways have been at least minimally improved to enable the passage of vehicles. Roadways include dirt and gravelled roads, paved streets, and expressways.
The Class of Mammals with one or two pairs of incisors for gnawing. Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.
A properPart of a Building which is separated from the exterior of the Building and/or other Rooms of the Building by walls. Some Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking, entertainment, etc.
Ambulating relatively quickly, i.e. moving in such a way that, with each step, neither foot is in contact with the ground for a period of time.
A WaterArea whose Water is saline, e.g. oceans and seas.
A Class of Attributes that specify, in a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of Object in another kind of Object.
SI TimeDuration. Symbol: s. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.
The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody of a FloweringPlant.
The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an ocular Organ.
The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve opting for one or more Entity out of a larger set of Entities. Note that this covers all cases of judging or evaluating.
A SelfConnectedObject is any Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts.
A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of Physical is exchanged for an instance of CurrencyMeasure.
A syntactically well-formed formula of a Language. It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a Proposition.
An Agent that has rights but may or may not have responsibilities and the ability to reason. If the latter are present, then the Agent is also an instance of CognitiveAgent. Domesticated animals are an example of SentientAgents that are not also CognitiveAgents.
A Process where a SelfConnectedObject is separated into (some of) its parts. Note that Separating is different from Detaching in that the latter only results in the two objects not being connected. Note too that Separating is different from Removing in that one or both of the two things which are separated may or may not be moved from the location where they were separated.
The Class of all Months which are September.
The Class of OneToOneFunctions whose range is a subclass of the PositiveIntegers.
A Text consisting of multiple self-contained units. Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple dozen volumes, a television series made up of many episodes, a film serial, etc.
A SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. Sets differ from Classes in two important respects. First, Sets are extensional - two Sets with the same elements are identical. Second, a Set can be an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that Sets have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that Sets are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. elements of a Set may occur more than once in the Set.
The SetOrClass of Sets and Classes, i.e. any instance of Abstract that has elements or instances.
Attributes that indicate the sex of an Organism.
Sexual Processes of biological reproduction.
Any Attribute that relates to the shape of an Object.
The Process of changing the shape of an Object.
The subclass of Impelling where the patient is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of Device.
A ShoreArea is a LandArea approximately 1-3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river, or lake. A ShoreArea may comprise a variety of LandForms, such as dunes, sloughs, and marshes.
A PermanentResidence which is intended to be the home of a single SocialUnit. This class covers Houses, ApartmentUnits, and CondominiumUnits.
A Relation is a SingleValuedRelation just in case an assignment of values to every argument position except the last one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position. Note that not all SingleValuedRelations are TotalValuedRelations.
The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an olefactory Organ.
A mixture of fine particles suspended in a gas that is produced by Combustion.
The subclass of IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between CognitiveAgents.
The Class of all Attributes that specify the position or status of a CognitiveAgent within an Organization or other Group.
A GroupOfPeople who all have the same home.
A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes. A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition. Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given amount of water.
The Class of Relations that are spatial in a wide sense. This Class includes mereological relations and topological relations.
Any LinguisticGeneration which is also a Vocalizing, i.e. any LinguisticCommunication by a Human which involves his/her vocal cords.
A SpokenHumanLanguage is a HumanLanguage which has as its medium the human voice. It can also berepresented visually through writing, although not all SpokenHumanLanguages have a codified written form.
Any ReproductiveBody of a NonFloweringPlant.
A Game which requires some degree of physical exercion from the participants of the game.
Any Process where the PhysicalState of part of the patient of the Process changes.
The class StateOfMind is distinguished from its complement TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's behavioral/psychological make-up.
Administrative subdivisions of a Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that may exist. This Class includes the states of the United States, as well as the provinces of Canada and European countries.
A WaterArea in which water does not flow constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds.
Instances of this Class commit the agent to some truth. For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese.
A StationaryArtifact is an Artifact that has a fixed spatial location. Most instances of this Class are architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers, single-family houses, etc.
SI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. Another definition is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. Steradian = m^2/m^2 = 1.
A relatively narrow WaterArea where the water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream, etc.
The class of ElementalSubstances that are smaller than Atoms and compose Atoms.
The Class of NormativeAttributes which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of these Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the same subject over time. This Class is, generally speaking, only used when mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO. If a term from such a knowledge source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to this Class.
An Object in which every part is similar to every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a Substance may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part to another. An example would be a body of water.
The Class of Transfers where one thing is replaced with something else.
A short Text that is a summary of another, longer Text.
Instances of this Class suppose, for the sake of argument, that a proposition is true. For example, John considered what he would do if he won the lottery.
Processes which involve altering the properties that apply to the surface of an Object.
Any TherapeuticProcess that involves making an incision in the Animal that is the patient of the TherapeuticProcess.
A LiquidMixture where at least one of the components of the Mixture is equally distributed throughout the Mixture but is not dissolved in it.
A BinaryRelation ?REL is symmetric just in case (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2.
Any Substance that is the result of an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by Humans.
The Class of Systeme International (SI) units.
The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by Touching. Note that Touching need not involve TactilePerception. For example, a person who has lost all sensation in both of his legs would have no TactilePerception of anything his legs were Touching.
The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by of an Organ which can discriminate various tastes.
Measures of temperature. In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing.
The Class of temporal Relations. This Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, (temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension.
A Residence which is strictly temporary, i.e. where no one makes his/her home.
OrganizationalProcesses where someone ceases to be an employee of an Organization. Note that this covers being laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job.
The Class of Functions that require exactly three arguments.
The Class of Predicates that require exactly three arguments.
TernaryRelations relate three items. The two subclasses of TernaryRelation are TernaryPredicate and BinaryFunction.
A LinguisticExpression or set of LinguisticExpressions that perform a specific function related to Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular topic, and that are inscribed in a CorpuscularObject by Humans.
A Process that is carried out for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated with a DiseaseOrSyndrome.
The class of GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along three dimensions, viz. geometric solids like polyhedrons and cylinders.
A UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity of continuous time. All instances of this Class are returned by Functions that map a time quantity into another ConstantQuantity such as temperature. For example, 'the temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a TimeDependentQuantity since its value depends on the time.
Any measure of length of time, with or without respect to the universal timeline.
An interval of time. Note that a TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal timeline. Note too that a TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals.
The class of temporal durations (instances of TimeDuration) and positions of TimePoints and TimeIntervals along the universal timeline (instances of TimePosition).
An extensionless point on the universal timeline. The TimePoints at which Processes occur can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually TimePoints are point-like and not interval-like. That is, it doesn't make sense to talk about how long a TimePoint lasts.
Any TimePoint or TimeInterval along the universal timeline from NegativeInfinity to PositiveInfinity.
An Attribute which is used to specify coordinates in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to the same TimePositions.
An aggregation of similarly specialized Cells and the associated intercellular substance. Tissues are relatively non-localized in comparison to BodyParts, Organs or Organ components. The main features of Tissues are self-connectivity (see SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the same granularity are instances of Tissue as well).
A BinaryRelation is a TotalOrderingRelation if it is a PartialOrderingRelation and a TrichotomizingRelation.
A Relation is a TotalValuedRelation just in case there exists an assignment for the last argument position of the Relation given any assignment of values to every argument position except the last one. Note that declaring a Relation to be both a TotalValuedRelation and a SingleValuedRelation means that it is a total function.
Any Transfer where two Objects are brought into immediate physical contact with one another.
Attributes that indicate the the behavior/personality traits of an Organism.
The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where something is exchanged for something else.
Any instance of Translocation where the agent and the patient are not the same thing.
A BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.
Transitway is the broadest class of regions which may be passed through as a path in instances of Translocation. Transitway includes land, air, and sea regions, and it includes both natural and artificial transitways.
Converting content from one Language into another. This covers oral translation (i.e. interpreting) as well as written translation.
Translocation is that class of Motions in which an object moves from one place to another. In the case of round trips, the origin and destination are the same, but the intervening motion passes through other locations. Translocation represents linear motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place. A vehicle is not necessary; Ambulating is a kind of Translocation.
Motion from one point to another by means of a TransportationDevice.
A TransportationDevice is a Device which serves as the instrument in a Transportation Process which carries the patient of the Process from one point to another.
A BinaryRelation ?REL is a TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of distinct individuals are elements of ?REL.
The Class of truth values, e.g. True and False. These are Attributes of Sentences and Propositions.
Any two OneDimensionalFigures (i.e. straight lines) meeting at a single GeometricPoint.
The class of GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along two dimensions, viz. plane figures like circles and polygons.
The class of FunctionQuantities that are returned by UnaryFunctions that map from the Class ConstantQuantity to the Class ConstantQuantity.
The Class of Functions that require a single argument.
The Class of Removing processes where the agent uncovers the patient, either completely or only partially.
Any instance of Detaching which results in a situation where it is not the case that the agent grasps something which he/she grasps previously.
Any instance of Getting that is not part of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Getting where nothing is given in return. Some examples of UnilateralGetting are: appropriating, commandeering, stealing, etc.
Any instance of Giving that is not part of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Giving where nothing is received in return. Some examples of UnilateralGiving are: honorary awards, gifts, and financial grants.
A List in which no item appears more than once, i.e. a List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 such that (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) return the same value.
A standard of measurement for some dimension. For example, the Meter is a UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, as is the Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a UnitOfMeasure that makes it primitive or fundamental; rather, a system of units (e.g. SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and assigns units for each.
A currency measure. 1 UnitedStatesCent is equal to .01 UnitedStatesDollars.
Unit of volume commonly used in the United States.
A DeductiveArgument which is valid, i.e. the set of premises in fact entails the conclusion.
The Class of Relations that do not have a fixed number of arguments.
Vehicle is the subclass of TransportationDevices that transport passengers or goods from one place to another by moving from one place to the other with them, e.g., cars, trucks, ferries, and airplanes. Contrast with devices such as pipelines, escalators, or supermarket checkout belts, which carry items from one place to another by means of a moving part, without the device removing from the origin to the destination.
One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Processes.
A Phrase that has the same function as a Verb.
A Contest where one participant attempts to physically injure another participant.
An Organism consisting of a core of a single nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the usual characteristics of living things.
A Nutrient present in natural products or made synthetically, which is essential in the diet of Humans and other higher Animals. Included here are Vitamin precursors and provitamins.
Any instance of RadiatingSound where the instrument is the Human vocal cords. This covers grunts, screams, roars, as well as Speaking.
Measures of the amount of space in three dimensions.
Voting is the activity of voting in an Election. Voting is typically done by individuals, while Elections are conducted by Organizations. The voting process by an individual voter is part of an Election process.
Ambulating relatively slowly, i.e. moving in such a way that at least one foot is always in contact with the ground.
A military confrontation between two or more GeopoliticalAreas or Organizations whose members are GeopoliticalAreas. As the corresponding axiom specifies, a War is made up of Battles.
Vertebrates whose body temperature is internally regulated.
The Class of samples of the compound H20. Note that this Class covers both pure and impure Water.
A body which is made up predominantly of water, e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.
Any Cloud that is composed primarily of water vapor.
The Class of Devices that are designed primarily to damage or destroy Humans/Animals, StationaryArtifacts or the places inhabited by Humans/Animals.
WeatherProcess is the broadest class of processes that involve weather, including weather seasons (not to be confused with instances of SeasonOfYear), weather systems, and short-term weather events.
Any Declaring that leads to one person being the spouse of another.
Time unit. A week's duration is seven days.
The Class of Processes where a Liquid is added to an Object.
A term of a Language that represents a concept.
Long, narrow, soft-bodied Invertebrates.
A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented mentally) into a written form. Note that this class covers both transcription and original creation of written Texts.
Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year = 365 days = 31536000 seconds.
This is a PositionalAttribute derived from the up/down schema and not involving contact. Note that this means directly above, i.e., if one object is Above another object, then the projections of the two objects overlap.
Used to assert that an object ?OBJ1 is close to, near or abutting ?OBJ2. This PositionalAttribute covers the following common sense notions: adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to, is juxtaposed, and is close to.
Attribute that applies to Organisms that are sleeping.
Attribute that applies to Organisms that are neither Unconscious nor Asleep.
This PositionalAttribute is derived from the up/down schema and may or may not involve contact. Note that this means directly below, i.e., if one object is Below another object, then the projections of the two objects overlap.
A TimeZone which functions as the standard time zone. It is also known as Zulu time (in the military), Greenwich Mean Time, and the Western European time zone. Note that whenever a TimeZone is not specified, the TimePosition is understood to be with respect to the CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone.
An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object contains some Liquid.
This Attribute applies to Organisms that are not alive.
An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object contains no Liquid.
An Attribute indicating that an Organism is female in nature.
Something is Fillable if it can be filled by something else. Note that 'filled' here means perfectly filled.
Fluid is the PhysicalState attribute of an Object that does not have a fixed shape and thus tends to flow or to conform to the shape of a container.
The stage of an Organism when it has reached the end of its growth phase.
An Object has the Attribute of Gas if it has neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape.
Attribute used to indicate that an Object is positioned width-wise with respect to another Object.
This PositionalAttribute is derived from the left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the left, so that, if one object is to the left of another, then the projections of the two objects overlap.
The ProbabilityAttribute of being probable, i.e. more likely than not to be True.
An Object has the Attribute of Liquid if it has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape.
This Attribute applies to Organisms that are alive.
An Attribute indicating that an Organism is male in nature.
An Object with this Attribute has the same color on every part of its surface.
The relation of common sense adjacency. Note that, if an object is Near another object, then the objects are not connected.
Attribute that applies to Propositions that are necessary, i.e. true in every possible world.
The TimePoint that is before all other TimePoints.
The stage of an Organism before it is FullyFormed.
NumberE is the RealNumber that is the base for natural logarithms. It is approximately equal to 2.718282.
Attribute that applies to Propositions that an Agent is required, by some authority, to make true.
This is used to assert that an object is on top of another object, and it is derived from the up/down schema and involves contact.
Attribute that applies to Propositions that an Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true.
Pi is the RealNumber that is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter. It is approximately equal to 3.141592653589793.
An extremely energetic PhysicalState that consists of atomic nuclei stripped of electrons. That is, a plasma is composed of positive ions and free electrons. Plasma behaves differently enough from Gas that it is referred to as the fourth state of matter.
An Object with this Attribute has different colors on different parts of its surface.
The TimePoint that is after all other TimePoints.
Attribute that applies to Propositions that are possible, i.e. true in at least one possible world.
Prohibition is the DeonticAttribute that applies to Formulas that an Agent is forbidden, by some authority, to make true.
The BodyPosition of lying down, being in a horizontal position.
This PositionalAttribute is derived from the left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the right, so that, if one object is to the right of another, then the projections of the two objects overlap.
The BodyPosition of being recumbent, i.e. knees bent and back side supported.
An Object has the Attribute of Solid if it has a fixed shape and a fixed volume.
The BodyPosition of being upright, i.e. being fully extended and supported by nothing other than one's own feet.
Attribute that applies to Organisms that are unconscious. An Organism may be Unconscious because it is Dead or because of a blow to the head, a drug, etc.
The Attribute of a CognitiveAgent when he/she is unemployed.
The ProbabilityAttribute of being improbable, i.e. more likely than not to be False.
Attribute used to indicate that an Object is positioned height-wise with respect to another Object.
An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object is fully saturated with a Liquid, i.e. every part of the Object has a subpart which is a Liquid.
A Promise where nothing is promised in return, i.e. a nudum pactum.
The stage of an Organism or an AnatomicalStructure that exists only before the Organism is born. Mammals, for example, have this Attribute only prior to their birth.
Attribute that applies to Propositions that are required by a government or a branch of the government and that are enforced with penalties for noncompliance. These Propositions may be codified as legislation or they may be more informal, as in the case of government policy.
Attribute that applies to Propositions that an Agent promises to make true. Promises may be implicit or explicit. They may be expressed in a written or verbal or gestural manner.
Form of most Invertebrates, Amphibians, and Fish immediately after they hatch. This form is fundamentally unlike the adult form, and metamorphosis is required to reach the latter form.
Attribute that applies to Propositions where something is promised in return, i.e. a reciprocal promise.