has-location
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The location at which an event takes place
domain: Event
range: Location

has-main-agent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The agents causing the event to happen, if they are known.
domain: Event
range: Generic Agent

has-other-agents-involved
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Other agents involved in the event
domain: Event
range: Generic Agent

has-research-interest
type: ObjectProperty
comment: People and in general even organizations and organization units may have research interests. This relation shoudl be used to specify them
range: Research-Area
domain: Class
  union of: Organization
  union of: Organization-Unit
  union of: Person

has-status
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Whether the software is released, alpha or beta
domain: Implemented-System
range: Software-Status

project-involves-organization-unit
type: ObjectProperty
comment: It is sufficient that somebody in unit ?u works in project ?p
range: Organization-Unit
domain: Project

recipient-agents
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The agents which receive the thing-acted-on
domain: Generalized-Transfer
range: Generic Agent
sub property of: has-other-agents-involved

thing-acted-on
type: ObjectProperty
comment: What is being transferred
domain: Generalized-Transfer

begins at time point
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Time Interval
range: Time Point

ends at time point
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Time Interval
range: Time Point

has duration
type: ObjectProperty
range: Duration
domain: Time Interval

has time interval
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Temporal Thing
range: Time Interval

has unit of measure
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Physical Quantity
range: Unit of Measure

has email address
type: DatatypeProperty

has web address
type: DatatypeProperty

day of
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Time Point
range: nonNegativeInteger

has magnitude
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Physical Quantity
range: decimal

has pretty name
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A human readable name
domain: Thing
range: string

has variant name
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Other variants of the human readable name
domain: Thing
range: string

hour of
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Time Point
range: nonNegativeInteger

in timezone
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Time Position
range: integer

minute of
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Time Point
range: nonNegativeInteger

month of
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Time Point
range: nonNegativeInteger

second of
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Time Point
range: nonNegativeInteger

year of
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Time Point
range: nonNegativeInteger

Abstract-Information
type: Class
subclass of: Intangible Thing
comment: Information in general, independent of an object in which it is encoded. Whatever is transferred in an information-transfer event. It is clearly an intangible thing

Address
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract-Information
comment: A generic class for addresses, whether email or postal. We see an address as abstract information and therefore it is an intangible thing

Affiliated-Person
type: Class
subclass of: Person
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-affiliation
  min cardinality: 1
comment: A person which has an affiliation with some organization. For instance employees are affiliated to the organization they work for, students to the institution where they are studying, etc. A person can have multiple affiliations, which means that there is no constraint relating the values of slot has-affiliation-to-unit to the values of slot has-affiliation

Award
type: Class
subclass of: Intangible Thing
comment: An award is an intangible thing, even if the piece of paper which is often associated with an award is tangible. What about the virtual piece of paper in the virtual degree ceremony? I guess that ought to be an intangible

Awarding-Body
type: Class
subclass of: Legal Agent
comment: Legal agents can be either organizations or people. An awarding body is normally an organization, an individual, or a bunch of people

Book
type: Class
subclass of: Publication
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-publication-reference
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-publication-reference
  all values from: Book-Reference

Composite-Publication
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains-publication
  all values from: Publication
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: contains-publication
  min cardinality: 1
comment: A publication which contains items which cane be themselves referenced through a publication reference. Composite publications include newspapers, magazines and journals. A book which is a collection of articles is a composite publication, a monograph is not

Degree
type: Class
subclass of: Award
comment: A degree is type of award

Edited-Book
type: Class
subclass of: Publication
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-publication-reference
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-publication-reference
  all values from: Edited-Book-Reference

Educational-Employee
type: Class
subclass of: Employee
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: works-for
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: works-for
  all values from: Educational-Organization

Event
type: Class
subclass of: Temporal Thing
comment: This is a minimalist definition of class event. We start with the very basic and we will then add slots as we specialise this definition for specific classes of events. The fillers of slots has-other-agents-involved and has-main-agent should not intersect

Event-Involving-Movement
type: Class
subclass of: Event
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: location-at-end
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: location-at-start
  max cardinality: 1
comment: This is an event in which the main agent (plus maybe others) goes from some place to another

Event-Involving-Production
type: Class
subclass of: Event
comment: When something is produced

Gender
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: Male-Gender
  one of: Female-Gender
subclass of: Intangible Thing
comment: HPKB says that genders are intangible..Uhm...

Generalised-Means-Of-Transport
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
comment: This is a generic class to catch all sorts of borderline and metaphorical ways to carry things from A to B

Generalized-Transfer
type: Class
subclass of: Event-Involving-Movement
comment: An event in which the main agent transfers something (the thing-acted-on, tangible or intangible) to one or more recipient agents. Note that we do not say anything about whether the original agent still retain the thing-acted-on. In some cases this is clearly true ('I pass my wisdom on to my daughter'), in other cases it is not (I give you my wallet).

Generic Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Temporal Thing
comment: This is a generic notion, an agent can be an organization, a person an animal, a software agent, etc

Generic-Area-Of-Interest
type: Class
subclass of: Intangible Thing
comment: A generic class to specify generic areas for research or business initiatives. For instance, the area in which a project is situated

Geographical-Region
type: Class
subclass of: Location
subclass of: Tangible Thing
comment: 'Real' geographical regions

Geopolitical-Entity
type: Class
subclass of: Generic Agent
subclass of: Geographical-Region
comment: A geopolitical entity is a geographical area which is associated with some sort of political structure. For instance, Russia, Italy, The-city-of-Messina, etc. A geopolitical entity can be also seen as an agent - e.g., France declared war to Spain

Information-Bearing-Object
type: Class
subclass of: Tangible Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: owned-by
  all values from: Legal Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-author
  all values from: Generic Agent
comment: This notion comes from Cyc. It is useful to group together all information bearing entities, including video, audio and documents. An information bearing object may have an author (a generic agent) and may be owned by a legal agent. It is a tangible object

Information-Transfer-Event
type: Class
subclass of: Generalized-Transfer
comment: A generalized transfer in which information is passed from main agent to one or more recipient agents. Examples include giving a tutorial.

Legal Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Generic Agent
comment: Some agents have legal status: definitely organizations and people, anybody else?

Location
type: Class
subclass of: Tangible Thing
comment: A generic class for locations. It includes both real and fantastic places

Meeting-Taking-Place
type: Class
subclass of: Social-Gathering
comment: A meeting type of event. Note that both attendee and organizer have multiple cardinality

Method
type: Class
subclass of: Intangible Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-author
  all values from: Person
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: owned-by
  all values from: Organization
comment: Merrian-Webster has a good set of definitions for a method. They say it is 'a systematic procedure, technique, or mode of inquiry employed by or proper to a particular discipline or art; a systematic plan followed in presenting material for instruction; a way, technique, or process of or for doing something; a body of skills or techniques'. This is very much also what we mean by method.

Organization
type: Class
subclass of: Legal Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: affiliated-person
  all values from: Affiliated-Person
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-size
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-sub-unit
  all values from: Organization-Unit
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: organization-part-of
  all values from: Organization
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-size
  all values from: Organization Size
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: headed-by
  all values from: Affiliated-Person
comment: An organization is a type of legal agent

Organization Size
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: very large
  one of: small
  one of: micro
  one of: large
  one of: medium
subclass of: Intangible Thing
comment: We use EU guidelines to distinguish between different organization sizes

Organization-Unit
type: Class
subclass of: Generic Agent
comment: An organization may have a number of units. Units may themselves have sub-units

Partnership
type: Class
subclass of: Profit-Organization
comment: A partnership is not necessarily a company, e.g. a consultancy firm is not a company

Periodical-Publication
type: Class
subclass of: Serial-Publication
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-periodicity
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-periodicity
  all values from: Duration
comment: This comes from the ontolingua library. A periodical-publication is published regularly, such as once every week. Strictly speaking, the noun 'periodical' is used by librarians to refer to things published at intervals of greater than a day. We use the phase periodical-publication to include newspapers and other daily publications, since they share many bibliographic features. The periodicity indicates how often the publication comes out. Note that this is a duration, rather than a time interval. A time interval indicates a specific time interval on the time continuum, so we need to model periodicity as a time quantity

Political Organization
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
comment: An organization which has a political connotation

Postal-Address
type: Class
subclass of: Address
comment: Modified to allow addresses to be given as strings, with no structure

Project
type: Class
subclass of: Activity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces-output
  all values from: Class
    union of: Event
    union of: Information-Bearing-Object
    union of: Method
    union of: Organization
    union of: Technology
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-project-member
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves-organization
  min cardinality: 1

Publication
type: Class
subclass of: Information-Bearing-Object
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-publication-reference
  all values from: Publication-Reference
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: cites-publication-reference
  all values from: Publication-Reference
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-publication-reference
  min cardinality: 1
comment: A publication is something which has one or more publication references. A publication can be both an article in a journal or a journal itself. The distinction between publication and publication-reference makes it possible to distinguish between multiple occurrences of the sam publication, for instance in different media

Publication-Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract-Information
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-author
  all values from: Generic Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-place-of-publication
  all values from: Location
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-date
  all values from: Calendar Date
comment: we have decided that a publication reference is an intangible, abstract information

Recorded-Audio
type: Class
subclass of: Information-Bearing-Object
comment: Any kind of recorded audio, which is tangible. This also includes a audio file on a machine

Recorded-Video
type: Class
subclass of: Information-Bearing-Object
comment: Any kind of recorded video, which is tangible. This also includes a mpeg file on a machine

Sending-An-Email
type: Class
subclass of: Information-Transfer-Event
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: information-transfer-medium-used
  has value: Email-Medium
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: information-object-being-transferred
  all values from: Email-Message
comment: a generalized transfer in which information is passed from main agent to one or more recipient agents. examples include giving a tutorial.

Serial-Publication
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Journal
  union of: Magazine
  union of: Newspaper
subclass of: Publication
comment: This used to be called periodical publication. However, many periodicals do not appear at fixed intervals, which is why librarians refer to them as serials. So, we now use the concept of serial publication and the has-periodicity slot has been removed

Small or Medium-sized Organization
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-size
  all values from: Class
    one of: small
    one of: medium
comment: SME are important, so we define a class to represent them explicitly. In some case we might not know or we do not want to bother specifying excatly whether something is a small-organization or a medium-organization. Hence, we can just say 'x is a SME' without going into further detail.

Student
type: Class
subclass of: Affiliated-Person
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: studies-in-unit
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: studies-at
  all values from: Educational-Organization
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: studies-at
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: studies-in-unit
  all values from: Educational-Organization-Unit

Technology
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-author
  all values from: Generic Agent
comment: By technology we mean engineered applications of science. I guess we are probably confining ourselves to tangible things but as I am not sure I will use thing as the direct superclass - e.g., an algorithm is an intangible thing, but it could be seen as a technology, if we give a broad interpretation of the term

Transportation-Device
type: Class
subclass of: Generalised-Means-Of-Transport
subclass of: Tangible Thing
comment: Something tangible designed to transport people, animals, objects from A to B. For instance a bycicle, a car, a boat, etc.

Web-Based-System
type: Class
subclass of: Implemented-System
comment: A system which is accessible through the web

Web-Browser
type: Class
subclass of: Implemented-System
comment: A web browser is not a web-based system!

Calendar Date
type: Class
subclass of: Time Point
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: year of
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: month of
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: minute of
  max cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: second of
  max cardinality: 0
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: day of
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hour of
  max cardinality: 0
comment: A point in time

Day
type: Class
subclass of: Time Interval
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has duration
  has value: 24 hour duration

Duration
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Quantity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has unit of measure
  all values from: Time Measure
comment: A measure of time, e.g., 5 hours

Intangible Thing
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
comment: This comes from HPKB upper level. The collection of things that are not physical - are not made of, or encoded in, matter. Every Collection is an Intangible (even if its instances are tangible), and so are some Individuals. Caution: do not confuse `tangibility' with `perceivability' - humans can perceive light even though it's intangible - at least in a sense.

Month
type: Class
subclass of: Time Interval

Physical Quantity
type: Class
subclass of: Quantity
comment: SUO: Physical Quantities are distinguished from Numbers by the fact that the former are associated with a dimension of measurement.

Quantity
type: Class
subclass of: Intangible Thing
comment: From SUO: Any specification of how many or how much of something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of Quantity: Number (how many) and Physical-Quantity (how much).

Tangible Thing
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  complement of: Intangible Thing
subclass of: Temporal Thing
comment: Something which is not intangible, something which is physical, made of matter. It does not matter whether things are real of imaginary. Therefore we consider Mickey Mouse's car and a hippogriff as tangible things

Temporal Thing
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
comment: Like in Cyc, this is something which has a temporal extent.

Thing
type: Class
comment: This is the top-level concept in the AKT reference ontology

Time Interval
type: Class
subclass of: Time Position
comment: An interval is defined by two time points or a duration. Classes of intervals, e.g., a day, can be defined by specifying only a duration. A time interval has no gaps

Time Measure
type: Class
subclass of: Unit of Measure
comment: The class of all unit of measures used to measure time, e.g., minute, second, hour, etc.

Time Point
type: Class
subclass of: Time Position
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: minute of
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: day of
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: month of
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hour of
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: year of
  max cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: second of
  max cardinality: 1
comment: A point in time

Time Position
type: Class
subclass of: Intangible Thing
comment: A time position is either a time interval or a time point. Any time position is relative to a time zone

Unit of Measure
type: Class
subclass of: Intangible Thing
comment: Any kind of unit of measure, metre, dollar, kilogram, etc.

Week
type: Class
subclass of: Time Interval
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has duration
  has value: 7 day duration

Year
type: Class
subclass of: Time Interval
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has duration
  has value: 12 month duration

large
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organization Size
comment: An organization with more than 250 employees

medium
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organization Size
comment: An organization with no more than 250 employees. It also has to be independent, i.e., less than 25% owned by one enterprise (or jointly by several enterprises) falling outside the definition of medium-sized enterprise. Finally, either the turnover total must be less than 40M Euros or the balance sheet total must be less than 27M Euros.

micro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organization Size
comment: An organization with no more than 10 employees. It also has to be independent, i.e., less than 25% owned by one enterprise (or jointly by several enterprises) falling outside the definition of micro-sized enterprise.

small
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organization Size
comment: An organization with no more than 50 employees. It also has to be independent, i.e., less than 25% owned by one enterprise (or jointly by several enterprises) falling outside the definition of small-sized enterprise. Finally, either the turnover total must be less than 7M Euros or the balance sheet total must be less than 5M Euros.

very large
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organization Size
comment: An organization with over 10000 employees

7 day duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Duration
has magnitude: 7
has unit of measure: day

30 day duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Duration
has magnitude: 30
has unit of measure: day

31 day duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Duration
has magnitude: 31
has unit of measure: day

day
type: NamedIndividual
type: Time Measure

hour
type: NamedIndividual
type: Time Measure

minute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Time Measure

month
type: NamedIndividual
type: Time Measure

second
type: NamedIndividual
type: Time Measure

year
type: NamedIndividual
type: Time Measure

12 month duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Duration
has magnitude: 12
has unit of measure: month

28 day duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Duration
has magnitude: 28
has unit of measure: day

24 hour duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Duration
has magnitude: 24
has unit of measure: hour

29 day duration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Duration
has magnitude: 29
has unit of measure: day