qualifier
The direction of change in the mutant compared to wild type.
abnormal
The observed phenotype is detectably different from that in the wild type.
decreased
The observed feature is decreased compared to that in the wild type (slower, weaker, lower, smaller, etc.).
increased
The observed feature is increased compared to that in the wild type (faster, stronger, higher, larger, etc.).
absent
The observed feature is not detectable in the mutant.
mutant_type
A description of the effect of the mutation on the gene product function.
misexpression
The mutation results in expression of the gene product at a developmental stage, in a cell type, or at a subcellular location different from that at which the wild-type gene is expressed.
overexpression
The mutation causes expression of the otherwise normal gene product to higher levels than wild-type.
activation
The mutation increases the normal activity of a gene product.
gain of function
The mutation confers a new activity on the gene product.
null
The mutation abolishes completely the function of the gene product.
loss of function
repressible
depletion
The mutation leads to reduction of levels of the gene product, often through the use of a repressible promoter.
reduction of function
The mutation reduces the activity of the gene product.
conditional
The activity of the gene product is normal under some conditions and altered under others.
unspecified
The mutation type is not specified in the reference.
not yet recorded
This term was made obsolete because there was overlap with another term unspecified. The term unspecified will be used in cases where a more appropriate descriptor cannot be identified.
OBSOLETE. This term was not defined before being made obsolete.
observable
Features of ascomycete fungal cells, cultures, or colonies that can be detected, observed, measured, or monitored.
experiment_type
A description of the experimental approach.
systematic null mutation set
This term was made obsolete as it is a compound term containing information on the both the scope of the experiment as well as the mutant type.
OBSOLETE. Robotic generation and analysis of large-scale, genome-wide knockout sets.
classical genetics
Phenotypic analysis of one or a few mutant strains in small-scale, focused experiments that do not require knowledge of the entire genome sequence.
competitive growth
Quantitative data on survival of a mutant strain, obtained in large scale experiments where mutants are grown together with wild type or other mutants for many generations.
protein activity
The enzymatic or other activity of a protein.
development
Developmental processes.
budding
The formation of a bud, which develops into a daughter cell during asexual reproduction.
axial budding pattern
Localization of the newly emerging bud near the site of the previous bud.
haploid budding pattern
bipolar budding pattern
Localization of the emerging bud at the cell pole opposite the previous bud site.
diploid budding pattern
filamentous growth
Growth in a threadlike, filamentous shape.
invasive growth
Penetration of cells into a solid substrate during filamentous growth.
pseudohyphal growth
Growth in a pattern that occurs in conditions of nitrogen limitation and abundant fermentable carbon source. Cells become elongated, switch to a unipolar budding pattern, remain physically attached to each other, and invade the growth substrate.
lifespan
The duration of the life of an individual organism.
sexual cycle
The process of sexual reproduction.
mating response
Processes during the interaction between organisms leading to mating.
cell fusion
The fusion of individual cells from each partner during mating.
mating efficiency
nuclear fusion during mating
pheromone production
pheromone sensitivity
shmoo formation
meiosis
meiotic recombination
sporulation
spore germination
The production of viable cells arising from sexual spores.
spore wall formation
sporulation efficiency
sterile
silencing
transposable element transposition
virulence
morphology
The size or shape of subcellular structures, cells, or multicellular structures.
cellular morphology
cell shape
cell size
cell wall morphology
cytoskeleton morphology
mitochondrial morphology
bud neck morphology
nuclear morphology
peroxisomal morphology
vacuolar morphology
colony appearance
colony color
colony shape
colony size
liquid culture appearance
flocculation
cellular processes
Processes occurring at the cellular level.
cell cycle arrest in G1 phase
This term was made obsolete because it incorporates a temporal aspect (arrest), and will therefore be replaced by a combination of an analagous observable that does not contain temporal information and a temporal qualifier.
cell cycle arrest at G2 phase
cell cycle arrest at START
cell cycle arrest
cytokinesis
mitotic cell cycle
intracellular transport
Transport of substances within cells.
autophagy
The delivery and degradation of autophagy markers to the vacuole via the autophagic pathway.
endocytosis
The uptake and delivery of the specified endocytosis marker.
mitochondrial transport
nuclear transport
protein secretion
vacuolar transport
stress resistance
killer toxin resistance
osmotic stress resistance
oxidative stress resistance
radiation resistance
UV resistance
X ray resistance
resistance to chemicals
drug resistance
This term was made obsolete, as resistance to chemicals was deemed a better choice.
budding index
The percentage or fraction of budded cells in a population.
metal resistance
starvation resistance
temperature sensitive growth
thermotolerance
metabolism and growth
Processes relating to metabolism and growth.
chemical compound accumulation
The production and/or storage of a specified chemical compound.
nutrient utilization
auxotrophy
utilization of carbon source
The ability to utilize the specified compound as a carbon source.
utilization of nitrogen source
The ability to utilize the specified compound as a nitrogen source.
nutrient uptake
fermentative metabolism
Growth with energy derived from fermentation; growth on a fermentable carbon source.
fermentable carbon source utilization
respiratory metabolism
non-fermentable carbon source utilization
Growth with energy derived from respiration; growth on a non-fermentable carbon source.
respiratory growth rate
mitochondrial rho- mutation frequency
mitochondrial genome maintenance
vegetative growth
Growth under standard culture conditions (liquid or solid media).
growth rate in exponential phase
Growth rate in liquid culture during the exponential phase.
growth rate in post-diauxic phase
Growth rate in liquid culture during the post-diauxic phase.
survival rate in stationary phase
The rate of survival in liquid stationary phase cultures.
competitive fitness
The ability of a mutant strain to grow or survive under conditions of direct competition with wild type or other mutants.
viability
The proportion of cells in a sample that are viable, i.e. able to form colonies. Often measured by spotting aliquots of a dilution series on a plate.
inviable
The inability to grow under standard growth conditions. For S. cerevisiae, this means that visible colonies are not formed from single cells on complete glucose medium (YPD) plates at 30 deg C.
viable
The ability to grow under standard growth conditions. For S. cerevisiae, this means that visible colonies are formed from single cells on complete glucose medium (YPD) plates at 30 deg C.
large-scale survey
Generation and analysis of genome-wide sets of mutants that typically utilizes robotic methods.
other method
This term was made obsolete because it was a remnant of the original mutant types that has never been used. We will replace this using either a classical genetics or large-scale survey experiment type.
OBSOLETE. This term defined as 'novel techniques' has been obsoleted as it was a remnant of the original mutant types that has not been used.
other mutant type
This term was made obsolete because it does not fit within the new descriptor terminology. In cases where a specific descriptor term cannot be identified use the term unspecified.
normal
The observed phenotype shows no detectable difference between the mutant and the wild type.
wild type
nuclear position
The location of the nucleus or nuclei within a cell or between separating cells.
size of nucleus
actin cytoskeleton morphology
bud direction
cell cycle arrest in M phase
recovery from pheromone-induced cell cycle arrest
pheromone-induced cell cycle arrest
utilization of phosphorus source
The ability to utilize the specified compound as a source of phosphorus.
nuclear import
nuclear export
peroxisomal transport
protein transport
Localization of specified proteins and their delivery.
protein targeting
protein localization
small molecule transport
protein/peptide modification
The covalent modification of a specified protein.
RNA localization
cell cycle arrest in metaphase
cell cycle arrest at the metaphase - anaphase transition
cell cycle arrest in anaphase
cell cycle arrest in early anaphase
cell cycle arrest in mid anaphase
cell cycle arrest in late anaphase
cell cycle arrest in telophase
cell cycle arrest in G0 (stationary phase)
critical cell size at START (G1 cell-size checkpoint)
critical cell size at G2/M (cryptic G2/M cell size checkpoint)
chromosome/plasmid maintenance
The stable maintenance of chromosomes or plasmids.
telomere length
The average length of telomeres.
oxidative phosphorylation
respiration
systematic repressible mutation set
This term was made obsolete as it is a compound term containing information on both the scope of the experiment as well as the repressible nature of the mutant_type.
heat sensitivity
temperature sensitivity
cold sensitivity
protein/peptide accumulation
protein/peptide abundance
Abundance of a specified peptide/protein; production to a certain level.
null homozygous diploid
This term was made obsolete because it is a compound term, with plody related information captured through the experiment_type and null captured as a mutant_type.
OBSOLETE. Mutation abolishes function of both alleles of the gene in a diploid strain.
null heterozygous diploid
OBSOLETE. Mutation abolishes function of one allele of the gene in a diploid strain.
haploinsufficient
The phenotype is detectable in a heterozygous diploid.
petite
The formation of smaller than wild-type colonies on fermentable carbon sources (e.g., glucose), due to a respiratory defect. The respiratory defect could result from mutation or loss of the mitochondrial genome, or from a nuclear mutation affecting respiration. The fermentation of glucose produces ethanol, which is metabolized by the respiratory pathway in wild-type cells and contributes to colony size; respiratory-deficient mutants are unable to utilize this ethanol.
petite-negative
The petite-negative phenotype arises from mutation in a nuclear gene that is not essential in an otherwise wild-type strain with an intact mitochondrial genome, but becomes essential in strains lacking the mitochondrial genome, referred to as rho- or rho0. Petite-negative strains cannot grow on fermentable carbon sources (e.g., glucose) in the absence of an intact mitochondrial genome. This phenotype is often assayed as the inability grow in the presence of ethidium bromide, which causes the loss of the mitochondrial genome.
apoptosis
An energy-dependent, programmed form of cell death that is characterized by phenotypic markers such as increased levels of reactive oxygen species (often detected via DHE staining), externalization of phosphatidylserine (measured by annexin V staining), and DNA fragmentation (detected using the TUNEL assay). Other processes observed during apoptosis include chromosome condensation and breakdown of mitochondria, including loss of membrane potential and release of cytochrome c. Cells undergoing apoptosis do not lose plasma membrane integrity (measured by propidium iodide staining) until late in the process.
fermentative growth rate
The rate of growth in the presence of a fermentable carbon source.
utilization of iron source
The ability to utilize the specified compound as an iron source.
culture appearance
biofilm formation
The ability to form a layer on solid surfaces with or without other microorganisms.
hyphal growth
multiple
This term was made obsolete because it was a remnant of the original mutant types that does not fit within the new descriptor choices.
Affinity Capture-MS
Affinity Capture-RNA
interactions
Affinity Capture-Western
Biochemical Activity
Co-crystal Structure
Co-fractionation
Co-localization
Co-purification
Dosage Growth Defect
Dosage Lethality
Dosage Rescue
Epistatic MiniArray Profile
FRET
Far Western
Phenotypic Enhancement
Phenotypic Suppression
Protein-RNA
Protein-peptide
Reconstituted Complex
Synthetic Growth Defect
Synthetic Lethality
Synthetic Rescue
Two-hybrid
genetic interactions
physical interactions
Affinity Chromatography
Affinity Precipitation
Biochemical Assay
Purified Complex
phenotype assays
resistance to enzymatic treatment
The level of resistance to treatment with enzymes.
ionizing radiation resistance
gamma ray resistance
mating type switching
colony sectoring
mutation frequency
chitin deposition
budding pattern
acid pH resistance
alkaline pH resistance
hypoosmotic stress resistance
hyperosmotic stress resistance
ionic stress resistance
heterozygous diploid
This term was made obsolete because all ploidy related terms will be integrated into experiment_type terms.
homozygous diploid
chromosome segregation
protein/peptide distribution
The location(s) where the specified protein is found within the cell.
anaerobic metabolism
Metabolism during growth in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobic growth rate
The rate of growth in the absence of oxygen.
bud morphology
The size or shape of the bud.
spindle morphology
position of spindle pole body
toxin resistance
fitness
This is a top-level term that is not to be used for curation.
The ability of a strain to reproduce, to produce viable progeny.
essentiality
This is a top-level term, not to be used for curation.
The essentiality of a gene for survival under standard conditions for growth of that organism.
redox state
The balance of oxidized and reduced molecules in the cell. Respiration and various environmental factors cause formation of reactive oxygen species which can oxidize and damage cellular components.
utilization of sulfur source
necrotic cell death
A form of cell death that is distinct from apoptosis. Cells undergoing necrotic cell death undergo overall destruction. They can be distinguished from apoptotic cells because they lose membrane integrity, which only happens late in apoptosis (positive propidium iodide staining), and do not externalize phosphatidylserine (measured by annexin V staining) as do apoptotic cells.
septum formation
chemical compound excretion
mating projection morphology
The outward appearance or shape of the mating projection.
RNA accumulation
Abundance of a specified RNA or class of RNAs.
mitotic recombination
Measures of the rate or total recombination observed during the mitotic cell cycle.
subcellular morphology
The size, shape or appearance of subcellular organelles or structures.
cell cycle arrest in S phase
OBSOLETE. Arrest of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle, the phase in which DNA replication occurs.
dominant negative
The mutation results in a gene product that interferes with the function of the normal, wild-type gene product.
Classical genetics experiments carried out in a diploid background, where both alleles of the gene being described are identical.
Classical genetics experiments carried out in a diploid background, where alleles of the gene being described are not identical.
homozygous diploid, large-scale survey
Any large-scale survey where the experiments are carried out in a homozygous diploid background.
heterozygous diploid, large-scale survey
Any large-scale survey where the experiments carried our are in a heterozygous diploid background.
homozygous diploid, competitive growth
Any competitive growth experiment carried out in a homozygous diploid background.
heterozygous diploid, competitive growth
Any competitive growth experiment carried out in a heterozygous diploid background.
systematic mutation set
Robotic generation and analysis of large-scale, genome-wide haploid knockout sets.
homozygous diploid, systematic mutation set
Robotic generation and analysis of large-scale, genome-wide knockout sets carried out in a homozygous diploid background.
heterozygous diploid, systematic mutation set
Robotic generation and analysis of large-scale, genome-wide mutation sets carried out in a heterozygous diploid.
cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase transition
OBSOLETE. Arrest of cells at the transition between the G2 and M phases of the mitotic cell cycle.
pexophagy
A form of autophagy selective for peroxisomes that occurs in response to starvation, damage or as a homeostatic mechanism to regulate the levels of this organelle. Pexophagy can be further subdivided into micropexophagy, the engulfment of a cluster of peroxisomes at the vacuole surface and macropexophagy, the sequestration of individual peroxisomes by a double-membrane vesicle, followed by fusion with the vacuole.
mitophagy
A form of autophagy selective for mitochondria that occurs in response to starvation, damage or during a shift in environmental conditions. The process can be further subdivided into micromitophagy, the engulfment of a cluster of mitochondria at the vacuole surface and macromitophagy, the sequestration of individual mitochondria by a double-membrane vesicle, followed by fusion with the vacuole.
freeze-thaw resistance
The ability of yeast cells to withstand damage incurred by one or more cycles of freezing and thawing.
lipid particle morphology
lipid droplet
lipid body
The size, shape or appearance of lipid particles or droplets, subcellular structures consisting of a hydrophobic core of neutral lipids (triacylglycerol and steryl esters), surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer with a small quantity of embedded proteins including enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis. Lipid particles function as a storage compartment for lipid components.
Golgi morphology
The size, shape or appearance of the Golgi apparatus or its parts.
PCA
decreased rate
Observed feature is decreased with respect to time compared to that in the wild type (slower).
slower
increased rate
accelerated
Observed feature is increased with respect to time compared to that in the wild type (faster, accelerated).
faster
decreased duration
decreased length
Observed feature occurs over a decreased period of time relative to wild type.
increased duration
increased length
Observed feature occurs over an increased period of time relative to wild type.
delayed
postponed
Observed feature occurs after being postponed for a period of time relative to wild type.
arrested
Observed feature does not occur in a given time period relative to wild type.
premature
Observed feature occurs too soon, existing before the proper or usual time compared to wild type.
normal rate
Observed feature occurs at the same time relative to wild type.
cell cycle progression
Progression of cells through the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle progression in G2 phase
Progression of cells through the G2 phase or second gap phase of the mitotic cell cycle, the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitosis.
cell cycle progression in G1 phase
Progression of cells through the G1 or first gap phase of the mitotic cell cycle, the interval between the completion of mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis.
cell cycle passage through START
G1 checkpoint
Passage of cells through cell cycle control point or checkpoint located late in the G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle just prior to S phase entry; passage through START results in commits cells to progression through the entire cell cycle.
cell cycle progression through the G2/M phase transition
Progression of cells from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle progression in M phase
Progression of cells through the M phase of the mitotic cell cycle, the phase in which mitosis occurs.
cell cycle passage through the metaphase-anaphase transition
Progression of cells from metaphase to anaphase during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle progression in anaphase
Progression of cells through anaphase during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle progression in early anaphase
Progression of cells through early anaphase during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle progression in mid anaphase
Progression of cells through mid anaphase during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle progression in late anaphase
Progression of cells through late anaphase during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle progression in metaphase
Progression of cells through metaphase during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle progression in telophase
Progression of cells through telophase, the last of the stages of mitosis during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle progression in S phase
Progression of cells through S phase, the part of the mitotic cell cycle where DNA synthesis occurs.
entry into G0 (stationary phase)
Entry of cells into the G0 or stationary phase of the mitotic cell cycle, where they enter a quiescent state.
exit from G0 (stationary phase)
Exit of cells from the G0 or stationary phase of the mitotic cell cycle, where they move from a quiescent state to one where growth and division resumes in the G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle progression through the G1/S phase transition
Progression of cells from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
endoplasmic reticulum morphology
The size, shape or appearance of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or its parts.
RNA modification
Covalent modification of a specified RNA; type of modification specified.
Synthetic Haploinsufficiency
nucleolar morphology
The size, shape or appearance of the nucleolus or its parts.
prion state
Anything to do with the presence or absence of prions in a yeast strain.
prion inheritance
The transmission of prions from a mother cell to a daughter cell during budding.
prion formation
The conversion from the state of being prion-free to the state of having prions.
prion acquisition
prion loss
The conversion from the state of having prions to the state of being prion-free.
prion curing
normal duration
Observed feature does not change with respect to time compared to that in the wild type.
haploid, classical genetics
Any classical genetics experiment carried out in a haploid background.
haploid, competitive growth
Any competitive growth experiment carried out in a haploid background.
haploid, large-scale survey
Any large-scale survey experiment carried out in a haploid background.
aneuploid, classical genetics
Any classical genetics experiment carried out in an aneuploid background, where the strain carries more or fewer copies than normal of a large chromosomal region, or of one or more entire chromosomes.
aneuploid, large-scale survey
Any large-scale survey experiment carried out in an aneuploid background.
aneuploid, competitive growth
Any competitive growth experiment carried out in an aneuploid background.
haploid, systematic mutation set
Robotic generation and analysis of large-scale, genome-wide knockout sets carried out in a haploid background.
aneuploid, systematic mutation set
Robotic generation and analysis of large-scale, genome-wide knockout sets carried out in an aneuploid background.
interaction with host/environment
Processes relating to interaction with the environment or with a host organism.
adhesion
Adherence to a substrate in the environment or in a host.
response to light
The response to visible light.
allergy induction
The induction of an allergic response in the host organism.
formation of anatomical structure
The development of a discrete anatomical structure.
secondary metabolite production
The production of secondary metabolites, which are compounds that are not directly involved in normal growth, development or reproduction.
utilization of zinc source
The ability to utilize a zinc source.
utilization of magnesium source
The ability to utilize a magnesium source.
conidiation
The formation of conidia, which are asexual spores.
organelle distribution
The localization and placement of a particular organelle.
mitochondrial distribution
The localization and placement of mitochondria within a cell or between separating cells.
peroxisomal distribution
The localization and placement of peroxisomes within a cell or between separating cells.
vacuolar distribution
The localization and placement of vacuoles within a cell or between separating cells.
endoplasmic reticulum distribution
The localization and placement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) within a cell or between separating cells.
Golgi distribution
The localization and placement of the Golgi apparatus within a cell or between separating cells.
vesicle distribution
The localization and placement of secretory, endocytic, or undefined vesicles within a cell or between separating cells.
endomembrane system morphology
The size or shape of components of the endomembrane system, which includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, vacuoles, and endocytic and exocytic vesicles.
heterozygous diploid, classical genetics
Any classical genetics experiment carried out in a heterozygous diploid background.
homozygous diploid, classical genetics
Any classical genetics experiment carried out in a homozygous diploid background.
conidial germination
The production of viable cells arising from conidia, or asexual spores.
anaerobic growth
Growth in the absence of oxygen.
fermentative growth
Growth while utilizing a fermentable carbon source.
respiratory growth
Growth while utilizing a nonfermentable carbon source.
growth in exponential phase
Growth in liquid culture during the exponential phase.
growth in post-diauxic phase
Growth in liquid culture during the post-diauxic phase.
cell death
The cessation of the life of an individual cell.
autolysis
A regulated form of cell death that occurs in stationary phase mycelial cultures of filamentous fungi, often in response to carbon starvation. It is characterized by cell wall degradation, hyphal fragmentation and vacuolization, production of intracellular and extracellular hydrolases, and release of ammonia.
cell lysis
The breaking apart of a fully formed cell.
plasma membrane morphology
The size, shape, or appearance of the plasma membrane.
chronological lifespan
The number of days that a culture remains viable in stationary phase.
replicative lifespan
The number of divisions that a cell undergoes before dying.
Affinity Capture-Luminescence
An interaction is inferred when a bait protein, tagged with luciferase, is enzymatically detected in immunoprecipitates of the prey protein as light emission. The prey protein is affinity captured from cell extracts by either polyclonal antibody or epitope tag.
chlamydospore formation
Formation of chlamydospores, which are large, asexual, one-celled spores with a thickened, refractile cell wall that are borne on the ends of suspensor cells attached to hyphae or pseudohyphae.
germ tube formation
Formation of an elongated evagination that develops from a yeast-form cell and continues growth to become a hyphal cell. The initiation of germ tube growth is referred to as the yeast-to-hyphal transition.
phenotypic switching
The ability to undergo a reversible change from one distinct phenotype to another, resulting from changes in gene expression rather than from mutation. Cells in a specific phenotypic state have a distinct cellular morphology, which may be reflected in distinct colony morphology and different cellular properties, such as the ability to mate. A well-known example of phenotypic switching is the white-opaque switch of Candida albicans.
Negative Genetic
Positive Genetic
resistance to killing by host cells
The ability of a pathogen to survive an attack by host cells such as neutrophils.
resistance to phagocytosis
The ability of a pathogen to evade or escape phagocytosis by host cells such as macrophages.
dessication resistance
The level of resistance to air-drying or dessication stress.
hydrostatic pressure resistance
The level of resistance to increased hydrostatic pressure.
unknown ploidy, classical genetics
Any classical genetics experiment carried out in a background where the ploidy of the mutation or strain is unknown.
induction of host response
The induction of host immune cell differentiation, cytokine secretion, cytokine transcriptional regulation or other related host responses to infection by or contact with a microbe.