Reference to a similar term in an external database or terminological resource.
GRO definition explaining the meaning of a class or property. If the definition was taken from an external resource a reference is given in brackets.
An exact synonyms of the given ontology term.
AP2-EREBP-related domain
A domain consisting of the AP2 (APETALA2) and EREBPs (ethylene-responsive element binding proteins) related DNA-binding sequence.
A transcription factor containing the AP2 (APETALA2) and EREBPs (ethylene-responsive element binding proteins) related DNA-binding domain, which plays a variety of roles throughout the plant life cycle.
acetylation
A reaction that introduces an acetyl functional group into an organic compound. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylation]
activation
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an action.
activation of polymerase
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme polymerase.
activation of process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process.
activation of protein
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive form of a protein.
activation of transcription regulator activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription regulator, any factor plays a role in regulating transcription; may bind a promoter or enhancer DNA sequence or interact with a DNA-binding transcription factor (modified from [GO:0051091, GO:0030528])
agonist
Any molecule that improves the activity of a different molecule; e.g., a hormone, which acts as an agonist when it binds to its receptor, thus triggering a biochemical response. [http://www.combichemistry.com/medical-chemistry-glossary.html]
amino acid
Carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups. [CHEBI:33709]
antagonist
An agent that opposes the action or reduces the physiological activity of another.
apoenzyme
a protein that combines with a coenzyme to form an active enzyme [http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=apoenzyme]
archaebacterium
Ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae. [http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=archaebacterium]
architectural proteins
atom
The smallest part of an element that still has all properties of that element. Its nucleus consists of protons and neutrons and is surrounded by orbiting electrons. [http://www.nsc.org/EHC/guidebks/wippglos.htm]
attenuator
A sequence segment located within the five prime end of an mRNA that causes premature termination of translation. [SO:0000140]
bacterial RNA polymerase promoter
A DNA sequence to which bacterial RNA polymerase binds, to begin transcription. [SO:0000613]
bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria. Also called a phage. [www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/WYW/wkbooks/SFTS/glossary.html]
NCBI Taxonomy ID: 38018 unidentified phage
bacterium
Any of the unicellular prokaryotic organisms, which vary in terms of morphology, oxygen and nutritional requirements and motility and can exist either as independent (free-living) organisms or as parasites (dependent upon another organism for life).
basic domain
A domain containing a basic region that mediates sequence-specific DNA-binding.
A transcription factor containing basic domain.
behavior
The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. [GO:0007610]
beta barrel alpha helix domain
A DNA binding domain usual found in the viral protein E2, in which it forms a dimeric beta barrel, with each subunit contributing an anti-parallel 4-stranded beta sheet half-barrel. The topology of each subunit is beta1-1-beta2-beta3-2-beta4. Helix 1 is the recognition helix housing all of the amino acid residues involved in direct DNA sequence specification. Upon dimerisation, strands beta2 and beta4 at the edges of each subunit participate in a continuous hydrogen-bonding network, which results in an 8-stranded beta-barrel. The dimer interface is extensive, made up of hydrogen bonds between subunits and a substantial hydrophobic beta-barrel core. (modified from [InterPro:IPR000427]
beta-barrel alpha-helix domain transcription factor
A transcription factor containing beta-barrel alpha-helix domain.
beta scaffold domain transcription factor with minor groove contacts
A transcription factor containing beta scaffold domain with minor groove contacts
beta scaffold domain with minor groove contacts
A domain containing beta scaffold structure and usually binding to the DNA minor groove.
bidirectional promoter
Promoter sequences between divergently transcribed neighbouring gene pairs that initiate transcription in both directions. [http://www.everythingbio.com/glos/definition.php?word=bidirectional+promoters]
binding
The selective, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. [GO:0005488]
binding assay
An analytic procedure in which binding is studied involves the labelling of an expressed protein.
binding of DNA binding domain of protein to DNA
Selective interaction of a DNA binding domain of a protein with DNA.
binding of molecular entity
Selective interaction of a molecule entity with other substance.
binding of protein
Selective interaction of a protein with other molecules.
binding of protein to DNA
The selective interaction of a protein or protein complex with a deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a deoxyribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.
binding of protein to protein binding site of DNA
Selective interaction of a protein with a specific site on DNA which forms a chemical bond.
binding of protein to protein binding site of protein
Selective interaction of a protein with a specific site on other proteins which forms a chemical bond.
binding of RNA polymerase to DNA
Selective interaction of RNA polymerase with DNA
binding of TF to TF binding site of DNA
Selective interaction of a transcription factor with a specific site on DNA which forms a chemical bond.
binding of TF to TF binding site of protein
Selective interaction of a transcription factor with one or more specific sites on a protein.
binding of transcription activator to enhancer
The selective interaction of a transcription activator with a cis-acting sequence that increases the utilization of (some) eukaryotic promoter.
binding of transcription factor to DNA
The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. [GO:0003700]
binding of transcription factor to operator
Selective interaction of a transcription factor with an operator
binding of transcription repressor to silencer
Selective interaction of a transcription repressor with a collection of short DNA sequence elements which suppress the transcription of an adjacent gene or genes.
binding of translation initiation complex to RNA
RNA binding of translation initiation complex
Selective interaction of translation initiation complex with RNA which leaves the functional ribosome at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site.
binding site of protein
A region on a protein that forms a chemical bond with other molecules.
binding to binding site of protein
Selective interaction of a molecule with a specific site on a protein which forms a chemical bond.
binding to micro RNA
binding to molecular entity
Interacting selectively with a molecular entity.
binding to protein
Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).[GO:0005515]
binding to RNA
Interacting selectively with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. [GO:0003723]
biofilm
A slime layer that develops naturally when bacteria congregate on surfaces. [publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/glossary.htm]
biomass
Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [MeSH:D018533]
C6 zinc cluster
Zinc finger motif of GAL4-type. Six cysteine residues coordinate two zinc ions, i. e. two of the thiol groups coordinate two zinc ions (six cysteines binuclear cluster DNA-binding domain). All GAL4-type proteins possess a single N-terminal zinc finger with an adjacent basic region, which is critical for sequence-specific recognition. Each C3-repeat unit of the structural motif of six cysteines forms short alpha-helical structures separated by a loop with a proline-associated turn. The zinc(II)-binding cluster lies in the DNA major groove and contacts three base pairs. (modified from [TRANSFAC:C0005]
C6 zinc cluster transcription factor
A transcription factor containing C6 zinc cluster domain
carbohydrate
A class of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and having the general formula Cm(H2O)n. They usually serve as a major energy source in the diet of animals. Example: sugar or starch.
catalytic activity
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [GO:0003824]
cell
The fundamental, structural, and functional units or subunits of living organisms. They are composed of CYTOPLASM containing various ORGANELLES and a CELL MEMBRANE boundary. [MeSH:D002477]
cell adhesion
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [GO:0007155]
cell communication
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. [GO:0007154]
cell component
The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. [GO:0005575]
cell cycle
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. [GO:0007049]
cell death
The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. [GO:0008219]
cell differentiation
The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. [GO:0030154]
cell fate determination
Process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment. [GO:0001709]
cell growth
The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. [GO:0016049]
cell homeostasis
The processes involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium at the level of the cell. [GO:0019725]
cell motility
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell. [GO:0006928]
cellular component organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component; includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [GO:0016043]
GO:0016043 cellular component organization and biogenesis
cellular developmental process
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition. [GO:0048869]
GO:0048869 cellular developmental process
cellular metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. [GO:0044237]
cellular process
Processes that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. [GO:0009987]
chemical
chromatin
The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins found within the nucleus of a cell. [MeSH]
chromosomal DNA
coiled chromosomal DNA
The tightly coiled DNA contained in chromosome.
cold shock domain
��A conserved domain of about 70 amino acids has been found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic single-strand nucleic-acid binding proteins. This domain, which is known as the 'cold-shock domain' (CSD)...[InterPro: IPR011129]
A transcription factor containing cold shock domain.
complex molecular entity
complex of protein and DNA
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules. [GO:0032993]
complex regulation of transcription
A combination of positive and negative regulation of transcription
conformation
continuant
Definition: An entity [bfo:Entity] that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. [http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/1.1/light/span#Continuant]
copper-fist domain
A domain, similar in structure to metallothionein, undergoing a large conformational change on copper-binding that allows DNA-binding. It contains a conserved array of zinc-binding residues (Cys-X2-Cys-X8-Cys-X-His) and forms a three-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet with two short helical segments that project from one end of the beta-sheet. Conserved residues form a basic patch that may be important for DNA binding. (modified from [InterPro: IPR001083])
copper fist transcription factor
Some fungal transcription factors contain an N-terminal domain, the copper fist, which seems to be involved in copper-dependent DNA-binding. These proteins activate the transcription of the metallothionein gene in response to copper. Metallothionein maintains copper levels in yeast. The copper fist domain, which is similar in structure to metallothionein itself, undergoes a large conformational change on copper-binding that allows DNA-binding. The domain contains a conserved array of zinc-binding residues (Cys-X2-Cys-X8-Cys-X-His) and forms a three-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet with two short helical segments that project from one end of the beta-sheet. Conserved residues form a basic patch that may be important for DNA binding. [InterPro: IPR001083]
Regions of a few hundred to a few thousand bases in vertebrate genomes that are relatively GC and CpG rich; they are typically unmethylated and often found near the 5' ends of genes. [SO:0000307]
DB domain of nuclear receptor
The DNA binding domain of nuclear receptor, a group of proteins function in nuclei to regulate the transcription of target genes in a ligand-responsive manner.
DM domain
This domain was first discovered in the doublesex proteins of Drosophila melanogaster and is also seen in proteins from Caenorhabditis elegans. In D. melanogaste the doublesex gene controls somatic sexual differentiation by producing alternatively spliced mRNAs encoding related sex-specific polypeptides. These proteins are believed to function as transcription factors on downstream sex-determination genes, especially on neuroblast differentiation and yolk protein genes transcription. The DM domain binds DNA as a dimer, allowing the recognition of pseudopalindromic sequences. The NMR analysis of the DSX DM domain revealed a novel zinc module containing 'intertwined' CCHC and HCCC zinc-binding sites. The recognition of the DNA requires the carboxy-terminal basic tail which contacts the minor groove of the target sequence. [InterPro: IPR001275]
DM-domain-containing transcription factor
A transcription factor containing DM domain.
DNA
DNA binding domain of protein
Any protein motif that binds to double- or single-stranded DNA with affinity to a specific sequence or set thereof or a general affinity to DNA. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-binding_domain]
DNA binding domain of transcription factor
A domain of a transcription factor that binds DNA.
DNA binding site
A region on a molecule that recognizes and forms a chemical bond with DNA.
DNA fragment
DNA modification
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties. [GO:0006304]
DNA molecule
A chain of deoxyribonucleotides as it occures at a whole.
DNA polymerase
An enzyme that catalyses the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a DNA/or RNA template or primer (modified from [GO:0003887, GO:0003964])
GO:0003887 DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity
GO:0003964 RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity
DNA protein interaction
Any complex that forms between a protein molecule and DNA. [http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?DNA-protein+interaction]
DNA region
A chain of deoxyribonucleotides that is part of a longer chain of deoxyribunucleotides.
decrease
A process of becoming smaller, less numerous, less important, or less likely.
deoxynucleoside
A molecule composed of a nitrogenous base attached to the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose. [http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?deoxynucleoside]
deoxynucleotide
A chemical compound that consists of 3 portions: a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. In the most common nucleotides the base is a derivative of purine or pyrimidine, and the sugar is deoxyribose. (modified from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxynucleotide#Nucleotide_structure])
deoxyribose
Deoxyribose is an aldopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde functional group in its linear structure. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribose]
developmental process
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: a cell, tissue, organ, or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. [GO:0032502]
dimerization
GO:0046983 protein dimerization activity
The formation of a protein dimer, a macromolecular structure consists of two noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits. [GO:0046983]
direction
The spatial relation between one point and another point.
disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown. [MeSH:D004194]
double strand DNA
downstream regulatory sequence
A sequence located in the downstream region of a gene that controls the rate or manner in which the gene is expressed.
enhancer
A cis-acting sequence that increases the utilization of (some) eukaryotic promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the promoter. [SO:0000165, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/Documentation/FT_definitions/feature_table.html]
A transcription factor selectively interacting with the enhancer
enhancesome
enzyme
Escherichia coli
euchromatin
Transcriptionally active form of chromatin.
eukaryote
Organism characterized by the presence of a nucleus. Also other organelles such as mitochondria and/or chloroplasts may be present in eukaryotes. Includes all plants, animals, green algae, and fungi. [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/glossary/Glossary/E.htm]
eukaryotic cell
A cell containing a nucleus, in which the genes or DNA is housed. The eukaryotic cell has a complex internal structure and is capable of building multicellular organisms. (modified from [http://www.inproteo.com/nwglosde.html and http://www2.wwnorton.com/college/geo/earth2/glossary/e.htm]
eukaryotic gene expression
A process of producing a protein from its gene via transcription and translation in eukaryotes. It is usually controlled at various points in the sequence leading to protein synthesis.
eukaryotic RNA polymerase promoter
A DNA sequence in eukaryotic DNA to which RNA polymerase binds, to begin transcription. [SO]
exon
A region that codes for portion of spliced messenger RNA (SO:0000234); may contain 5'-untranslated region (SO:0000204), all open reading frames (SO:0000236) and 3'-untranslated region (SO:0000205). [SO:0000147, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/Documentation/FT_definitions/feature_table.html]
exon on DNA
Any region of DNA within a gene that is transcribed to the final messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, rather than being spliced out from the transcribed RNA molecule. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon]
exon on RNA
The parts of a transcript (i.e. exons) that are spliced together to become mRNA or structural RNA.
experimental intervention
experimental method
The use of controlled observations and measurements to test hypotheses. [http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=experimental%20method]
expression profiling
The use of high-throughput methods (e.g. DNA microarrays) for evaluating the level and timing of gene expression in a biologic sample (a cell or tissue).
feedback loop
The regulatory circuits whereby some proportion of the output signal of a system is passed (fed back) to the input. e.g. repressor and activator proteins in genetic operons are used to create feedback loop.
forkhead/winged-helix domain
The fork head protein of Drosophila melanogaster, a transcription factor that promotes terminal rather than segmental development, contains neither homeodomains nor zinc-fingers characteristic of other transcription factors. Instead, it contains a distinct type of DNA-binding region, containing around 100 amino acids, which has since been identified in a number of transcription factors (including D. melanogaster FD1-5, mammalian HNF-3, human HTLF, Saccharomyces cerevisiae HCM1, etc.). This is referred to as the fork head domain but is also known as a 'winged helix'. The fork head domain binds B-DNA as a monomer, but shows no similarity to previously identified DNA-binding motifs. Although the domain is found in several different transcription factors, a common function is their involvement in early developmental decisions of cell fates during embryogenesis [InterPro: IPR001766]
forkhead/winged-helix transcription factor
A transcription factor containing forkhead/winged-helix domain
formation of protein DNA complex
The aggregation and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex. [GO:0065004]
formation of transcription factor complex
formation of transcription initiation complex
The process that gives rise to the transcription initiation complex.
formation of translation initiation complex
GO:0001732 formation of translation initiation complex
Joining of the large subunit, with release of IF2/eIF2 and IF3/eIF3. This leaves the functional ribosome at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site. [GO:0001732]
function
Elemental activities, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions. [GO:0003674]
fungus
Any of numerous microorganisms of the kingdom Fungi, which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans and sometimes cellulose. The kingdom includes the yeasts, molds, smuts, and mushrooms.
fusion gene
A hybrid gene formed from two previously separate genes. It can occur as the result of a translocation, interstitial deletion, or chromosomal inversion. The fusion of two genes is often taken as evidence that these genes have related functions [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_gene]
fusion of gene with regulatory region
fusion of gene with reporter gene
The joining of a gene and a reporter gene
The joining of two or more genes which originally coded for separate proteins. Translation of this fusion gene results in a single polypeptide with function properties derived from each of the original proteins. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_protein]
GCM domain
A domain containing many conserved basic amino acid residues, seven cysteine residues, and four histidine residues. The conserved cysteines are involved in shaping the overall conformation of the domain, in the process of DNA binding and in the redox regulation of DNA binding. The GCM domain consists of a large and a small domain tethered together by one of the two Zn ions present in the structure. The large and the small domains comprise five- and three-stranded beta-sheets, respectively, with three small helical segments packed against the same side of the two beta-sheets. (modified from [InterPro:IPR003902])
GCM transcription factors are a family of proteins which contain a GCM motif. The GCM motif is a domain that has been identified in proteins belonging to a family of transcriptional regulators involved in fundamental developmental processes which comprise Drosophila melanogaster GCM and its mammalian homologs. IN GCM transcription factors the N-terminal moiety contains a DNA-binding domain of 150 residues. Sequence conservation is highest in this GCM domain. In contrast, the C-terminal moiety contains one or two transactivating regions and is only poorly conserved. The GCM motif has been shown to be a DNA binding domain that recognises preferentially the nonpalindromic octamer 5'-ATGCGGGT-3'. The GCM motif contains many conserved basic amino acid residues, seven cysteine residues, and four histidine residues. The conserved cysteines are involved in shaping the overall conformation of the domain, in the process of DNA binding and in the redox regulation of DNA binding. !
gas
The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. [IMR:0001720, MeSH:D005740]
gene
A unit of inheritance; a working subunit of DNA that contributes to phenotype/function and carries a particular set of instructions, usually coding for a particular protein.
gene expression
The process by which the information encoded in a gene is converted into protein or some form of RNA. The DNA sequence is first transcribed into RNA and then usually translated into protein. [http://www.homepages.indiana.edu/120800/text/glossary.html]
gene expression regulator
gene fusion
The accidental joining of DNA of two genes, such as can occur in a translocation or inversion. Gene fusions can give rise to hybrid proteins or to the misregulation of the transcription of one gene by the cis regulatory elements (enhancers) of another. [http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-G/gene_fusion.html]
gene mutation
gene product
The biochemical material, either RNA or protein, resulting from expression of a gene. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_product]
gene product function
gene region
gene regulation pathway
A pathway that controls the rate or manner in which a gene is expressed.
A transcription factor that is required to initiate all transcription events independent of upstream regulatory elements.[PANTHER:MF00228]
genetic modification
A transcription factor containing grainy-head motif.
grainyhead
A domain of 250 amino acid residues which is required for binding to DNA and a C-terminal dimerization domain. It has a basic helix-loop-helix motif and a isoleucine-rich activation motif.
HMG
A DNA-binding domain which in some instances such as HMG1 mediates sequence-unspecific, in other cases such LEF-1 sequence-specific binding to DNA. This domain exhibits a typical L-shaped conformation made up of 3 alpha-helices and an extended N-terminal extension of the first helix. The latter together with helix 1, which contains a kink, form the long arm of the L, whereas helices 1 and 2 form the short arm. Binding to the minor groove induces a sharp bending of the DNA by more than 90 degree, away from the bound protein. The overall topology of the DNA-protein complexes resembles somewhat that of the TBP-TATA box complex. (modified from [TRANSFAC:C0015])
HMG-box transcription factor
A transcription factor containing high mobility group protein (HMG) box. [PANTHER:MF00226]
HSF domain
Heat shock factor (HSF) is a transcriptional activator of heat shock genes: it binds specifically to heat shock promoter elements, which are palindromic sequences rich with repetitive purine and pyrimidine motifs. Under normal conditions, HSF is a homo-trimeric cytoplasmic protein, but heat shock activation results in relocalisation to the nucleus. Each HSF monomer contains one C-terminal and three N-terminal leucine zipper repeats. Point mutations in these regions result in disruption of cellular localisation, rendering the protein constitutively nuclear. Two sequences flanking the N-terminal zippers fit the consensus of a bi- partite nuclear localisation signal (NLS). Interaction between the N- and C-terminal zippers may result in a structure that masks the NLS sequences: following activation of HSF, these may then be unmasked, resulting in relocalisation of the protein to the nucleus. The DNA-binding component of HSF lies to the N-terminus of the first NLS region, a!
HSF transcription factor
helix-turn-helix domain
A domain containing two helices connected by a short turn. The second helix binds to DNA with the helix in the major groove, which allows the contact between specific base and residues throughout the protein. The HtH domain is found primarily in gene regulatory proteins and binds DNA in a sequence specific manner.
helix-turn-helix domain transcription factor
A transcription factor containing helix-turn-helix domain.
heterochromatin
Transcriptionally inactive form of chromatin.
heterocyclic base
A chemical structure containing a heterocyclic ring. A heterocyclic base unit in each nucleotide (either a pyrimidine or a purine) has nitrogen within the rings so also called a nitrogenous base.
heterodimerization
GO:0046982 protein heterodimerization activity
Interacting selectively with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer. [GO:0046982]
histone
Any of five related proteins, composed primarily of basic amino acids, which are the scaffold around which DNA is wound to form the chromatin structure of eukaryotic chromosomes [http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1994/glossary.html]
histone acetylation
The modification of histones by addition of acetyl groups. [GO:0016573]
histone fold
A motif consisting of a core of three helices, where the long middle helix is flanked at each end by shorter ones. Proteins displaying this structure include the nucleosome core histones, which form octomers composed of two copies of each of the four histones, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4; archaeal histone, which possesses only the core domain part of eukaryotic histone; and the TATA-box binding protein (TBP)-associated factors (TAF), where the histone fold is a common motif for mediating TAF-TAF interactions. TAF proteins include TAF(II)18 and TAF(II)28, which form a heterodimer, TAF(II)42 and TAF(II)62, which form a heterotetramer similar to (H3-H4)2, and the negative cofactor 2 (NC2) alpha and beta chains, which form a heterodimer. (modified from [InterPro:IPR009072])
A transcription factor containing structure of histone fold.
holoenzyme
A complete and catalytically active enzyme consisting of all subunits. (i.e. Holoenzyme = Apoenzyme + Cofactor).
homeo box
Three consecutive alpha-helix structures, helix 3 contacts mainly the major groove of the DNA, some contacts at the minor groove are observed as well. Helix 2 and 3 resemble the helix-turn-helix structure of prokaryotic regulators. [TRANSFAC:C0006]
homeobox transcription factor
A transcription factor containing the homeobox domain. It is usually involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development. [PANTHER:MF00038]
homodimerization
GO:0042803 protein homodimerization activity
Interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GO:0042803]
housekeeping gene
A gene involved in basic functions needed for the sustenance of the cell. Housekeeping genes are constitutively expressed (they are always turned ON). [http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24232]
increase
A process of becoming larger, more numerous, more important, or more likely. [NCI:C25533]
information biopolymer
Naturally occurring macromolecules that harbor biological information in their structures, e.g. proteins, nucleic acids.
inhibition
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an action.
inorganic chemical
inositol phosphate
instrument
A device for measuring, recording, or controlling
insulator
Prevents eukaryotic gene regulatory proteins from influencing distant genes / a trancriptional cis regulatory region that when located between a CM and a gene's promoter prevents the CRM from modulating that genes expression. []
intra cellular process
Processes that are carried out within the cell
intracellular transport
The directed movement of substances within a cell. [GO:0046907]
intra organismal process
The biological processes occurring inside the organism.
intron
A segment of DNA that is transcribed, but removed from within the transcript by splicing together the sequences (exons) on either side of it. [SO: 0000188, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/Documentation/FT_definitions/feature_table.html]
intron on DNA
A non-coding segment of DNA; edited out during the transcription process. [http://library.thinkquest.org/17109/glossary.htm]
intron on RNA
The parts that are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript (pre-RNA) by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA.
ion
An ion is a molecular entity having a net electric charge. [CHEBI:24870]
ligand
Binding to a specific receptor protein and activating intracellular signaling cascades that alter the behavior of the cell. [IMR:0000002, ISBN:0815340729]
lipid
A loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. [CHEBI:18059]
living entity
An entity of a living organism (a life form).
locus
The position of a gene (or other chromosome marker) on a chromosome.
A region that enhances the expression of linked genes to physiological levels in a tissue-specific and copy number-dependent manner at ectopic chromatin sites. It is required for normal regulation of expression of some genes.
MADS
Human serum response factor (SRF) is a ubiquitous nuclear protein important for cell proliferation and differentiation. SRF function is essential for transcriptional regulation of numerous growth-factor-inducible genes, such as c-fos oncogene and muscle-specific actin genes. A core domain of around 90 amino acids is sufficient for the activities of DNA-binding, dimerisation and interaction with accessory factors. Within the core is a DNA-binding region, designated the MADS box, that is highly similar to many eukaryotic regulatory proteins: among these are MCM1, the regulator of cell type-specific genes in fission yeast; DSRF, a Drosophila trachea development factor; the MEF2 family of myocyte-specific enhancer factors; and the Agamous and Deficiens families of plant homeotic proteins. Proteins belonging to the MADS family function as dimers, the primary DNA-binding element of which is an anti-parallel coiled coil of two amphipathic alpha-helices, one from each subunit.!
MADS transcription factor
A transcription factor containing MADS domain.
In a helix, refers to the larger of the unequal grooves that are formed as a result of the double-helical structure of DNA. As a result of the patterns of hydrogen bonding between complementary bases of DNA, the sugar groups stick out at 120 degree angles from each other instead of 180. The major groove is generated by the larger angular distance between sugars. [http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/molecular/structureofnucleicacids/terms/term_11.html]
messenger RNA
A type of RNA that reflects the exact nucleoside sequence of the genetically active DNA. mRNA carries the message of the DNA to the cytoplasm of cells where protein is made in amino acid sequences specified by the mRNA. [http://www.ehsc.orst.edu/outreach/glossary.html]
metabolic pathway
Processes that cause many of the chemical changes in living organisms, including anabolism and catabolism. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [GO:0008152]
methylation
The process by which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule. [GO:0032259]
Single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulate gene expression. miRNAs are encoded by genes that are transcribed from DNA but not translated into protein (non-coding RNA); instead they are processed from primary transcripts known as pri-miRNA to short stem-loop structures called pre-miRNA and finally to functional miRNA. Mature miRNA molecules are partially complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, and their main function is to downregulate gene expression. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA]
microorganism
An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [http://www.stjude.org/stjude/hospital/med_terms.jsp?medterm=M]
In a helix, refers to the smaller of the unequal grooves that are formed as a result of the double-helical structure of DNA. As a result of the patterns of hydrogen bonding between complementary bases of DNA, the sugar groups stick out at 120 degree angles from each other instead of 180. The minor groove is generated by the smaller angular distance between sugars. [http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/molecular/structureofnucleicacids/terms/term_12.html]
modification of molecular entity
A process that causes a change (e.g. covalent alteration or a change of activity) of molecular entity.
molecular binding
molecular entity
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer, etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_entity]
molecular interaction
Interaction of a molecule with another molecule.
molecular process
Any processes that are carried out at the molecular level.
molecular structure
motif identification
Identification of motifs using the experimental and computational techniques.
mutant gene
A gene that has changed (e.g. lost, gained, or exchanged some of the material it received from its parent), affecting the normal transmission and expression of a trait.
mutant protein
mutant regulatory DNA
mutated protein
A protein having a change in its amino acid sequence caused by a mutation.
mutation
A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene that alters the genetic message carried by that gene.
negative polarity
down regulation
The process by which a cell decreases the number of a cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external variable. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downregulation]
negative regulation of gene expression
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression.
negative regulation of transcription
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. [GO:0016481]
GO:0016481 negative regulation of transcription
negative regulation of transcription by transcription repressor
Any process involving transcription repressor activity that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription (modified from [GO:0016481]).
negative regulation of transcription of gene
negative regulation of translation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA. [GO:0017148]
GO:0017148 negative regulation of protein biosynthetic process
negative transcription regulator
Any transcription regulator that prevents or downregulates transcription.
non physical continuant
A non physical continuant is an entity that has no spatial dimension and no mass .
nuclear export of mRNA
The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. [GO:0006406]
nuclear receptor transcription factor
A ligand-dependent receptor found in the nucleus of the cell. [GO:0004879]
GO:0004879 ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activity
nucleic acid
Macromolecules, the major organic matter of the nuclei of biological cells, made up of nucleotide units, and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid. [CHEBI:33696]
nucleic acid molecule
A complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and viruses. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid]
nucleic acid region
nucleoside
Ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivatives of the pyrimidine or purine bases adenine, guanine, xanthine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil. [CHEBI: 33838]
nucleosome
Spherical sub-units of eukaryotic chromatin that are composed of a core particle consisting of an octamer of histones (two molecules each of histones H2a, H2b, H3 and H4) and 146 nucleotide pairs. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X3910E/X3910E17.htm]
nucleotide
A nucleotide consists of a nitrogen-containing base, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. Nucleotides can carry chemical energy (e.g. ATP), form coenzymes (e.g. CoA), be used as specific signaling molecules (e.g. cAMP) in the cell. Nucleotides are the subunits of the nucleic acids. [IMR:0001349, ISBN:0815340729]
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GO:0005634]
occurrent
An entity [bfo:Entity] that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. Sometimes also called perdurants. [http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/1.1/light/span#Occurrent]
The inframe interval between the stop codons of a reading frame which when read as sequential triplets, has the potential of encoding a sequential string of amino acids. TER(NNN)nTER. [SO:0000236]
operator
A regulatory element of an operon to which activators or repressors bind hereby effecting translation of genes in that operon. [SO:0000057]
operon
A genetic regulatory system in which genes (structural genes) coding for functionally related proteins are clustered along the DNA. The expression of structural genes is controlled by the regulatory elements (operator genes) that respond to environmental cues.
organic chemical
organism
An individual living system (such as animal, plant, fungus or micro-organism). In at least some form, all organisms are capable of reacting to stimuli, reproduction, growth and maintenance as a stable whole (after FAO[1]). An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism]
organismal process
GO:0032501multicellular organismal process
The biological processes, occurring at the level of the organism, pertinent to the function of the organism. [GO:0032501]
orientation
A position or arrangement of points, relative to one another or other specific directions.
packed DNA
paired box
A domain consisting of a conserved 124 amino acid N-terminal sequence, found in several developmentally regulated proteins in fruit fly, mouse and human
paired box transcription factor
A transcription factor containing paired box domain, found in several developmentally regulated proteins in fruit fly, mouse and human
pathway
A series of related biochemical reactions. [http://www.genpromag.com/Glossary.aspx]
peptide
phenotype
Any observed quality of an organism, such as its morphology, development, or behavior, as opposed to its genotype - the inherited instructions it carries, which may or may not be expressed. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype]
phosphate group
phosphorylation
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. [GO:0016310]
physical contact
Physically touching of two or more objects.
physical continuant
A physical continuant is an entity that has spatial dimension. It can either have mass (such as a protein) or no mass (such as DNA minor groove).
physical interaction
An action that occurs as two or more objects have a physical effect upon one another. (modified from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_interaction])
biological process
Those processes specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. [GO:0008150]
plant
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions ( MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [MESH:D010944]
pocket domain
pocket consists of two conserved 'boxes' (A and B) with a less conserved spacer region lying in between
pocket domain transcription factor
A transcription factor containing pocket domain (e.g. the RB protein).
polarity
poly-A signal sequence
The recognition sequence necessary for endonuclease cleavage of an RNA transcript that is followed by polyadenylation; consensus=AATAAA. [SO:0000551, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/Documentation/FT_definitions/feature_table.html]
polymerase
Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of nucleic acids on preexisting nucleic acid templates, assembling RNA from ribonucleotides or DNA from deoxyribonucleotides. [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/97pr/09gloss.html#p]
polymerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction that synthesizes nucleic acids on preexisting nucleic acid templates, assembling RNA from ribonucleotides or DNA from deoxyribonucleotides
positive polarity
positive regulation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process, function or phenomenon.
positive regulation of gene expression
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression.
positive regulation of transcription
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription. [GO:0045941]
GO:0045941 positive regulation of transcription
positive regulation of transcription by transcription activator
Any process involving transcription activator activity that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription (modified from [GO:0045941]).
positive regulation of transcription of gene
positive regulation of translation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA. [GO:0045727]
GO:0045727 positive regulation of protein biosynthetic process
positive transcription regulator
A transcription regulator activity required for initiation or upregulation of transcription.
posttranscriptional modification
A genetic process by which, in eukaryotic cells, primary transcript RNA is converted into mature RNA. The three main modifications are 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and RNA splicing. (modified from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transcriptional_modification])
posttranslational modification
GO:0043687 post-translational protein modification
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome. [GO:0043687]
primary structure
(Wikipedia, en:) The primary structure of a biological molecule is the exact specification of its atomic composition and the chemical bonds connecting those atoms (including stereochemistry). For a typical unbranched, un-crosslinked biopolymer (such as a molecule of DNA, RNA or typical intracellular protein), the primary structure is equivalent to specifying the sequence of its monomeric subunits, e.g., the nucleotide or peptide sequence.
process
A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. [GO:0008150]
prokaryote
Cell or organism lacking a membrane-bound, structurally discrete nucleus and other subcellular compartments. Bacteria are prokaryotes. [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/97pr/09gloss.html#p]
promoter
A regulatory_region composed of the TSS(s) and binding sites for TF_complexes of the basal transcription machinery. [SO:0000167]
protein
a macromolecule composed of one or several polypeptides. Each polypeptide consists of a chain of amino acids linked together by covalent (peptide) bonds. [http://www.qimr.edu.au/qimr_glossary.html]
protein amplification
Amplification of protein from a pool of mRNA using technologies such as phage display and Profusion technology.
protein binding site of DNA
A region on DNA that specifically forms a chemical bond with a protein (or proteins).
protein binding site of protein
A region on a protein that forms a chemical bond (protein ligands) with other proteins.
protein biosynthesis
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins.
protein catabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. [GO:0030163]
protein coding DNA region
A DNA region that encodes one or more proteins..
protein coding gene
protein coding region
protein complex
Any protein group composed of two or more subunits, which may or may not be identical. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleic acids, metal ions or carbohydrate groups. [GO:0043234]
protein domain
A part of protein sequence and structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain. Each domain forms a compact three-dimensional structure and often can be independently stable and folded. Many proteins consist of several structural domains. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_domain]
protein folding
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure. [GO:0006457]
protein identification
Identification of proteins using the techniques of electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, etc.
protein maturation
The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein. [GO:0051604]
protein metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification. [GO:0019538]
protein modification
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification). [GO:0006464]
protein mutation
A mutation that alters the protein product of a gene.
protein polymerization
The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein. [GO:0051258]
protein protein interaction
the association of protein molecules and the study of these associations from the perspective of biochemistry, signal transduction and networks. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction]
protein subunit
A single protein molecule that assembles (or coassembles) with other protein molecules to form a multimeric or oligomeric protein. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_subunit]
protein targeting
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bound subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif. [GO:0006605]
protein transport
The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells. [GO:0015031]
protist
A single-celled, eukaryotic organism that may resemble an animal or a plant. (Allaby 1998) [http://www.oup.com.au/orc/demo_glossary.aspx#P]
RHR
A DNA binding domain (Rel-type) exhibiting a bipartite subdomain structure, each subdomain comprising a beta-barrel with five loops that form an extensive contact surface to the major groove of the DNA. Particularly, the first loop of the N-terminal subdomain (the highly conserved recognition loop) performs contacts with the recognition element on the DNA, but other loops are involved. The second, C-terminal domain is necessary mainly for protein dimerization. (modified from [TRANSFAC:C0020])
RHR transcription factor
A transcription factor containing RHR domain
RNA
RNA biosynthesis
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. [GO:0032774]
RNA catabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. [GO:0006401]
RNA coding DNA region
RNA coding gene
A gene coding for RNA (tRNA, rRNA, etc.).
RNA coding region
RNA elongation
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase. [GO:0006354]
RNA metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. [GO:0016070]
RNA modification
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically. [GO:0009451]
RNA molecule
A chain of ribonucleotides as it occures at a whole.
RNA polymerase
An enzyme that catalyses the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA or RNA template (modified from [GO:0003899, GO:0003968]).
GO:0003899 DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity
GO:0003968 RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity
RNA polymerase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA or RNA template (modified from [GO:0003899, GO:0003968]).
GO:0003899 DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity; GO:0003968 RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity
RNA polymerase binding site of DNA
A region on RNA polymerase that forms a chemical bond with DNA.
RNA polymerase II
An enzyme found in eukaryotic cells that catalyzes the transcription of DNA to synthesize precursors of mRNA and most snRNA and microRNA. Also called RNAP II and Pol II.
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme
GO:0016591 DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme
Large protein complex composed of the RNA polymerase core complex and a variety of other proteins including transcription factor complexes TFIIA, D, E, F, and H which are required for promoter recognition, and the Mediator subcomplex. Catalyzes the synthesis of eukaryotic pre-mRNA. [GO:0016591]
RNA polymerase III promoter
A DNA sequence in eukaryotic DNA to which RNA polymerase III binds, to begin transcription. [SO:0000171]
RNA polymerase III promoter type 1
RNA polymerase III promoter type 2
RNA polymerase II promoter
A DNA sequence in eukaryotic DNA to which RNA polymerase II binds, to begin transcription. [SO:0000170]
RNA polymerase I promoter
A DNA sequence in eukaryotic DNA to which RNA polymerase I binds, to begin transcription. [SO:0000169]
RNA processing
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules. [GO:0006396]
RNA protein interaction
The aggregation and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. [GO:0022618]
RNA region
A chain of ribonucleotides that is part of a longer chain of ribunucleotides.
RNA splicing
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA. [GO:0008380]
regulation of function
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of function.
regulation of gene expression
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression.
regulation of modification of molecular entity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of molecular entity.
regulation of pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a pathway
regulation of physical interaction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of physical interaction.
regulation of process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of process.
regulation of transcriptin by two component regulatory system
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription by protein components involved in a system responding to environmental changes characterized usually by a sensor kinase in the cell membrane that phosphorylates itself in response to a signal and a response regulator to which the phosphoryl group is transferred.
regulation of transcription
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. [GO:0045449]
regulation of transcription of gene
regulation of transcription of operon
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA.
regulation of transcription of regulon
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of regulon
regulation of translation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA. [GO:0006417]
A DNA sequence that controls the expression of a gene. [SO:0005836, http://www.genpromag.com/scripts/glossary.asp?LETTER=R] Typically binding sites for proteins required for transcription, such as gene regulatory proteins and polymerases.
regulatory process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. [GO:0050789]
GO:0050789 regulation of biological process
regulon
A group of genes, whether linked as a cluster or not, that respond to a common regulatory signal. [SO:1001284, ISBN:0198506732]
reporter gene
A transfected gene that encodes an easily assayed product, such as GFP; it is used to monitor gene expression under different conditions; usually to test the activity of a promoter.
reporter gene construction
Construction of any gene that encodes an easily assayed product that is used to monitor gene expression under different conditions; usually to test the activity of a promoter.
response to drug
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease. [GO:0042493]
ribose
rRNA
RNA that comprises part of a ribosome, and that can provide both structural scaffolding and catalytic activity. [SO:0000252, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/Documentation/FT_definitions/feature_table.html, ISBN:0198506732]
runt like domain
A domain homologous to a defined region within the Drosophila protein Runt. The runt domain contains twelve beta strands, seven of which shape the fold of an immunoglobulin-like beta sandwich (S-type Ig fold) also found in the DNA-binding domains of other transcription factors (NF-kappaB, NFAT, p53, STAT, and the T-domain) that is preceded by an N-terminal alpha helix. The runt domain is responsible for both DNA-binding and heterodimerization which occur at distinct, non-overlapping sites within the domain (modified from [TRANSFAC:C0029]).
runt-like transcription factor
A transcription factor containing runt-like domain.
SAND domain
The SAND domain (named after Sp100, AIRE-1, NucP41/75, DEAF-1) is a conserved ~80 residue region found in a number of nuclear proteins, many of which function in chromatin-dependent transcriptional control. These include proteins linked to various human diseases, such as the Sp100 (Speckled protein 100 kDa), NUDR (Nuclear DEAF-1 related), GMEB (Glucocorticoid Modulatory Element Binding) proteins and AIRE-1 (Autoimmune regulator 1) proteins. Proteins containing the SAND domain have a modular structure; the SAND domain can be associated with a number of other modules, including the bromodomain, the PHD finger and the MYND finger. Because no SAND domain has been found in yeast, it is thought that the SAND domain could be restricted to animal phyla. Many SAND domain-containing proteins, including NUDR, DEAF-1 (Deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor-1) and GMEB, have been shown to bind DNA sequences specifically. The SAND domain has been proposed to mediate the DNA bindin!
SAND domain transcription factor
A transcription factor containing SAND domain
SMAD NF-1 transcription factor
A transcription factor containing SMAD NF-1 domain
SMAD NF 1 domain
Two DNA binding domains (SMAD and NF1) sharing structural similarity. The SMAD (MH2) domain consists of a sandwich of eleven beta strands in two sheets with Greek key topology. SMAD proteins mediate signaling by the TGF-beta/activin/BMP-2/4 cytokines from receptor Ser/Thr protein kinases at the cell surface to the nucleus. Nuclear factor 1 (NF-1; or CCAAT box-binding transcription factor, CTF) is found in a family of vertebrate nuclear proteins which recognize and bind, as dimers, the palindromic DNA sequence 5'-TGGCANNNTGCCA-3'. The NF-1 proteins have been implicated as regulators of diverse biological processes such as adenovirus replication and transcription of TGF-responsive genes. (modified from [InterPro: IPR008984, IPR000647])
STAT
The structurally and functionally conserved domains shared by the STAT proteins including: an N-terminal domain that strengthens interactions between STAT dimers on adjacent DNA-binding sites; a coiled-coil STAT domain that is implicated in protein-protein interactions; a DNA-binding domain with an immunoglobulin-like fold similar to p53 tumour suppressor protein; an EF-hand-like linker domain connecting the DNA-binding and SH2 domains; an SH2 domain that acts as a phosphorylation-dependent switch to control receptor recognition and DNA-binding; and a C-terminal transactivation domain. (modified from [InterPro:IPR013801]
STAT transcription factor
The STAT protein (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) family contains transcription factors that are specifically activated to regulate gene transcription when cells encounter cytokines and growth factors, hence they act as signal transducers in the cytoplasm and transcription activators in the nucleus. Binding of these factors to cell-surface receptors leads to receptor autophosphorylation at a tyrosine, the phosphotyrosine being recognised by the STAT SH2 domain, which mediates the recruitment of STAT proteins from the cytosol and their association with the activated receptor. The STAT proteins are then activated by phosphorylation via members of the JAK family of protein kinases, causing them to dimerise and translocated to the nucleus, where they bind to specific promoter sequences in target genes. In mammals, STATs comprise a family of seven structurally and functionally related proteins: Stat1, Stat2, Stat3, Stat4, Stat5a and Stat5b, Stat6. STAT p!
second messenger
sequence
The order of nucleotides in RNA or DNA or of amino acids in a polypeptide. [http://www.plantpath.cornell.edu/glossary/Defs_S.htm]
sequence homology analysis
An analytic procedure that compares the similarity of a sequence with other sequences.
sigma factor
A sigma factor is the promoter specificity subunit of eubacterial-type multisubunit RNA polymerases, those whose core subunit composition is often described as alpha(2)-beta-beta-prime. (This type of multisubunit RNA polymerase complex is known to be found in eubacteria and plant plastids). Although sigma does not bind DNA on its own, when combined with the core to form the holoenzyme, this binds specifically to promoter sequences, with the sigma factor making sequence specific contacts with the promoter elements. The sigma subunit is released from the elongating form of the polymerase and is thus free to act catalytically for multiple RNA polymerase core enzymes. [GO:0016987]
Activity of a sigma factor. A sigma factor is the promoter specificity subunit of eubacterial-type multisubunit RNA polymerases, those whose core subunit composition is often described as alpha(2)-beta-beta-prime. (This type of multisubunit RNA polymerase complex is known to be found in eubacteria and plant plastids). Although sigma does not bind DNA on its own, when combined with the core to form the holoenzyme, this binds specifically to promoter sequences, with the sigma factor making sequence specific contacts with the promoter elements. The sigma subunit is released from the elongating form of the polymerase and is thus free to act catalytically for multiple RNA polymerase core enzymes. [GO:0016987]
sigma factor antagonist activity
GO:0016989 sigma factor antagonist activity
The function of binding to a sigma factor and stopping, preventing or reducing the rate of its transcriptional activity. [GO:0016989]
signaling pathway
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell. [GO:0007165]
silencer
Combination of short DNA sequence elements which suppress the transcription of an adjacent gene or genes. [SO:0000625, http://www.brunel.ac.uk/depts/bio/project/old_hmg/gloss3.htm]
single strand DNA
DNA that consists of only one chain of nucleotides rather than the two base pairing strands found in DNA in the double helix form. Parvoviridae have a single stranded DNA genome. Single stranded DNA can be produced experimentally by rapidly cooling heat denatured DNA. Heating causes the strands to separate and rapid cooling prevents renaturation. [http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Single_stranded_dna]
solution
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution]
solvent
A substance (usually a liquid) that dissolves other substances to form a solution
spacer
A region placed between two or more pieces of sequence features (e.g. genes).
Provides flexibility needed for communication between DNA bound proteins. Not recognized by gene regulatory proteins.
splice enhancer
Region of a transcript that regulates splicing. [SO:0000344]
stimulon
A set of genes/proteins under regulation by the same stimulus
structural domain of transcription activator
A compact, globular sub-structure of a transcription activator.
structural domain of transcription repressor
A compact, globular sub-structure of a transcription repressor.
substrate
A molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate(s). The substrate binds with the enzyme's active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. The substrate is broken down into a product and is released from the active site. The active site is now free to accept another substrate molecule. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_%28biochemistry%29]
TATA box
A DNA sequence (cis-regulatory element) found in the promoter region of most genes in eukaryotes (also called Goldberg-Hogness box). Considered to be the core promoter sequence, it is the binding site of either transcription factors or histones (the binding of a transcription factor blocks the binding of a histone and vice versa) and is involved in the process of transcription by RNA polymerase. It has the core DNA sequence 5'-TATAAA-3' or a variant, which is usually followed by three or more adenine bases. The TATA box is usually located 25 base pairs upstream to the transcription site. (modified from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box])
TATA-binding protein
The TATA-box binding protein (TBP) is required for the initiation of transcription by RNA polymerases I, II and III, from promoters with or without a TATA box. TBP associates with a host of factors, including the general transcription factors TFIIA, -B, -D, -E, and -H, to form huge multi-subunit pre-initiation complexes on the core promoter. Through its association with different transcription factors, TBP can initiate transcription from different RNA polymerases. There are several related TBPs, including TBP-like (TBPL) proteins. The C-terminal core of TBP (~180 residues) is highly conserved and contains two 77-amino acid repeats that produce a saddle-shaped structure that straddles the DNA; this region binds to the TATA box and interacts with transcription factors and regulatory proteins. By contrast, the N-terminal region varies in both length and sequence. [InterPro: IPR000814]
TBP domain
A domain within TATA-box binding proteins.
T box domain
A domain defined as the minimal region within the T-box protein that is both necessary and sufficient for sequence-specific DNA binding, all members of the family bind to the DNA consensus sequence TCACACCT. Transcription factors of the T-box family are required both for early cell-fate decisions, such as those necessary for formation of the basic vertebrate body plan, and for differentiation and organogenesis. (modified from [InterPro:IPR001699]
TEA domain
A domain containing a DNA-binding region of 66-68 amino acids. The TEA/ATTS domain is found in the N-termini of certain gene regulatory proteins, such as the Simian virus 40 (SV40) enhancer factor TEF-1, yeast trans-acting factor TEC-1 (which is required for TY1 enhancer activity), and the Aspergillus abaA regulatory gene product. SV40 and retroviral enhancers, and those to which TEF-1, TEC-1 and abaA proteins bind, contain GT-IIC sites: the TEA/ATTS domain may therefore recognise and bind such sites. (modified from [InterPro:IPR000818])
TEA domain transcription factor
Transcriptional enhancer activators are nuclear proteins that contain a TEA/ATTS domain, a DNA-binding region of 66-68 amino acids. The TEA/ATTS domain is found in the N-termini of certain gene regulatory proteins, such as the Simian virus 40 (SV40) enhancer factor TEF-1, yeast trans-acting factor TEC-1 (which is required for TY1 enhancer activity), and the Aspergillus abaA regulatory gene product. SV40 and retroviral enhancers, and those to which TEF-1, TEC-1 and abaA proteins bind, contain GT-IIC sites: the TEA/ATTS domain may therefore recognise and bind such sites. Secondary structure predictions suggest the presence of 3 helices, but have not confirmed the presence of the helix-turn-helix motif characteristic of many DNA-binding proteins: DNA-binding may therefore be effected by a different mechanism. [InterPro: IPR000818]
TF binding site of protein
A region on a protein that forms a chemical bond with one or more transcription factors.
TF module
temperature
A degree of hotness or coldness the can be measured using a thermometer. Temperature is measured in degrees on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. [http://eo.ucar.edu/webweather/glossary.html]
terminator
The sequence of DNA located either at the end of the transcript that causes RNA polymerase to terminate transcription. [SO:0000141, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/Documentation/FT_definitions/feature_table.html]
three dimensional molecular structure
tissue
A group of similar cells, specialized to perform a particular function (or functions). Examples of tissue include, heart mucslce, skin, bone etc.[http://medicineworld.org/cancer/descriptions.html]
transcript
An RNA synthesized on a DNA or RNA template by an RNA polymerase. [SO:0000673]
transcription
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. [GO:0006350]
transcription activator
A transcription regulator required for initiation of transcription.
transcription activator activity
Any transcription regulator activity required for initiation or upregulation of transcription. [GO:0016563]
GO:0016563 transcription activator activity
transcription coactivator
A transcription cofactor that activates transcription from a RNA polymerase II promoter; it does not bind DNA itself. (modified from [GO:0003713])
GO:0003713 transcription coactivator activity
transcription cofactor
A transcription factor that binds to other transcription factors / the core RNA polymerase II complex but does not bind DNA itself.
transcription cofactor activity
GO:0003712 transcription cofactor activity
The function that links a sequence-specific transcription factor to the core RNA polymerase II complex but does not bind DNA itself. [GO:0003712]
transcription corepressor
A transcription cofactor that represses transcription from a RNA polymerase II promoter; it does not bind DNA itself. (modified from [GO:0003714])
GO:0003714 transcription corepressor activity
transcription DNA-dependent
The synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. [GO:0006351]
transcription during RNA-mediated transposition
GO:0032199 transcription during RNA-mediated transposition
The synthesis of DNA from an RNA transposon intermediate. [GO:0032199]
transcription factor
A transcription factor that binds to a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein (other transcription factors of cofactors) or protein or macromolecular complex. (modified from [GO:0003700])
transcription factor activity
GO:0003700 transcription factor activity
The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. [GO:0003700]
transcription factor binding site of DNA
A region on a transcription factor that specifically forms a chemical bond with DNA.
transcription factor complex
Any protein group composed of two or more transcription factors.
transcription initiation
Processes involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. [GO:0006352]
transcription initiation complex
The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase binding to the promoter.
transcription of gene
transcription of operon
The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template of operon.
transcription of regulon genes
The synthesis of RNA on the template of regulon genes.
transcription of stimulon genes
The synthesis of RNA on the template of stimulon genes.
transcription RNA-dependent
The synthesis of DNA on a template of RNA. [GO:0006410]
transcription regulator
Protein that has transcription regulator activity.
transcription regulator activity
GO:0030528 transcription regulator activity
Plays a role in regulating transcription; may bind a promoter or enhancer DNA sequence or interact with a DNA-binding transcription factor. [GO:0030528]
transcription repressor
transcription repressor activity
Any transcription regulator activity that prevents or downregulates transcription. [GO:0016564]
GO:0016564 transcription repressor activity
transcription termination
The process by which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA. [GO:0006353]
translation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein. [GO:0006412]
translation elongation
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. [GO:0006414]
translation factor
Any of a group of proteins involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.
translation initiation
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. [GO:0006413]
translation initiation complex
GO:0003743 translation initiation factor activity; IMR:0000901 translation initiation factor
The protein complex that initiates ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide (modified from [GO:0003743]).
translation regulator
Any substance involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome (modified from [GO:0045182]).
GO:0045182 translation regulator activity
translation termination
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code). [GO:0006415]
transport
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells.[GO:0006810]
transposition
Any process involved in mediating the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomolgous sites. [GO:0032196]
tryptophan cluster
A region comprising several tryptophan residues with a spacing of 12-21 amino acid residues; the subclass of myb-type DNA-binding domains typically exhibit a spacing of 19-21 amino acid residues. All IRF family members, except IRF-1 and IRF-2, contain conserved IAD, IRF association domain that is responsible for protein-protein interactions with other IRF family members or with Ets factor PU.1 and/or bHLH factor E47. (modified from [TRANSFAC:C0022])
tryptophan cluster transcription factor
A transcription factor containing tryptophan cluster.
System of proteins and other molecular entities responding to environmental changes. Characterized usually by first a sensor kinase in the cell membrane that phosphorylates itself in response to a signal and, second, a response regulator to which the phosphoryl group is transferred. The responder is typically a DNA-binding protein that regulates transcription. Several of these systems are quite complex, involving many proteins in a signaling cascade or contributing to several responses simultaneously. They are involved in a variety processes such as chemotaxis, osmoregulation, magnesium transport, pH tolerance, sporulation, or response of virulent species to host cell's environments.
two-component sensory transduction system
two-component signal transduction system
unpacked DNA
The DNA that is unpacked from the loosen chromatin and hence get easy access to various enzymes like DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase in replication or transcription of gene.
upstream regulatory sequence
A sequence located in the upstream region of a gene that controls the rate or manner in which the gene is expressed.
virus
A submicroscopic organism that contains genetic information but cannot reproduce itself. To replicate, it must invade another cell and use parts of that cell's reproductive machinery. [http://www.siebelinstitute.com/brewterms/V.html]
vitamin
Organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body. [MeSH:D014815]
WRKY domain
The WRKY domain is a 60 amino acid region that is defined by the conserved amino acid sequence WRKYGQK at its N-terminal end, together with a novel zinc-finger- like motif. The WRKY domain is found in one or two copies in a superfamily of plant transcription factors involved in the regulation of various physiological programs that are unique to plants, including pathogen defense, senescence, trichome development and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The WRKY domain binds specifically to the DNA sequence motif (T)(T)TGAC(C/T), which is known as the W box. The invariant TGAC core of the W box is essential for function and WRKY binding. Some proteins known to contain a WRKY domain include Arabidopsis thaliana ZAP1 (Zinc-dependent Activator Protein-1) and AtWRKY44/TTG2, a protein involved in trichome development and anthocyanin pigmentation; and wild oat ABF1-2, two proteins involved in the gibberelic acid-induced expression of the alpha-Amy2 gene. Structural stud!
WRKY transcription factor
A transcription factor containing WRKY domain.
zinc-coordinating domain
A domain that coordinates one or more zinc atoms. The zinc-coordinating domains show versatility in binding modes, even between members of the same class (e.g. some bind DNA, others protein) and are stable scaffolds that have evolved specialized functions.
zinc coordinating domain transcription factor
A transcription factor containing zinc coordinating domain.
The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript. [GO:0006378]
5' capping
The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which the 5' cap structure, an inverted 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge (m7G(5')ppp(5')X) to the first transcribed residue, is added to a nascent RNA polymerase II transcript. [GO:0009452]
b HLH
The helix-loop-helix (HLH) DNA-binding domain consists of a closed bundle of four helices in a left-handed twist with two crossover connections. The HLH domain directs dimerisation, and is juxtaposed to basic regions to create a DNA interaction interface surface that recognises specific DNA sequences. Basic region/HLH (bHLH) proteins regulate diverse biological pathways. bHLH proteins include MyoD, SREBPs (sterol regulatory element binding proteins), and yeast Pho4 (phosphatase system). In certain proteins the bHLH domain contains a leucine-zipper motif. The bHLH/leucine zipper (bHLHZip) domain specifies dimerisation within a network of proteins and determines sequence-specific DNA binding. bHLHZip domains occur in the transcription factors Myc, Mad, Max and Usf. [InterPro: IPR011598]
A transcription factor containing bHLH domain
b HSH
A helix-span-helix domain in the C-terminal region of activator protein-2 (AP-2) transcription factors, which mediates dimerisation and site-specific DNA binding. (modified from [InterPro:IPR013854])
bHSH transcription factor
A transcription factor containing bHSH domain
b ZIP
A domain containing a basic region followed by a leucine zipper region, which is required for protein protein interaction.
A transcription factor that contains a basic region mediating sequence-specific DNA-binding, followed by a leucine zipper region for protein dimerization.
p 53 like
This domain is found in a number of transcription factors, including p53, NFATC, TonEBP, STAT-1, and NFkappaB, where it is responsible for DNA-binding. These transcription factors play diverse roles in the regulation of cellular functions: the p53 tumour suppressor upregulates the expression of genes involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis; NFATC regulates the production of effector proteins involved in coordinating the immune response; TonEBP regulates gene expression induced by osmotic stress and helps regulate intracellular volume during cell growth; STAT-1 plays an important role in B lymphocyte growth and function; and NFkappaB is involved in the inflammatory response. The DNA-binding domain acts to clamp, or in the case of TonEBP, encircle the DNA target in order to stabilize the protein-DNA complex. Protein interactions may also serve to stabilize the protein-DNA complex, for example in the STAT-1 dimer the SH2 (Src homology 2) domain in each monomer is coup!
p53-like transcription factor
A transcription factor containing p53-like domain.
t RNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are approximately 80 nucleotides in length. Their secondary structure includes four short double-helical elements and three loops (D, anti-codon, and T loops). Further hydrogen bonds mediate the characteristic L-shaped molecular structure. Transfer RNAs have two regions of fundamental functional importance: the anti-codon, which is responsible for specific mRNA codon recognition, and the 3' end, to which the tRNA's corresponding amino acid is attached (by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases). Transfer RNAs cope with the degeneracy of the genetic code in two manners: having more than one tRNA (with a specific anti-codon) for a particular amino acid; and 'wobble' base-pairing, i.e. permitting non-standard base-pairing at the 3rd anti-codon position. [SO:0000253, http://www.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Rfam/getacc?RF00005, ISBN:0198506732]
DIRECTED-BINARY-RELATION
PAL-CONSTRAINT