part of
follows
uses_part
Sand Substrate
Dune
Todo: describe a set of these, up to 1 meter in height.
Elevated area of sand.
Tidal Ridge
A sand substrate with ridges formed by tidal action.
Body Pit
The turtle digs this out of the substrate with limb sweeps. H&E p. 7.
Body
Caretta caretta
Common name loggerhead sea turtle
Chin
Head
Limb
Hind leg
Front leg
Left front leg
Right front leg
Left hind leg
Right hind leg
Front flipper
Hind flipper
Mucus
Sand
Water
Air
Cylinder
Tube
Naive polar
Loggerhead nesting sequence
A modified version of the sequence given in Bustard et al. 1975.
The 10-step top level sequence for female loggerhead nesting. H&E p. 3.
Flipper digging
Hindlimb sand dump
the hindlimb carrying the sand rotates such that the anterior edge moves down, the forward, which...dumps the sand. H&E p.11.
Contralateral sand dump
Variant of Posterolateral sand dump. H&E p. 11,24.
Ipsilateral sand dump
Varient of Posterolateral sand dump. H&E p. 11,24.
Posterior spray dump
Variant of Posterolateral sand dump. H&E p. 11, 24.
Posterolateral sand dump
The common variant of the Hindlimb sand dump. H&E p. 11, 24.
Hindlimb sand flicks
Flicking denotes moving sand with a forward movement of the limb. H&E p. 9.
Alternate hindlimb flick
Flicking the sand alternately with the hindlimbs.
Concurrent actions
LH flick
Flicking motion with the left hindlimb. Inferred from parent B8467:0000107.
RH flick
Flicking motion with the right hindlimb. Inferred from parent B8467:0000107.
Sand packing
Sequence of motions to pile and compact the sand over the egg chamber. H&E p. 16.
Foot packing
Sand packing actions performed with the foot. H&E p. 16.
Knee packing
Sand packing actions performed with the knee. H&E p. 17.
Foot Grind
Foot is rotated so the anterior edge is on the sand, usually accompanied by circular grinding. H&E p. 17.
Heel Grind
The bend of the heel carries the force to the sand. H&E p. 17.
Ventral Pack
flipper pushes downward on the sand with ventral surface. H&E p. 16.
Kneading Pack
Presses alternately with the hindlimbs. H&E p. 17.
Kneeling Pack
brings hindlimbs close together and raises posterior end by pushing downward. H&E p. 17.
Kneeling Side-Step
Side stepping across the top of the egg chamber. H&E p. 17.
Sand pulling
Set of sand movement motions of the hindlimbs rotated such that their anterior edge is against the substrate while the limb moves backward. H&E p. 15.
Alternate Hindlimb Scoop/Pull
Both hindlimbs move, out of phase, to pull sand into the partially filled egg chamber. H&E p. 15, 16.
Single Hindlimb Scoop/Pull
motion of a single leg during either the synchronous or alternate hindlimb scoop/pull. H&E p. 15.
Sand Throwing
Sand Throwing is done by digging the anterior edge of the flipper into the substrate and moving sand backward with the flipper's ventral surface. Sand Throwing is far more vigorous than Sand Pulling and gives the impression of being even more vigorous than the Sand Sweeping movements. H&E p. 18.
RH Scoop/Pull
Right side version of Hindlimb Scoop/Pull (ETD:0000096). H&E p. 15,16.
Sand Sweeping/Flicking
Flipper movements involved in sand moving. H&E p. 9.
Single hindlimb flick
Forelimb Sweep
Forelimbs are raised and brought nearly in front of the head before scraping into the sand and moved nearly to the side of the animal, leaving there a pile of swept sand. H&E p. 7, 8.
Pull Shadowing
motion of the contralateral limb during Single Hindlimb Scoop/Pull. H&E p. 15.
LH pull shadowing
Inferred from parent.
RH pull shadowing
Synchronous HL Scoop/Pull
Both hindlimbs move synchronously to pull sand into th partially filled egg chamber. H&E p. 15, 16.
Sand sweep
Moving sand by dragging the ventral portion of a flipper. H&E p. 7.
Alternate Hindlimb Sweep
Hindlimbs are swept alternately (RH-LH-). H&E p. 7.
Diagonally Opposite Sweep
Diagonally opposite legs are moved (nearly) synchronously. H&E p. 7.
Synchronous Forelimb Sweep
Sand sweeps with the forelimbs moved synchronously (LF/RF-). H&E p. 7.
Swim
Synchronous movements of the forlimbs (LF/RF-...) A swimming loggerhead...trailed the hind feet laterally. H&E p. 3.
Reproductive Function
An explanation in terms of the actor reproducing or increasing its opportunities or chances of doing so.
Throwing motions
throwing is done by digging the anterior edge of the flipper into the substrate and moving sand backward. Far more vigorous than sand pulling. H&E p. 18.
Alternate Hindlimb Throw
When one hindlimb throws sand, the other rests with its ventral surface on the substrate and often moves in subtle ways... H&E p. 19.
Diagonally Opposite Throw
Diagonally opposite limbs throw sand nearly simultaneously. Front limb leads slightly. H&E p. 18, 19.
LF-RH Throw
Nearly synchronous sand throwing movements of the left front and right hind limbs. Infered from parent.
RF-LH Throw
Nearly synchronous sand throwing movements of the right front and left hind limbs. Infered from parent.
Synchronous Forelimb Throw
Sweep sand backward to the sides of the turtle and scatter sand ove substrate and ... carapace. H&E p. 18.
Synchronous Hindlimb Throw
Follows Synchronous Forelimb Throw but not as vigorous and resembles Scoop/Pull motions. H&E p. 18.
Sand smoothing
Subtle motion of a hind leg occuring while the other is sand-throwing. H&E p. 19. Also may occur simultaneously with packing actions during Fill and Pack Chamber. H&E p. 17.
Synchronous forelimb thrust
Thrust by both forelimbs; initial locomotor act in return to surf. H&E p. 20.
Quadrupedal Gait
the usual gait of tetrapods, the footfall sequence of which is LH-LF-RH-RF-... H&E p. 4.
Loggerhead beach gait
sea turtles are not supported entirely on the limbs; the loggerhead drags her mass by jerky thrusts. H&E p. 4, 5.
Change direction
A change of direction with walking on the beach. H&E p. 5.
Phototactic Response
Positive phototactic response reported by H&E p. 21.
Turn to avoid obstacle
Although bystanders are Agents, in this case generalizing to Physical Object is probably the appropriate abstraction.
Veer away from bystanders. H&E p.21.
Turnabout
Reverse direction by turning. In H&E, it usually refers to turning around to return to the surf. H&E p. 5.
Turn in one spot
Turning around without changing position. H&E p. 5.
Turn in small semi-circle
Turning around while not remaining in one place. H&E p. 5.
Body tilt
Posterior Tilt Down
The push by the chin helps depress the body posteriorly. H&E p. 7,8.
Posterior Tilt Up
Reverse of Posterior Tilt Down. H&E p. 11.
Chin Pull
Female presses chin into sand and pushes briefly with the hindlimbs to effect a slight movement forward. H&E p. 8.
Drop egg
Body rotation
Posterior Shift Inward
Rotation of body around vertical axis, defined in terms of position and orientation of posterior end of body. Abstracted from children.
Posterior Shift Inward during dig
The body shifts so as to position the opposite hindlimb over the egg chamber. Inferred by author as necessarily due to actions of the forelimbs. H&E p. 10.
Posterior Shift Inward during fill
The posterior shifts in the direction of the extended hindlimb. H&E p. 17.
Posterior Shift Outward
The body rotates around a vertical axis, described in terms of the position and orientation of the posterior end of the body. H&E p. 10,17.
Move head
Turning, extending, etc. the head of the animal.
Extend head
As soon as laying is complete, the female extends her head (start of fill and pack). H&E p. 15.
Head Raise
[departing turtles] raise their heads nearly vertically out the water after swimming out about 5 m from shore. H&E p. 21.
Head-Turn
The head is (often) turned from side to side. H&E p. 4.
Move leg
Himblimb Scoop/Pull
The action of a single leg during either the Synchronous or Alternate Hindlimb Scoop/Pull. H&E p. 15.
Quadrupedal step
Perhaps, considering the actor constraint, this should be contained in Loggerhead Beach Gait.
The step patterns in the Quadrupedal Gait sequence. H&E p. 4.
Move LF in quadrupedal gait
Moving the left front leg in the loggerhead version of the quadrupedal gait. H&E p. 4.
Move RF in quadrapedal gait
Moving the right front leg in the loggerhead version of the quadrupedal gait. H&E p. 4.
Move LH in quadrupedal gait
Moving the left hind leg in the loggerhead version of the quadrupedal gait. H&E p. 4.
Move RH in quadrapedal gait
Moving the right hind leg in the loggerhead version of the quadrupedal gait. H&E p. 4.
Swimming motion
Swimming stroke by one of the front flippers. H&E p. 21.
Move RF in swimming
A single swimming stroke with the right front leg (flipper). Inferred from parent B8467:0000168.
Move LF in swimming
A single swimming stroke with the left front leg (flipper). Inferred from parent B8467:0000169.
Hind Limb Retract Up
The flipper is retracted up out of the hole. H&E p. 11.
Scoop
The hindlimb scoops up the loose sand by curling the digits around it. H&E p. 11.
Scoop/Shape
Similar to Sccop/Pull except that the hindlimbs are vertically oriented and the ventral surface curls around the sand above the hole, shaping it into a pile. H&E p. 16.
LH Scoop/Shape
Inferred from parent ETD:0000114.
RH Scoop/Shape
Inferred from parent B8467:0000173.
Shape change
An action that at the physical level is a change in shape, e.g, no change in topology. Folds and expansions/contractions are the most common subtypes.
Contraction
Extension
Extend cloacal tube
The cloacal tube is extended downward. H&E p. 8, 12.
Extend cloacal tube during digging
The clocal tube is extended down to touch the substrate. H&E p. 8.
Extend cloacal tube during laying
The clocal tube is extended downward into the egg chamber. H&E p. 12
Extend neck
The neck bulges upward at the proximal end, and the wave of upward extension travels distally to the head. H&E p. 13.
Vocalization
Laying Grunt
Brief, soft noise, vaguely grunt-like. H&E p. 13.
Breath
Approach beach
Swimming towards the beach. H&E p. 70.
Ascend beach
Climbing up the beaching. H&E p. 4.
Cover body pit
Fill the body pit with sand. H&E p. 18.
Depart from beach
Enter water and swim away. H&E p. 21.
Dig egg chamber
Digging the sand cavity that will receive the eggs. H&E p. 9.
Fill and pack chamber
Fill the egg cavity with sand and pack it down. H&E p. 15.
Initial sand-flicking
The portion of Dig Egg Chamber that preceeds the 18 step Excavation Sequence. H&E p. 9.
Lay eggs
Expel eggs into the egg chamber. H&E p. 12.
LH posterolateral dump
Inferred from parent. H&E p. 11, 10.
Make body pit
Digging the depression where the body will rest during laying. H&E p. 7.
Return to surf
Walk down the beach to the surfline. H&E p. 20.
LF sweep
Inferred from parent B8467:0000108.
Wander over beach
The turtle is walking on the beach and presumed to be looking for a nesting site. H&E p. 6.
Return on same track
Return to water, following the same course as in ascent. H&E p. 5.
Human disturbance
Humans are not necessarily the actors here, so leave this as an event.
A human related event that causes the turtle to abandon the nesting sequence.
Reproductive loss
Loss of eggs
Egg predation
Eggs are depredated.
Rain induced suffication
Eggs fail by sufficating in rain water.
Loss of hatched young
Hatchling predation
Hatched young are depredated.
Effect of action
Displacement caused by action
Body Move Forward
Inching
Inching seems to be due primarily to forward components of sand-throwing acts. H&E p. 20.
Lurching
Lurching forwad results from pulling with the forelimbs and possibly the chin. H&E p. 20.
Effect of inanimate process
Moved by wave action
An object is moved by the action of a wave. H&E p. 4.
Pause posture
Head-horizontal pause
A pause where the neck is raised at a slightly oblique angle such that the head is off the substrate and the chin is held parallel to it. H&E p. 4, 5.
Head-raised pause
The neck is at a strongly oblique angle, which may be nearly vertical, and the head is raised noticably such that the nostrils are the highest point. H&E p. 4, 5.
Pause during make body pit
Inferred from parent B8467:0000220.
Pause during ascend beach
Prostrate pause
Pause while the plastron of the turtle is on the substrate, the head is lowered so that her chin is on or in the sand. H&E p. 4, 5.
Pause after covering pit
Inferred from parent B8467:0000223.
Pause before entering surf
Vigilence
State of awareness.
Body part position
Hind feet trailing laterally
Position of hind feet during swimming. H&E p. 3, 4.
Body support
Support by medium
Bouyed up by water
H&E p. 4
Support by substrate
H&E p. 4.
Excavation sequence
The cyclic sequence of 18 actions that constitutes the principle portion of digging the egg chamber. H&E p. 9
Simple script
Action unit
Topological change
A change in the topological properties of a surface, generally an oriface opening or closing.
Open
Close
Engulf
Expel
Surface change
An action that involves a change in some property of a biological surface, for example color changes in squid. The surface remains intact (not a topological change) and does not change shape.
Action sequence
Effect of external agent
Predation
Script phase
<new synonym>
Script scene
RH posterolateral dump
Swim from beach
Swimming away from the beach. Pauses with head raises observed. H&E p.21
Swim towards beach
Swimming inferred by H&E p.3. Defined to end when body no longer supported by water.
Single Limb Throw
Occasional independent throws of any limb. H&E p. 19.
Scrape/Dig
Series of individual Scape/Dig units performed by one hindlimb.
LH Scrape/Dig
RH Scrape/Dig
Hind Flipper Raise
...the hind flippers raise noticably at the distal ends and maintain the extension.n...appears to be primarily a rotation of the foot around the ankle joint.nH&E p. 12.
Minor hindflipper raise/lower
Sometimes...the hind flippers are raised and lowered slightly, but not held upward as during an egg-drop. H&E p.13.
RF sweep
Rotation
Single hindflipper raise
The individual rotations of the flippers in Hind Flipper Raise appear to be primarily a rotation of the foot about the ankle joint. Inferred from group. H&E p. 12.
LH flipper raise
Inferred from parent B8467:0000258.
RH flipper raise
Folding
Hindlimb Sweep
Hindlimbs are raised (similar to Forelimb Sweep) and brought nearly to the side of the carapace before sweeping the sand rearward. H&E p. 7, 8.
RH sweep
Inferred from parent B8467:0000262.
LH sweep
Chin Push
...it appears that her chin is pressed downward to support some mass, particularly during alternate sweeps of the hindlimbs. H&E p. 7
LH Scoop/Pull
Left side version of Hindlimb Scoop/Pull (ETD:0000097). H&E p. 15,16.
Forelimb throw
Throwing motion by a forelimb. Inferred from parent ETD:0000130.
Hindlimb throw
Throwing motion by hindlimb. Inferred from parent ETD:0000130.
LF throw
Inferred from parent B8467:0000267.
RF throw
LH throw
Inferred from parent B8467:0000268.
RH throw
Leg push
A pushing motion with a limb. Inferred from Limb_Push, which actually refers to body displacements caused by this action. H&E p. 8.
Push backward
Pushing in a backward direction with a limb, e.g., as part of a quadrupedal gait.
Push down
Cause of Posterior Tilt Down during fill egg chamber. H&E p. 17.
Retraction
Retract Cloacal Tube
The cloacal tube was...then raised again. H&E p. 8 (not named). H&E Table 6.
Retract head
The head pulls back to its original position. H&E p. 13.
Expansion
Throat Lower
The skin of the throat is lowered during a Head-Horizonal Pause. H&E p. 4.
RH retract up
Inferred from parent B8467:0000171.
LH retract up
Hindlimb Sand Pull
The motion of the active limb in Single Hindlimb Pull. H&E p. 15, 16.
LH pull
Inferred from parent B8467:0000283.
RH pull
Scrape/Dig unit
The hind flipper digs by scraping along the ipsilateral edge of the chamber with a downward movement. H&E p. 10.
Packing action
Superclass of the two types of packing action observed during the Sand-packing phase. H&E p. 16,17
LH Scrape/Dig unit
Inferred from parent B8467:0000286.
RH Scrape/Dig unit
LH Scoop
Inferred from parent B8467:0000172.
RH Scoop
Inferred from parent ETD:0000111.
Throat Raise
The skin of the throat is raised during a Head-horizonal Pause. H&E p. 4.
Hindlimb Extend Down
Although H&E use the term extend, and the distal end of the limb is further from the body center, this still seems more like a fold.
Hindlimb is extended down into the [egg] chamber, ... ventral surface is facing the animal's midline. H&E p. 10.
LH Extend Down
Inferred from parent B8467:0000293.
RH Extend Down
Hindlimb Extend Out
The distal part of the flipper is held upside down as it is extended posterolaterally behind the turtle. H&E p. 10, 11.
LH Extend out
Inferred from parent B8467:0000296.
RH Extend out
Event by cause
Displacement from chin pull
Female presses her chin into the sand and pushes briefly with the hindlimbs to effect a slight movement forward to obliquely forward. H&E p. 8.
Body Move Forward during fill and pack
A subtle movement of the body forward and sometimes obliquely to one side. It is difficult to tell how this movement takes place. H&E p. 17.
Sweep Displacement
Forward or rotational movement of the body occurs as an apparent concomitant of sand-sweeping. H&E p. 8.
Limb Push
A few movements of the body caused by brief pushing of one or more limbs, being lateral, forward, or rotational. H&E p. 8.
Left Shift Inward during dig
Posterior shift enabling digging by the right flipper. Inferred from parent B8467:0000144.
Right Shift Inward during dig
Posterior shift enabling digging by the left flipper. Inferred from parent B8467:0000144.
Left Shift Inward during fill
Inferred from parent B8467:0000145.
Right Shift Inward during fill
Posterior Shift Outward during dig
Refined from parent ETD:0000159. H&E p. 10, 11.
Left Shift Outward during dig
Inferred from parent ETD:0000160.
Right Shift Outward during dig
Posterior Shift Outward during fill
Inferred from parent ETD:0000159. H&E p. 17
Left Shift Outward during fill
Inferred from parent ETD:0000163.
Right Shift Outward during fill
Posterior Tilt Down during make body pit
H&E collapsed this with its siblings, though the figures show differences.
The push by the chin helps depress the body posteriorly. H&E p. 7, 8.
Posterior Tilt Down during dig egg chamber
H&E collapse this with its siblings, though the figures show differences.
The whole body tilts downward at the rear, this tilting action is due to the forelimbs (and possibly chin) pushing into the substrate anteriorly. H&E p. 10.
Posterior Tilt Down with LH extended
Inferred from parent B8467:0000315. H&E Figure 4d.
Posterior Tilt Down with RH extended
Inferred from parent B8467:0000315. Reflection of B8467:0000316.
Posterior Tilt Down during fill and pack chamber
H&E collapse this with its siblings though the figures show differences.
Tilt occurs during compacting and appears to be the result of the forelimbs and the chin pushing down. H&E p. 19.
Event by consequence
Event with reproductive consequence
Anchor leg
This is a test
LH Sand flick
Flicking motion with the left hindleg. H&E p. 9-10.
Sequence
RH Sand flick
Flicking motion with the right hindlimb. H&E p. 9-10.
EKB
Location
Tangible
Intangible
Relative Location
Absolute Location
Substrate
Medium
Physical Object
Stuff
Biological
Organism
Part of Organism
Schema
Shape
2D Shape
3D Shape
Coordinate System
Phylogenetic Node
Information
Description
Explanation
Functional Explanation
An explanation of an action in terms of a function or benefit to the actor originating the action.
Nutritive Function
An explanation in terms of the actor gaining access to nutrients and energy.
Antipredator Function
An explanation in terms of the actor or owner avoiding or responding to predation.
Social Function
An explanation in terms of the actor's social state (e.g., status, obligations, etc.).
Maintanance Function
An explanation of an action in terms of maintaining the actor's physiological or mechanical condition.
Sensory Function
An explanation in terms of the actor gaining or increasing access to information about its environment via its senses.
Ontogenetic Explanation
An explanation in terms of the actor's life history stage.
Phylogenetic Explanation
An explanation in terms of contraints due to phylogenetic history.
Mechanistic Explanation
An explanation of an action in terms of constraints imposed by physiological, neural, or biomechanical mechanisms.
Measure
Angle Measure
Statistical Value
Discrete Value
Temporal Measure
Distance Measure
Mass Measure
Continuous Value
Complex Measure
Parametric Statistic
NonParametric Statistic
Count
Ordered Value
Nomial Value
Binary Value
Process
Event
Action
Action Pattern
Script
State
Action group
Repeating Sequence
Cloacal Tube