part of
is a
pathology_ontology
cell and tissue damage
The sum of morphological and functional disturbances induced by cell and tissue damage, either from intrinsic gene dysfunction or as a result of external factors.
gangrene
Extensive necrosis from whatever cause, often following chronic ischemia.
Mortification
placental abnormality
Defect in placental growth, differentiation of circulation; maternal or embryonic component.
glycogen cell defect
Lack of, displacement of, or abnormality in function or growth of the glycogen cells.
labyrinth zone defect
Defect in size, cellular composition, function or organisation of the labyrinthine zone of the placenta.
placental vascular defect
Any defect in the maternal or embryonic placental circulation.
spongiotrophoblast defect
Defect in size, cellular composition, function or organisation of the spongiotrophoblast zone of the placenta.
circulatory disorder
Lesions leading to or consequent on failure of, or atypical movement of, blood throughout the body.
fluid accumulation
Abnormal accumulation of fluid; blood or lymph.
congestion
Presence of an abnormal amount of fluid (but especially of blood) in the vessels or passages of a part or organ.
disseminated intravascular coagulation
Diagnosed by microthrombi in many organs.
DIC
A syndrome consequent to uncontrolled activation of blood clotting factors leading to disseminated platelet lysis, and fibrin deposition, ultimately leading to bleeding and necrosis as a consequence of inhibition of fibrin polymerisation by degradation products.
edema
An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells or intercellular tissues.
hemorrhagic necrosis
Necrosis associated with local hemorrhage.
embolus
A plug formed from a variety of materials occluding a vessel or tube.
air embolism
An bubble of air occluding flow through a blood or lymphatic vessel.
amniotic fluid embolism
Occlusion of vessels caused by entry of amniotic fluid, cell and debris into the maternal circulation.
atrial embolism
Occlusion of the outflow tract of the right atrium by a thrombus.
bone marrow embolism
Occlusion of vessels caused by entry of bone marrow, often fatty debris into the circulation. Usually following trauma.
fat embolism
Occlusion of vessels caused by entry of lipid or fatty cells into the circulation. Usually following trauma.
pulmonary embolism
Occlusion of pulmonary vessels by an embolus.
skin embolism
Occlusion of vessels, usually small arterioles in the dermis by various emboli.
systemic embolism
Production of systemic vessel occlusion by emboli released from the left side of the heart, or the aorta.
hemorrhage and non-specified extravasation
Abnormal release of whole blood or the cellular component from the circulation.
liquefactive necrosis
Soft or fluid tissue remains of a circumscribed area of necrosis digested by proteolytic enzymes.
ecchymosis
May also be used for any organ, although more generally used with respect to the skin.
A red/purple patch caused by extravasation of blood into the skin. Larger than petechiae.
hematoma
Bruise
A localised deposition of clotted or partially clotted extravasated blood.
petechia
Usually used with reference to the skin but can be used in the context of other organs.
Small hemorrhagic spots in the skin caused by blood vessel breakdown.
purpura
Purple and variously colored lesions caused by extensive haemorrhage into the skin through ecchymoses/petechia.
infarct
An area of necrosis resulting from a sudden cessation of arterial or venous blood supply.
thrombosis
Presence of an occluding or mural thrombus in a blood vessel.
growth and differentiation defect
Defects in growth (changes in proliferation or mass) and differentiation of cells tissues or organs.
atrophy
A reduction in size of organs or tissues as a result of cell death, loss of cellularity of whatever cause, reduced cellular proliferation or decreased cellular volume.
intra-epithelial neoplasia
This term has been previously used as a synonym for pre-malignant dysplasia or carcinoma in situ and is now to be preferred.
intra-epithelial lesion
Non-invasive changes characterized by alteration in the size, shape and organization of the cellular components of an epithelial tissue. Do not confuse with developmental dysplasia MPATH:64.
epithelial dysplasia
obsolete due to renaming of preneoplastic dysplasias and Intraepithelial neoplasias Use MPATH:128.
piecemeal necrosis
Sensu; hepaticobiliary system. Loss and degeneration of hepatocytes at the portal-lobular interface producing a moth-eaten irregular appearance. Piecemeal necrosis is associated with a lymphocytic infiltrate.
mild intra-epithelial neoplasia
IENI
Mild non-invasive changes in cell morphology and tissue architecture confined to the epithelium alone.
mild epithelial dysplasia.
low grade intraepithelial lesion
moderate intra-epithelial epithelial neoplasia
Moderate non-invasive changes in cell morphology and tissue architecture confined to the epithelium alone.
IENII
high grade intraepithelial lesion
moderate epithelial dysplasia
severe intra-epithelial neoplasia
Carcinoma in situ may be used in some systems as a synonym.
carcinoma in situ
IENIII
high grade intra-epithelial lesion
severe epithelial dysplasia
Severe non-invasive malignancy associated changes in cell morphology and tissue architecture confined to the epithelium alone.
hypoplasia
Developmental hypoplasia
Small organ or structure; failure to develop to normal size.
hyperplasia
An increase in cell numbers in comparison to normal as a consequence of increased cell proliferation. Non -neoplastic process.
epithelial and stromal hyperplasia
Abnormal proliferation of epithelial and stromal cells.
fibroepithelial polyp
A polypoid outgrowth of both epidermis and dermal fibrovascular tissue.
skin tag
fibroglandular hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of glandular epithelium accompanied by proliferation of fibroblastic stroma.
epithelial hyperplasia
Abnormal proliferation of epithelial cells and epithelial components.
goblet cell hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of goblet cells.
process of degenerative change
A pathological process of loss or degradation of function, or structural integrity, of a tissue, organ or cell.
hyperplastic polyp
A benign polyp, usually in the colon, showing hyperplasia.
inflammatory polyp
pseudopolyp
A projecting mass of granulation tissue which may become covered by regenerating epithelium.
intraductal hyperplasia
Benign hyperplasia of the ducts of the mammary gland. Ducts exhibit more than the usual two layer epithelium (inner cuboidal to columnar cells; outer layer of myoepithelium) without cytological atypia.
microglandular hyperplasia
microglandular adenosis
Benign proliferation of glandular epithelia, eg. Endocervical glands. Consists of tightly packed glandular or tubular units, which vary in size, lined by a flattened-to-cuboidal epithelium.
myoepithelial hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of glandular myoepithelial cells.
fat cell hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of adipose tissue.
histiocytosis
Benign proliferation of histiocytes.
lymphoid hyperplasia
lymphoid hypertrophy
Benign enlargement of lymphoid tissues.
mesothelial hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of mesothelial cells lining body cavities presenting as small solid cell clusters or multiple layers with columnar morphology and delicate eosinophilic cytoplasm.
mesothelioma
squamous hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of epidermal cells with hyperkeratosis. Variable growth pattern, regular to papillary (exophytic squamous cell hyperplasia).
epidermal hyperplasia.
squamous cell hyperplasia
general degenerative process
Change of tissue to a lower state of integrity or less functional form, as in heart failure.
acanthosis
Hyperplasia of the Malpighian layer (prickle cell) of the epidermis.
actinic keratosis
Discrete, flat or elevated, verrucous, keratotic lesions. Epidermal changes are characterized by acanthosis, parakeratosis, and dyskeratoses. Dysplastic change is present and the keratinocytes vary in size and shape. Associated with UV exposure in humans. Not defined in mice to date.
basal cell hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of the basal layer cells of the skin.
hypergranulosis
Increased thickness of the granular layer of a stratified squamous epithelium, associated with hyperorthokeratosis.
hyperkeratosis
Thickening of the surface layers (stratum corneum) in the skin or other stratified squamous epithelium. Cf. ortho- and para-keratosis.
hyperparakeratosis
hyperorthokeratosis
cornification
orthokeratosis
Thickening of the anuclear cell layer limited to the stratum corneum, as in a stratified squamous epithelium.
parakeratosis
Thickening of the surface cell layer of a stratified squamous epithelium with retention of nuclei in the cells of the stratum corneum.
pseudoepithelioma/pseudocarcinoma
pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia
Benign hyperplasia and down-growth of epidermal cells. Microscopically resembling well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.
pseudocarcinoma
pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia
seborrheic keratosis
Superficial, benign, verrucous, often pigmented, greasy lesions consisting of proliferating epidermal cells, resembling basal cells, enclosing cornifying cysts.
seborrheic verruca
Basal cell papilloma
hypertrophy
Increase in size or mass of a cell, tissue or organ without increase in cell proliferation. Cf. Hyperplasia MPATH: 133.
myxoid/myxomatous degeneration
myxomatosis
Mucoid degeneration
A conversion of the connective tissues into a gelatinous or mucous substance.
metaplasia
Abnormal transformation of an fully differentiated adult cell or tissue of one kind into a differentiated tissue of another kind. An adult instance of developmental transdifferentiation MPATH:85 Traditionally defined as a form of abnormal regeneration in which a type of cell different from that found normally in a given location is produced.
cartilaginous metaplasia
Metaplasia resulting in heterotopic formation of cartilage.
epithelial metaplasia
Metaplasia occurring within epithelia.
apocrine metaplasia
Alteration of acinar epithelium of, for example, mammary tissue to resemble apocrine glands.
gastric metaplasia
Appearance of heterotopic gastric epithelium.
glandular metaplasia
Development of heterotopic glandular epithelia.
goblet cell metaplasia
Metaplasia resulting in formation of mucus secreting goblet cells.
intestinal metaplasia
Appearance of heterotopic intestinal epithelium.
lipomatous metaplasia
Metaplasia resulting in formation of fat cells.
nephrogenic metaplasia
.A rare benign neoplasm of the mucosa of the urinary bladder or the urethra, consisting of tubular structures resembling those of the nephron.
nephrogenic adenoma
subcellular defect
Defect of a subcellular structure or organelle.
oncocytic metaplasia
An oncocyte is an acidophilic cell containing numerous mitochondria - an oxophil cell.
Appearance of oncocytic cells in for example an epithelium or tumor.
squamous metaplasia
Change of a glandular or mucosal epithelium into squamous epithelium.
transitional cell metaplasia
Metaplastic response of the transitional epithelium, for example in the bladder to give squamous metaplasia and glandular metaplasia for example.
myeloid metaplasia
A progressive disease of the bone marrow where neoplastic bone marrow stem cells lodge and grow at sites outside the bone marrow.
osseous metaplasia
ectopic bone
Metaplasia resulting in formation of bone.
healing and repair process
The process, normal or abnormal, of damage repair or wound closure.
connective tissue replacement
Replacement of connective tissue by fibro-fatty deposits and scar tissue.
angiogenesis
Aberrant process of blood vessel formation and the subsequent remodeling process; does not refer to the initial establishment of the vascular network by vasculogenesis.
extracellular matrix deposition
Abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix proteins or other components.
fibrin deposition
Deposition of fibrin.
cytoskeletal defect
Defect in the structure or function of the cytoskeleton.
fibroblast proliferation
Abnormal or reactive proliferation of fibroblasts.
fibrosis
Reactive formation of fibrous tissue.
gliosis
Proliferation of astrocytes in an area of damage in the brain or spinal cord.
granulation tissue
Newly formed connective (vascular or fibrous)tissue caused by inflammation or healing (repair) processes. Microscopically consists of capillaries fibroblastic cells and inflammatory cells.
sclerosis
Induration
Any pathological thickening or hardening of a tissue.
parenchymal regeneration
Post-injury regeneration of the functional tissue parenchyma. Eg. Liver.
complete parenchymal regeneration
Complete healing through parenchymal regeneration - no fibrosis.
incomplete parenchymal regeneration
Incomplete healing usually accompanied by fibrosis.
immunopathology
Conditions resulting from inappropriate activation or suppression of the immune or inflammatory response.
hypersensitivity disease
Immune response resulting in tissue injury.
endoplasmic reticulum defect
Defect in the structure or function of the endoplasmic reticulum.
type I hypersensitivity
This is manifested by localized or generalized reaction that occurs immediately (minutes) after exposure to an antigen to which the person/animal was previously sensitized. It is IgE-mediated, and mast cell activation and degranulation are hallmarks.
type II hypersensitivity
Most often involves IgG and IgM. Complement activation is usually involved.
Caused by an antibody/antigen reaction: antibodies are directly or indirectly cytotoxic to antigens on cell surfaces or in connective tissues.
type III hypersensitivity
Tissue injury mediated by immune complexes. Generally involves immune complexes formed in the blood via antibodies encountering circulating antigens. Immune complexes then deposit in tissues (especially blood vessels and glomeruli), induce complement activation, and result in tissue injury.
type IV hypersensitivity
An antigen-elicited cellular immune reaction that results in tissue damage, but does not require Ab participation. The response is seen at the area of contact.
immune mediated disease
Tissue response to inappropriate immune/inflammatory process.
arthritis
Inflammation of a joint.
dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin.
glomerulonephritis
Renal disease characterised by diffuse inflammatory changes in glomeruli not in response to an infectious agent or treatment.
immune mediated hemolytic anaemia
An anemic/erythrocytopenic condition resulting from an increased rate of immune mediated erythrocyte destruction.
immune mediated thrombocytopenia
A condition resulting from an increased rate of immune mediated platelet destruction.
cell death
Complete and irreversible cessation of metabolic activity.
golgi defect
Defect in the structure or function of the golgi apparatus.
myositis
Inflammation of a muscle.
Initis
vasculitis
Inflammation of a blood vessel.
angiitis
arteritis
lymphangiitis
phlebitis
immunodeficiency disease
Defective immune response; can be primary due to defect in immune system or secondary/acquired due to disease.
general immunodeficiency disease
chronic/recurrent inflammatory disease
immunodeficiency associated infection
Infection with bacteria, viruses or fungi subsequent to immunodeficiency.
primary immunodeficiency disease
Disease due to primary molecular or cellular defect in the immune system or its development.
immunodeficiency - lymphoid defect
Primary defect in the lymphoid arm of the immune system.
immunodeficiency - myeloid/phagocytic defect
Primary defect in the myeloid arm of the immune system.
secondary immunodeficiency disease
Defect in the immune system subsequent to external injury, infection, ablation or deficiency.
lysosomal defect
Defect in the structure or function of the lysosomes.
acquired immunodeficiency
Defect in the immune system subsequent to external injury, infection or ablation.
failed transfer of maternal immunoglobulin
Defect in the immune system subsequent to failure to attain passive immunity from maternal transfer of immunoglobulins.
inflammation
A tissue reaction to an internal or external injury.
acute inflammation
The five classical signs of inflammation: Rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, functio laesa (Galen 300BC).
Inflammation with a recent onset, characterised histologically by primarily granulocyte infiltration, edema and hyperemia.
chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammatory condition characterised by infiltration of primarily lymphocytes.
granulomatous inflammation
Nodular inflammatory reaction, containing compactly grouped epithelioid cells, giant cells, and other macrophages. The basic inflammatory unit is termed a granuloma.
necrotic inflammation
Acute inflammatory reaction in which the predominant histological change is rapid diffuse necrosis throughout the affected tissue.
ulcerative inflammation
Ulcers may be a component or inflammation. Use MPATH: Ulcer
Combination of inflammation, often suppurative or granulomatous, with ulceration.
neoplasm
A tumor resulting from abnormal and uncontrolled autonomous new cell growth (proliferation)that may be benign or malignant.
adnexal and skin appendage tumor
Tumors of the skin, its constituent structures and glands including the mammary gland, apocrine and eccrine glands, hair follicles and associated structures.
mitochondrial defect
Defect in the structure or function of the mitochondria.
apocrine adenocarcinoma
Carcinoma of the glandular epithelium of apocrine glands (M-8401/3).
apocrine adenoma
Benign neoplasm of the epithelium of apocrine glands (M-8401/0).
ceruminous adenocarcinoma
Malignant carcinoma of the ceruminous gland (M-8420/3).
ceruminous adenoma
Benign adenomatous neoplasia of the ceruminous glands of the external auditory meatus (M-8420/0).
clear cell hidradenoma
nodular hidradenoma
Eccrine acrospiroma
Tumor derived from eccrine sweat glands composed of clear glycogen rich cells. ( M-84020 ).
eccrine gland adenocarcinoma
Malignant neoplasm of the eccrine gland (M-8413/3).
eccrine gland adenoma
Benign neoplasm of the eccrine gland (M-8408/0).
eccrine papillary adenoma
Papillary adenoma
Papillary form of eccrine sweat gland adenoma. (M -8408/0).
benign neoplasm of the eccrine gland, papillary form
papillary hidradenoma
Benign apocrine sweat gland tumor (8405/0).
Hidradenoma papilliferum
sebaceous adenocarcinoma
sebaceous carcinoma
Malignant neoplasm of the sebaceous cells - rare areas of differentiation, severe nuclear atypia (M-8410/3).
peroxysomal defect
Defect in the structure or function of the peroxysomes.
sebaceous adenoma
Adenoma of sebaceous cells; regular architecture of gland not mantained. Large numbers of immature germinative cells present. Mitoses. (M-8410/0).
Epithelioma
syringoma
A benign, often multiple, sometimes eruptive neoplasm of the sweat gland ducts composed of very small round cysts. (M-8407/0).
trichoepithelioma
benign
Epithelioma adenoides cysticum
hair follicle tumor
Multiple small benign nodules derived from basal cells of hair follicles enclosing small cornified cell containing cysts. (M-8100/0).
basal cell tumor
basal cell adenoma
Benign basal cell tumor
Well circumscribed tumor of the basal cells of the epidermis. Rare mitotic figures, benign. (M8147/0).
basal cell carcinoma
Malignant neoplasm of the basal cells of the epidermis with local invasion. (M-8090/3).
blood vessel tumor
Tumor of venous or arterial vessels or capillaries.
angiofibroma
.A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are multiple large and small dilated vascular channels ( M9160/0).
Telangiectatic fibroma
angiokeratoma
telangiectatic wart
An intradermal capillary telangiectasis with hyperkeratosis and acanthosis (M-9141/0).
keratoangioma
telangiectasia verrucosa
hemangioblastoma
Angioblastoma
A benign neoplasm frequently arising in the cerebellum composed of capillary vessel forming endothelial cells and stromal cells. (M-9161/1).
hemangioendothelioma
plasma membrane defect
Defect in the structure or function of the plasma membrane.
hemangioma
Neoplasm derived from endothelial cells. May be of capillary or cavernous type with large vascular channels. (M-9130/0 + M-9120/0 respectively).
Hemangioendothelioma, benign
Angioendothelioma.
hemangiopericytoma
A vascular, usually benign, neoplasm composed of round and spindle cells derived from the pericytes and surround endothelium-lined vessels. (M-9150/0/1/3).
Pericytoma
hemangiosarcoma
Hemangioma malignant
hemangioendothelioma malignant.
Malignant neoplasm derived from pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells or endothelial cells of blood vessels. (M-9120/3).
hemangioendothelioma malignant, angiosarcoma
central nervous system tumor
Neoplasm of the neurones, glia or meninges of the CNS.
astrocytoma
Also see comments in Weiss, W.W, Israel, M. Cobbs, C., et al. (2002) Oncogene 21, 7453-7463.
Astrocytic glioma
Glioma derived from astrocytes, both benign and malignant forms (M-9400/3).
astroglioma
choroid plexus carcinoma
Malignant neoplasm derived from the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. (M-9390/3).
choroid plexus papilloma
Benign neoplasm derived from the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. (M-9390/0).
ependymoma
Also see general scheme in Weiss, W.W, Israel, M. Cobbs, C., et al. (2002) Oncogene 21, 7453-7463.
Neoplasm derived from the ependymal cells lining the ventricles and aqueduct of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Malignant or benign. (M-9391/3).
ependymoma malignant
glioma
Also see comments in: Weiss, W.W, Israel, M. Cobbs, C., et al. (2002) Oncogene 21, 7453-7463.
Neoplasm derived from astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. (M-9380/3, M-9440/3).
tissue specific degenerative process
Degenerative process characteristic of a particular tissue.
medulloblastoma
Also see Weiss, W.W, Israel, M. Cobbs, C., et al. (2002) Oncogene 21, 7453-7463.
Neoplasm derived from the primitive neurectodermal cells of the cerebellum. (M-9470/3). May be considered by some authorities a synonym of PNET in the CNS.
meningioma
Benign or malignant neoplasm derived from the meninges. (M-9530/0).
Sarcoma, meningeal ( sensu malignant tumor)
oligodendroglioma
Benign or malignant neoplasm derived form oligodendrocytes (M-9450/3).
Glioma, oligodendritic, benign
glioma oligodendritic, malignant
sub-ependymoma
Neoplasm derived from sub-ependymal astrocytes (M-9383/1).
complex tumor
Tumors showing mutiple histological componants/differentiation.
adenoacanthoma
Mixed tumor of glandular epithelia with squamous and glandular diffferentiation. (M-8570/3).
adenoid squamous cell carcinoma
carcinosarcoma
Possible origin from smooth muscle cells or pluripotential embryonic mesenchymal cells. May show up to three cellular componants including carcinoma and sarcoma type appearances. (M-8980/3).
craniopharyngioma
pituitary ameloblastoma
Pituitary adamantinoma
Rathke pouch tumor
suprasellar cyst
Erdheim tumor
A benign or malignant neoplasm, which may be cystic, developing from the epithelium of Rathke`s pouch and occuring with or close to the pituitary gland. (M-9350/1).
mesodermal mixed tumor
Neoplasm showing multiple phases, derived from mesoderm (M-8951/3).
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Most commonly a salivary gland carcinoma of low grade malignancy composed of mucous, epidermoid, and intermediate cells. (M-8430/3).
alopecia
Absence of hair or loss of hair.
mullerian mixed tumor
Neoplasm usually of the uterus or adnexae containing carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements, sometimes with third or fourth components. (M-8950/3).
nephroblastoma
Embryonal tumor thought to be derived from metanephric blastema. Mono, bi or triphasic, sometimes with heterotypic differentiation. (M-8960/3).
nephroma
pulmonary blastoma
A biphasic tumor containing a primitive epithelial component, that may resemble well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma and a primitive mesenchymal stroma, which occasionally has foci of osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma or rhadomyosarcoma. (M-8972/3).
rhabdoid sarcoma
Sarcomatous tumors, presenting a wide histological, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical spectrum. M-8963/3.
Malignant rhabdoid tumor
fibroepithelial tumor
Tumors with epithelial invaginations/linings and a fibrillary and fibrocytic stroma. (M-9000 - M-9030).
adenofibroma
A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, predominantly glandular. (M-9013/0).
papillary adenofibroma
Cystadenofibroma
fibroadenoma
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which there is a abundant stroma of proliferating fibroblasts and connective tissue. (M-9010/0).
glandular tumor
Neoplasms derived from glandular epithelial cells.
adenocarcinoma
Malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells in glandular or glandlike pattern. (M-8140/3).
adenocarcinoma in situ
A noninvasive abnormal proliferation of glands believed to precede the appearance of invasive adenocarcinoma. (M-8140/2).
arthrosis
osteoarthrosis
Degenerative joint disease
Changes characterized by erosion of articular cartilage, either primary or secondary to trauma or other conditions. Not primarily an inflammatory process.
adenoma
A benign epithelial neoplasm in which the tumor cells may form glands or glandlike structures. In different instances this may remain a benign tumor or progress to malignancy.
adenomatous polyposis coli
Spontaneous intestinal adenoma formation. Polyps increase in number, causing symptoms of chronic colitis and potentially transform into adenocarcinoma. (M-8220/0).
bronchioloalveolar adenoma
Bronchial adenoma, BA adenoma
Benign epithelial neoplasm of the lung. (M-8140/1) 1.2.1.2 in MMHCC classification.
Bronchial adenoma
bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
Bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma, bronchioalveolar carcinoma
Malignant epithelial neoplasm of the lung. (M-8250/3) 1.2.3.2, 1.2.3.5 of MMHCC classification.
Bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma
clear cell adenocarcinoma
An adenocarcinoma characterised by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. (M-8310/3).
comedocarcinoma
Form of carcinoma of the breast or other organ in which plugs of necrotic malignant cells are present in the ducts. (M -8501/3).
cystadenocarcinoma
Malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. (M-8440/3).
cystadenoma
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. (M-8440/0).
follicular adenocarcinoma
Originates in the follicular cells of thyroid follicles. Papillary, solid and follicular forms. (M- 8330/3).
Follicular carcinoma
follicular adenoma
Adenoma derived from the follicular cells of the thyroid follicles. Follicular, paipillary and solid forms. M- 8330/0.
atherosclerosis
Note that in mouse and rats the initial lesions are mostly in the medial layer while in human they occur in the intima.
Characterised by irregular lipid deposits in the wall of arteries, causing narrowing of their lumens and proceeding eventually to fibrosis and calcification.
Harderian gland adenoma
Adenoma derived from acinar epithelium of the harderian gland. Papillary, cystic, cystic-papillary and acinar forms.
Harderian gland carcinoma
Malignant tumor derived form acinar epithelium of the Harderian gland.
infiltrating duct carcinoma
Derived from the mammary ductal epithelium and penetrating the stroma (M-8500/3).
Infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma
duct adenocarcinoma
ductal carcinoma
intraductal carcinoma
Made obsolete by inclusion in MPATH: 486 Ductal intra-epithelial neoplasia
In situ carcinoma of the mammary ductal epithelium. (M- 8500/2).
Ductal carcinoma in situ
intraductal adenocarcinoma, non-infiltrating
intraductal papillary carcinoma
Intraductal papillary adenocarcinoma
Infiltrating tumor with papillary morphology derived from the breast epithelium (M-8503/3).
intraductal papilloma
Duct adenoma
Benign papilloma arising from ductal epithelium (M- 8503/0 ).
ductal papilloma
intraductal papillomatosis
Diffuse multiple adenomatous papillomas derived from the ductal epithelium of the breast. (M- 8505/0).
Diffuse intraductal papillomatosis
islet cell adenoma
islet (pancreatic) cell tumor benign
Usually pancreatic B cell derived tumors mostly producing insulin. (M- 8150/0).
Adenoma, endocrine pancreas
adenomatosis
islet cell carcinoma
islet cell tumor, malignant
Adenocarcinoma, endocrine pancreas
Rare tumor of the islets of Langerhans, most of which produce insulin. (M- 8150/3).
lobular carcinoma
Lobular adenocarcinoma
lobular infiltrating carcinoma
A form of breast adenocarcinoma derived from lobular cells. (M-8520/3).
cataract
Opacity of the lens.
lobular carcinoma in situ
Non-infiltrating form of lobular adenocarcinoma derived from the ductal epithelium. (M-8520/2).
mammary intra-epithelial neoplasia
medullary carcinoma
Derived from calcitonin-producing cells (thyroid). In humans a type of carcinoma composed of epithelial elements with considerable lymphoid stroma (breast). Not yet reported in mice. (M-8510/3).
Medullary adenocarcinoma
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
Malignant neoplasm derived from a glandular epithelium, eg. Ovary. Consisting of a solid to cystic mass lined with cuboidal pleomorphic epithelial cells producing a mucinous material. (M- 8470/3).
mucinous cystadenoma
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of mucinous retained secretions are formed. (M-8470/0).
myoepithelioma
Tumor originating in myoepithelial cells of exocrine glandular structures; for example mammary gland, salivary gland and preputial/clitoral glands. (M-8982/0).
myoepithelial adenoma
papillary adenocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from a glandular epithelium, in which solid tumors show papillary structures projecting onto fibrovascular stroma. (M-8260/3).
papillary adenoma
A benign neoplasm derived from a glandular epithelium, in which solid tumors show papillary structures projecting onto fibrovascular stroma. (M-8260/0).
papillary cystadenocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cysts contain folds or papillary projections into the lumen. (M-8450/3).
papillary cystadenoma
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cysts contain folds or papillary projections into the lumen. (M-8450/0).
pinealoma
Originating from differentiated cells of the pineal parenchyma. Not to be confused with human pinealoma (syn: germinoma) non-gonadal germ cell tumors found in the pineal believed to be atypical teratomas. May be benign or malignant. If ectopic teratomas/teratocarcinomas use MP322 or MP321. (M-9360/1).
apoptosis
Energy dependent cell death induced by intrinsic genetic or developmental programme, or external stimuli such as addition or withdrawal of cytokines or trophic factors, radiation, chemotherapeutic agents etc. Characterised by cell shrinkage, increases in membrane permeability, endonucleolyis and nuclear fragmentation resulting in the formation of rapidly endocytosed apoptotic bodies.
programmed cell death
cystic medial necrosis
Loss of muscle fibers and elastin in the media of the aorta, with accumulation of mucopolysaccharide.
Erdheim disease
media necrosis aortae idiopathica cystica
media necrosis of the aorta
Mucoid medial degeneration
pineoblastoma
Mixed pineal tumor
pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation
Malignant neoplasms which arise from pineoblasts, the primitive pineal stem cells. (M-9362/3).
transitional pineal tumor
pineocytoma
A tumor arising in the pineal gland that resembles normal pineal parenchyma. (M-9361/1).
pituicytoma
pituitary adenoma
Benign tumor derived from the pituicytes ( glial cells of neurohypophysis) (M-8272/0).
pseudomyxoma peritonei
Tumor characterized by extensive spread of a mucin-secreting neoplasm along the peritoneal surfaces (M-8480/6).
serous adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma from a serous gland producing and containing serous proteinaceous secretions (M-8441/3).
serous cystadenoma
Ovarian cystadenoma composed of cells similar to tubal epithelium (M-8441/0).
signet ring cell carcinoma
Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma of signet ring type arising from exocrine cells of the gastric mucosa or enterocytes of intestinal mucosa. (M-8490/3).
thyroid C-cell adenoma
tumor c-cell benign
Benign neoplasm derived from the calcitonin producing C-cells of the thyroid gland.
Adenoma, parafollicular cell
thyroid C-cell carcinoma
Malignant neoplasm derived from the calcitonin producing C-cells of the thyroid gland. (M-8510/3, M-8345/3).
Medullary carcinoma, parafollicular cell
tumor c-cell malignant
gonadal tumor
Germ cell and non-germ cell tumors of the testis and ovary.
emphysema
Abnormal accumulation of air in the interstitial connective tissue of a structure. Sensu Lung: Pulmonary emphysema; characterised by abnormal increase in the size of air (alveolar) spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole with degenerative changes in their walls and reduction in their number.
germ cell tumor
Neoplasms derived from germ cells. May be gonadal or extragonadal and are derived from primordial germ cells.
dermoid cyst
Cystic ovarian teratomas with different mature cell types (M-9084/3).
dysgerminoma
Undifferentiated germ cell tumor of the ovary composed of solid sheets of large polygonal cells with rim of clear cytoplasm (M-9060/3).
Seminoma (sensu male)
embryonal carcinoma
Germ cell derived malignant neoplasm of the testis or ovary, composed of anaplastic cells with indistinct cellular borders and large ovoid, round, or bean-shaped nuclei that may have large nucleoli. (M-9070/3 ).
endodermal sinus tumor
Yolk sac carcinoma
Germ cell derived tumors resembling parietal or visceral yolk sac endoderm derivatives. Abundant eosinophilic matrix surrounding nests and cords of neoplastic cells. (M-9071-3).
gonadoblastoma
Gonocytoma
Gonadal neoplasms that consist of aggregates of germ cells and sex cord elements (M-9073/1).
mixed germ cell tumor
Mixed teratoma and seminoma
Malignant neoplasm of the testis/ovary including various elements of germ cell tumors (M-9085/3).
seminoma
Germinoma, malignant
Tumor derived from spermatogenic cells resembling spermatogenia or spermatocytes. NOS ( M9061/3).
spermatoblastoma
spermatocytoma, malignant.
classical seminoma
As MPATH:317, but not spermatocytic (M-9061/3).
spermatocytic seminoma
Spermatoma
Neoplasm of the testis usually found within the tubule. Some debate as to whether it is of germ cell origin in contrast to classical seminoma. Three types of cells are identified in spermatocytic seminomas: those with small, intermediate, and large nuclei in humans. (M-9063/3).
glaucoma
Increase in the intraocular pressure.
struma ovarii
Rare ovarian tumor, regarded as monodermal teratoma, in which thyroid tissue has surpassed the other elements; occasionally associated with hyperthyroidism (M-9090/0).
teratocarcinoma
Mixed germ cell neoplasm contaning elements of embryonal carcinoma and teratoma (M-9081/3).
teratoma
Generally benign germ cell derived tumors of male or female containing derivatives from all three germ layers with differentiation in the malignant form being poor. Malignant tumors are highly metatstatic. (M-9080/1).
gonadal somatic cell tumor
Neoplasms derived from the non-germ cell derived tissues of the testis and ovary.
androblastoma
obsolete use Sertoli cell tumor MPATH: 331.
fibrothecoma
obsolete use thecoma MPATH:334.
granulosa cell tumor
. Derived from sex cord stromal cells. In male thought to be Sertoli cells. (M- 8620/1).
Tumor, sex cord stromal, benign, granulosa cell type
gynoblastoma (sensu malignant form in ovary)
gynandroblastoma
obsolete Use sertoli-leydig cell tumor MPATH 332
leydig cell tumor
Tumor derived from Leydig cells (M-8650/1).
Leydig cell adenoma
Interstitial cell tumor, benign
luteal cell tumor
Tumor derived from sex cords composed of highly luteinised cells with extensive pale granular cytoplasm. (M- 8610/0).
luteinised granulosa cell tumor, benign. Gonadal sex cord stromal tumor, benign, luteoma type
Luteoma
intracellular and extracellular accumulation
Accumulation of substances within, on the surface of or between cells.
ovarian stromal tumor
Tumor consists of a mixture of granulosa, luteal thecal, Sertoli and stromal cells. (M-8590/1).
sertoli cell tumor
sustentacluar tumor
sex cord stromal tumor
Tumor derived from sex cord/stromal cells; Sertoli cells and can occur in both testis and ovary. (M-8640/1).
gonadal stromal tumor
arrhenoblastoma
Androblastoma
sertoli-leydig cell tumor
Gynandroblastoma
Tumor of the ovary or testis containing granulosa or theca cell elements with a tubular componant of Sertoli cell type and producing simultaneous androgenic and estrogenic effects. (M-8631/0).
sex cord tumor
obsolete: Use more specific terms: MPATH: 334, 331, 329, 326
thecoma
Fibrothecoma
Derived from sex cord stromal cells, spindle shaped cells arranged in whorls or interlacing bundles. (M- 8600/0).
theca cell tumor
hematopoietic/lymphoid malignancies/disorder
Proliferative disorders and malignancies of the lymphoid and non lymphoid haematopoietic lineages.
leukaemia
erythroid leukaemia
Leukaemia with at least 50% of nucleated erythroid cells infiltrating haematopoietic tissue.
granulocytic leukaemia
obsolete following reclassification see: MPATH505
lymphatic leukaemia
amyloid deposition
Any group of chemically diverse proteins that appears microscopically homogeneous, but is composed of linear non-branching aggregated fibrils aranged in sheets when see under the electron microscope.
Amyloidosis
Extracellular deposition of amyloid protein.
megakaryocytic leukaemia
Leukaemia with at least 50% of megakaryocytic cells infiltrating haematopoietic tissue.
myelodysplastic disorder
Haematopoietic proliferation with evidence of trilineage dysplasia. Less than 20% should be blasts.
myeloid leukaemia
Leukaemias of the myeloid lineage.
lymphoma
obsolete; divided between subtypes of MPATH516, MPATH535
follicle center cell lymphoma
immunoblastic lymphoma
autoimmune mediated disease
small lymphocytic lymphoma
thymic lymphoma
mast cell tumor
bile deposition
Intra- or extracellular deposition of bile pigments and their metabolites.
mastocytoma
thymoma
A neoplasm in the anterior mediastinum, originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated; occasionally invasive, but metastases are rare; histologically, consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. (M-8580/1).
hepatic tumor
Tumors of the liver and biliary apparatus.
hepatocellular adenoma
hepatic adenoma, benign, liver cell tumor, benign
Benign neoplasm derived from hepatocytes. (M- 8170/0).
hepatoma, benign
nodule type A
cholangiocarcinoma
Malignant tumor derived from the bile duct epithelium. (M8160/3).
cholangiofibroma
Develops from cholangiofibrosis, fibrosis of the biliary ducts and is only potentially malignant.
hepatoblastoma
tumor, mixed, poorly differentiated
embryonal hepatoma
Malignant neoplasm of the liver of unknown origin . Liver blastemal cells, neoplastic hepatocytes, oval cells and biliary epithelial cells have been proposed. (M- 8970/3).
hepatocellular carcinoma
carcinoma, trabecular
nodule type B
Malignant tumor derived from hepatocytes. (M- 8170/3).
hepatoma, malignant
carcinoma, trabecular (liver)
melanocytic tumor
Tumors derived from melanocytes.
melanoma
Tumor of neurectodermal origin, usually melanocytes, showing dense deposition of melanin granules, although amelanotic melanomas have been reported. (M-8720/3).
melanosarcoma, malignant melanoma
melanosarcoma
calcium deposition
Intra or extracellular deposition of calcium usually as calcium phosphate.
melanoma in situ
level I melanoma
A potentially malignant lesion, melanoma in situ is the first phase of growth of melanoma, in which it is still confined to the epithelial domain (epidermis and adnexa) and has not passed through the basement membrane. (M-8720/2).
naevus
Local lesion of the skin, often colored by hyperpigmentation or increased vascularity. May be predominantly epidermal, adnexal, melanocytic, vascular, or mesodermal, or a compound overgrowth of these tissues. Not necessarily pre-malignant. (M-8720/0).
mole (sensu melanocytic nevus)
mesonephroma
Benign or malignant neoplasm of the ovary and corpus uteri, thought to originate in mesonephric structures. (M-9110/3).
mesonephric adenocarcinoma, wolffian duct carcinoma, mesonephroid tumor
mesonephric tumor
mesonephroid clear cell adenocarcinoma
Tumor beleived to be derived from mesonephric remnants. (M-8310/3).
mesothelial tumor
Benign or malignant neoplasm derived from the lining cells of the pleura and peritoneum, composed of spindle cells or fibrous tissue which may enclose glandlike spaces lined by cuboidal cells. Epithelioid, fibrous, cystis, papillary, and sarcomatoid variants. (M- 9050/3).
neuroendocrine tumor
Neoplasms derived from the neuroendocrine system.
carcinoid tumor
Carcinoid tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derived from primitive stem cells. Found predominantly in the lung and gut they are capable of secreting a large range of substances and have a number of histological subtypes. May resemble but are distinct from small cell lung carcinoma in the lung. (M-8240/3).
endocrine adenocarcinoma
obsolete.
endocrine adenoma
ceroid deposition
Intracellular deposition of golden or yellow-brown pigment, acid fast and insoluble in lipid solvents. Believed to be a type of lipofuscin.
primitive neurectodermal tumor
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are neoplasms derived from primitive neural stem cells either in the CNS or the periphery . These are small-cell, malignant embryonal tumors showing divergent differentiation of variable degree along neuronal, glial, or rarely mesenchymal lines. (M-9473/3, M-9364/3).
PNET
small cell carcinoma
see: Meuwissen, R., Linn, S.C., Linnoila, R.I. et al. (2003) Induction of small cell lung cancer by somatic inactivation of both Trp53 and Rb1 in a conditional mouse model. Cancer cell, 4: 181-189. AND Calbo, J., Meuwissen, R., van Montfort, E. et al. (2005) Genotype-phenotype relationships in a mouse model for human small-cell lung cancer. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology, 70: 225-232. AND Meuwissen, R. and Berns, A. (2005) Mouse models for human lung cancer. Genes & development, 19: 643-664.
oat cell carcinoma
Neuroendocrine cell derived anaplastic carcinoma composed of small cells, usually of the lung producing a variety of peptide hormones. (M-8041/3). 1.2.3.4 of MMHCC classification.
tumorlet
Small disseminated foci of atypical bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia. Benign. (M- 8040/1).
CNS progenitor tumor
Renamed from neuroepitheliomatous tumor, to reflect primitive origins of this class of tumor.
Neoplasms derived from neuroepithelial precursors.
esthesioneuroblastoma
A neoplasm of immature, poorly differentiated neuronal cells believed to arise from neuroepithelial precursors in the olfactory epithelium. (M- 9522/3).
neuroblastoma, olfactory
neuroepithelial carcinoma
neuroepithelioma, olfactory
ganglioneuroma
A benign neoplasm composed of mature ganglionic neurons scattered singly or in clumps within a relatively abundant and dense stroma of neurofibrils and collagenous fibers. (M-9490/0).
neuroblastoma
A malignant neoplasm characterized by immature, poorly differentiated nerve cells of embryonic type. (M-9500/3).
pheochromocytoma
A catecholamine-secreting tumor arising from the chromaffin cells of the sympathetic nervous system or adrenal medulla. May be benign or malignant. [See MPATH 398]. (M- 8510/3).
retinoblastoma
Malignant juvenile neoplasm of the eye derived from primitive retinal precursor cells. (M- 9510/3).
odontogenic tumor
Neoplasm arising from the tissues of the odontogenic apparatus. These tumors are derived from ectodermal tissue (epithelial tumors) or from mesodermal tissue (connective tissue tumors) or are composed of both components (mixed or composite odontogenic tumors) .
copper deposition
Intra and extracellular deposition of copper and copper containing proteins.
ameloblastic fibroma
A tumor consisting of proliferating strands and clumps of odontogenic epithelium in a highly cellular fibroblastic stroma resembling the dental papilla of developing teeth. The epithelial component are composed of peripheral cuboidal or cylindrical cells enclosing scant stellate cells. (M-9330/0).
ameloblastoma
Benign odontogenic epithelial neoplasm that histologically mimics the embryonic enamel organ but does not differentiate to the point of forming dental hard tissue. Histologically dominated by epithelial cells in a scant fibroblastic stroma. (M-9310/0).
cementifying fibroma
Benign neoplasm derived from pluripotential mesenchymal cells or cementoblasts. Well demarcated tumor occurring exclusively in the jaw containing spindle cells which undergo transformation to cuboidal cementoblasts forming multiple cementicle like bodies. ( M-9274/0).
ossifying fibroma, cemento-ossifying fibroma
cementoblastoma
A neoplasm arising from the periodontal ligament (M-9273/0).
True cementoma
cementoma
Reactive fibro-osseous lesion derived from odotongenic cells in the periodontal ligament (M-9272/0).
dentinoma
Similar lesion to ameloblastic fibroma (MPATH380) , but also showing inductive changes that lead to the formation of dentine (M-9271/0).
ameloblastic fibrodentinoma
odontoma
Hamartomatous malformation of odontogenic tissue. It may vary from nondescript masses of dental tissue (complex odontoma) to multiple well-formed teeth (compound odontoma). Cf ameloblastic fibro-odontoma. (M-9280/0).
osseous and chondromatous tumor
Neoplasms of bone and cartilage.
chondroblastoma
A benign or malignant neoplasm occuring in the epiphyses of long bones, consisting of highly cellular tissue resembling embryonic cartilage. (M-9230/0, /3).
glycogen deposition
Intracellular deposition of glycogen.
chondroblastoma, malignant
chondroma
A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage composed of well differentiated hyaline cartilage (M-9220/0).
chondrosarcoma
Malignant neoplasm derived form pluripotential mesenchymal cells, chondrocytes or chondroblasts. No production of osteoid. (M-9220/3).
osteoblastoma
giant osteoid osteoma, benign osteoblastoma
Generally benign osteogenic neoplasm of unknown aetiology. Aggressive form may be confused with osteosarcoma. NOT a syn for osteofibroma. (M-9200/0).
osteochondroma
cartilaginous exostosis
Benign bone tumor characterized by hyaline cartilage capped bony growths that project from the surface of the affected bone. (M-9210/0).
osteofibroma
Benign neoplasm derived from pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells or osteoblasts composed of mature nbone trabelculae seperated by a stroma of spindle cells. (M- 9262/0).
osteoma
juxtacortical osteoma
medullary osteoma
cancellous osteoma
osteoid osteoma
Benign neoplasm derived from osteoblasts or osteocytes composed of very dense bone with predominantly woven structure. ( M-9180/0).
spongious osteoma
trabecular osteoma
compact osteoma
osteosarcoma
Malignant neoplasm derived form mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts or osteocytes. Highly invasive and destructive tumor rising in the skeleton with osteoid and immature woven bone. (M-9180/3).
osteogenic sarcoma
paragangliomas and glomus tumor
Generally benign neoplasms of CHIEF cells arising from neuroectodermal tissues, found in various parts of the body. Note that until recently, glomus tumors were believed to be derived from specialised vascular cells, which is incorrect. Paraganglioma is the preferred term.The nomenclature for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma is inconsistent. The term paraganglioma is used to refer to any extra-adrenal tumor of the paraganglion system or nonfunctional tumor of the paraganglion system. Functional tumors are referred extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma.
aortic body tumor
aortic body paraganglioma
Paraganglioma arising in the CHIEF cells of the aortic body (M-8691/1).
necrosis
Morpholological changes after intravital (Pathologic) death of one or more cells, or of a portion of tissue or organ, resulting from irreversible damage;characterised by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, swollen and abnormally pale basophilic staining; or karyorrhexis, rupture and fragmentation of the nucleus. Energy independent cf. Apoptosis MPATH 3.
hyalinosis
Intracellular deposition of eosinophilic material.
Hyaline degeneration, Eosinophilic cytoplasmic change
carotid body tumor
carotid body paraganglioma
Paraganglioma arising in the CHIEF cells of the carotid body (M-8692/1).
glomus jugulare tumor
A glomus tumor arising from the chief cells of the paraganglia ( neurectodermal derivatives) , or glomus bodies, located within the wall (adventitia) of the jugular bulb. (8690/1).
glomus tumor
obsolete; use paraganglioma M-8711/0) or specific example terms, MPATH399-401.
paraganglioma
A neoplasm composed of derivatives of CHIEF cells usually in single encapsulated nodular masses surrounded with sustentacular cells. ( M- 8711/0).
chemodectomas
non-chromaffin paragangliomas
soft tissue tumor
Neoplasms of the soft and connective tissues.
chordoma
Believed to arise from primitive notochord remnants . Usually occurs along the axial skeleton and is characterised by the presence of bubble cells containing large unstained cytoplasmic vacuoles with central or eccentricc nuclei. Benign but locally invasive. (M-9370/3).
dermatofibrosarcoma
Highly recurrent, infiltrative skin tumors of intermediate malignancy derived from fibroblasts/fibrocytes. Human condition dermatofibrosarcoma protruberans (M-8832/3).
fibroma
"Soft tissue" qualifier removed by Pathology Panel to increase scope of term.
Benign neoplasm of fibroblasts/fibrocytes with poor/moderate cellularity. (M-8810/0).
soft tissue fibrosarcoma
Malignant tumor derived from pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells; fibroblasts, fibrocytes (M-8810/3).
fibrous histiocytoma
Benign or maligant tumor derived from pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells showing fibrous and histiocytic differentiation (M-8830/0).
iron deposition
Extra- or intra-cellular deposition of iron, iron containing proteins or hemosiderin.
giant cell tumor of soft tissue
Malignant or benign tumor of pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells giving rise to large multinucleated cells (M- 9251/1).
giant cell fibrous histiocytoma
granular cell tumor/alveolar sarcoma
obsolete. Use specific terms MPATH: 412 or MPATH: 413
alveolar soft part sarcoma
Malignant tumor of unknown origin though probably myogenic due to expression of MyoD and other myogenic lineage markers. Consists of grouped polygonal tumor cells with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm arranged in an organ-like configuration separated by thin fibrovascular septa. Central areas within these nests of cells become necrotic, and the loss of architecture produces an alveolar appearance. (M-9581/3).
granular cell tumor
myoblastoma
Large polygonal or round cell tumors with abundant acidophilic cytoplasm containing PAS positive granules. Found especially in the uterine cervix. Aetiology unknown. (M-9580/0).
histiocytic sarcoma
lipomatous tumor
Tumors derived from the lipogenic lineage or showing predominantly lipomatous differentiation.
angiomyolipoma
Benign renal neoplasm composed of fat, vascular, and smooth muscle elements. Associated with tuberous sclerosis in humans. Aetiology unknown, but the combination of elements may reflect a lesion specific pattern of metaplasia. (M-8860/0).
lipoma
Benign neoplasia derived from lipoblasts or lipocytes of white or brown fat. May be angiomatous or hibernomatous. (M- 8850/0).
liposarcoma
Malignant neoplasms which probably originate in primitive mesenchymal stem cell populations differentiating down a lipomatous pathway. (M-8850/3).
lymphatic vessel tumor
Neoplasms of the lymphatic vessels.
lipid deposition
Extra or intracellular deposition of lipid.
lymphangioma
Benign hamartomatous malformation of the lymphatic ducts. Usually found in the skin and may be superficial or deep. (M-9170/0).
Cystic hygroma
lymphangiomyomatosis
Characterized by benign peribronchial, perivascular, and perilymphatic proliferation of atypical smooth muscle resulting in vascular and airway obstruction, cyst formation, and a progressive decline in lung function. (M- 9174/1).
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
lymphangiosarcoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from vascular tissue in which the neoplastic cells originate from the endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels. (M-9170/3).
myomatous tumor
Neoplasms derived from myogenic lineages or predominantly composed of cells showing myomatous differentiation.
intravascular leiomyomatosis
Benign leiomyoma that invades vascular spaces. (M-8890/1).
leiomyoma
Benign neoplasm derived from smooth muscle cells. (M-8890/0).
leiomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor derived form pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells or smooth muscle cells. (M- 8890/3).
obsolete. Syn of granular cell tumor. MPATH 413
rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor of striated muscle or pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells. (M-8900/3).
myxomatous tumor
Neoplasms resembling primitive mesenchymal tissue with a soft mucous matrix.
lipofuscin deposition
Intracellular deposition of brown pigment granules probably representing lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion. Often age related.
angiomyxoma
Angiomyxoma is a poorly circumscribed, slowly growing lesion composed of spindle-shaped and stellate cells evenly distributed in an abundant myxoid matrix. The lesion contains numerous vessels, often showing some hyalinization of their walls, and occasionally surrounded by a few smooth muscle cells. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells may express desmin and/ or smooth muscle actin (M-8841/1).
myxoma
A benign neoplasm derived from pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells of connective tissue, consisting chiefly of polyhedral and stellate cells that are loosely embedded in a soft mucoid matrix. May show multiple differentiated components. (M-8840/0).
myxosarcoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells of connective tissue, consisting chiefly of polyhedral and stellate cells that are loosely embedded in a soft mucoid matrix. (M-8840/3).
nerve sheath tumor
Neoplasms of the nerve sheath.
neurilemmoma
neurofibroma
Peripheral nerve tumor consisting of chaotic arrays of wavy schwann cell bundles and fibroblasts interspersed within a matrix rich in collagen and mucopolysaccharide. (M9540/0).
neurofibromatosis
Systemic manifestation of MPATH:435 ( M-9540/1).
neurofibrosarcoma
malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
Malignant neoplasm derived from Schwann cells. (M-9540/3).
schwannoma
neurilemoma
May be malignant or benign, Schwann cell derived tumor considered to be neurectodermal with some acquired mesenchymal features. (M-9560/0).
neurinoma, benign
synovial-like tumor
Neoplasms of synovial origin.
melanin deposition
Intra or extracellular deposition of melanin.
synovial sarcoma
Malignant neoplasm occurring in close association with tendon sheaths and joint capsules. Biphasic in humans , showing a mixed spindle cell and epithelioid like morphology; this is not seen in rodents to date. (M-9040/3).
Synovial cell sarcoma
synovioma
squamous cell tumor
Neoplasms of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
inverted squamous papilloma
endophytic papilloma
invaginated papilloma
A benign tumor consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic epithelial cells in which proliferating epithelium is invaginated beneath the surface and is more smoothly rounded. (M-8053/0).
keratoacanthoma
epithelioma, intracutaneous, cornifying
Skin type is thought to arise from follicular epithelium of hair follicles; found in other epithelia. Composed of multiple cup shaped cavities filled with lamellated concentrically arranged or homogeneous cornified masses.
papilloma
A benign tumor consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic epithelial cells (M-8050/0).
squamous cell carcinoma
carcinoma, epidermoid ( sensu epidermal derived tumors)
Malignant tumor derived from stratified squamous cells. (M-8070/3).
squamous cell carcinoma in situ
Pre-neoplastic intraepithelial lesion of squamous cells (M-8070/2).
squamous cell papilloma
Exophytic papilloma
A benign tumor consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic squamous epithelial cells.
verrucous carcinoma
A well-differentiated papillary squamous cell carcinoma. (M-8051/3).
protein deposition
Non-specified intra or extracellular deposition of protein.
transitional cell tumor
Neoplasms of transitional epithelia, eg kidney, ureter , bladder , cervix.
transitional cell carcinoma
Malignant neoplasm of transitional cells (M-8120/3).
transitional cell carcinoma in situ
Pre-malignant intra-epithelial neoplasm of transitional cells (M-8120/2).
transitional cell papilloma
Pre-malignant lesion of transitional cells, papillomatous form ( M- 8120/1).
trophoblastic tumor
Tumors derived directly from trophoblastic tissue or differentiated from germ cell tumor origins.
choriocarcinoma
Chorioepithelioma, malignant.
Tumor derived from malignant trophoblastic cells. May be found in the uterus, ovary and testis. May also be derived from teratomas and teratocarcinomas in males. (M-9100/3).
hydatidiform mole
Vesicular or cystic tumor with hydropic villi resulting from the proliferation of trophoblast in the absence ( complete) or the presence ( partial) of an embryo. Most complete moles are homozygous androgenetic XX 46.(M-9100/0).
gestational trophoblastic disease
cystic mole
placental site trophoblastic tumor
Neoplastic proliferation of intermediate trophoblasts that invades the myometrium at the placental site after a pregnancy. (M-9104/1).
normal
Normal.
obsolete
uric acid deposition
Extracellular deposition of uric acid crystals.
nuclear defect
Defect in the structure or function of the nuclear membrane or matrix or other component.
cataract; capsular-epithelial
Proliferation of lens epithelium and capsule leading to fibrous metaplasia and anterior subcapsular cataract ( ASC) . Possible developmental origin.
cataract; nuclear and cortical
Nuclear cataract of developmental origin with tendency to progress with age and involve the cortex and capsule.
cataract; cortical liquefactive
Of developmental origins; nucleus and cortex become completely liquefied in post-natal life.
cataract; lens extrusion
Involves capsular rupture usually of the posterior lens capsule, close to birth or in the first few weeks postpartum. Cortical material spills into the vitreous humor and may be disseminated through the eye.
glaucoma developmental
Consequent on developmental abnormalities in the trabecular network and Schlemm`s canal in the angle.
glaucoma; open angle
Failure of drainage of the eye for unknown reasons.
glaucoma; angle closure
Develops when the angle caused by the iris and cornea closes. May occur because of anatomically narrow angles or adhesions.
pseudocyst
Formation of extracellular (sensu pancreas) non-epithelial bounded spaces containing accumulated products or substances.
symmetry defect
Any aberration of the normal symmetrical organisation of the body pattern.
intracellular and extracellular depletion
Loss or dispersion of specific intra- and extracellular substances.
left/right axis defect
For example as seen in the mutation <situs inversus>.
Left/Right (mediolateral) axis aberration of the normal symmetrical organisation of the body pattern.
anterior/posterior axis defect
Anteroposterior aberration of the normal symmetrical organisation of the body pattern.
Dorsal/ventral axis defect
Dorsoventral aberration of the normal symmetrical organisation of the body pattern.
developmental cystic dysplasia
Developmental dysplasia showing epithelial cell bounded cavities.
ectasia
Dilation of a tubular structure.
ductal ectasia
Dilation of a ductal structure.
telangiectasia
A lesion formed by a dilated capillary or terminal artery.
choristoma
Similar to hamartoma, including the mass lesion requirement, but unlike hamartoma, includes heterotopic tissue of an adult or embryonic nature ( topographical and developmental anomaly).
Choristoblastoma
angiogenesis defect
Abnormality in developmental angiogenesis.
vasculogenesis defect
Defect in formation of blood vessels by vasculogenesis, proliferation or recruitment of endothelial cells.
decalcification
Process of loss of calcium from normally calcified tissue, usually bone.
decidual defect
Any defect in the formation, architecture, cellular composition or function of the maternal decidua.
pre-neoplastic lesions
Obsolete; replaced by potentially pre-cancerous lesions (MPATH 556) as many are actually neoplastic but do not progress to cancer.
Lesions likely to result in progression to frank tumors, which may be classified as pre-neoplastic or pre-cancerous.
focal hyperplasia
Localised hyperplastic lesion. Polyclonal lesions are probably benign but clonal lesions may progress to malignancy.
atypical hyperplasia
Considered to be too vague to be useful.
Presence of localised areas within for example adenomas showing characteristics of neoplastic (tumor) progression, eg focal carcinoma.
hyperplastic nodule
hyperplastic nodules
Expansion of small hyperplastic lesions to become macroscopically nodules, compressing adjacent cells.
severe intraepithelial neoplasia
May be used in some systems in preference to its synonyms to indicate lesion specific aprearances. A lesion characterised by changes of the type associated with invasive carcinoma, but physically bounded by the lining epithelium and without local invasion.
ductal intra-epithelial neoplasia
This term covers the range of DIN (MIN) including severe intra-epithelial neoplasia (IENIII), alternatively termed in situ carcinoma of the mammary ductal epithelium. (M- 8500/2). See Tavassoli FA. (1998) Mod Pathol. 11:140-54. Ductal carcinoma in situ: introduction of the concept of ductal intraepithelial neoplasia for further definition.
Pre-malignant hyperplastic and/or dysplastic change in the mammary gland epithelium with the potential to give rise to malignant tumors.
DIN
MIN
intestinal intra-epithelial neoplasia
Histologically apparent areas of dysplasia that are not grossly visible (smaller than 0.5-1 mm). Lesions may involve single or multiple glands.
microadenoma
IIN
GIN
prostate intra-epithelial neoplasia
PIN
See reference for definition.
stomach, oesophagus and pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia
PANIN
demyelination
Reduction of myelin content in neuronal sheath.
adenomatous polyp
Benign neoplastic growth containing areas of adenomatous structure (progression).
polypoid adenoma, cellular polyp.
polyp
A mass of tissue which projects outward or upward from the normal surface level being macroscopically visible as a hemispheroidal, spheroidal, or irregular moundlike structure growing from a relatively broad base or a slender stalk.
membraneous glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis characterized by diffuse thickening of glomerular capillary basement membranes, due in part to subepithelial deposits of immunoglobulins separated by spikes of basement membrane material,.
membraneoproliferative glomerulonephritis
A chronic glomerulonephritis characterized by mesangial cell proliferation, increased lobular separation of glomeruli, thickening of glomerular capillary walls and increased mesangial matrix,.
autoimmune glomerulonephritis
Needs multiple parentage with autoimmune mediated disease
Glomerulonephritis caused by autoimmune attack on the glomerulus.
glomangioma
Tumor derived from the capillary glomus with arteriovenous capillary anastomoses. Often characterized by multiple tumors resembling cavernous hemangioma (M-8712/0).
Non-Lymphoid leukaemias
Neoplasms of non-lymphoid haematopoietic lineage. Must have at least 20% blast cells to meet this definition.
myeloid leukaemia without maturation
myeloid leukaemia (myeloblastic type)
poorly differentiated myeloid leukaemia
Leukaemia in which neoplastic cells are poorly differentiated and not monocytic. At least 90% of the cells have to be blasts.
myeloblastic leukaemia without maturation
myeloid leukaemia with maturation
myeloblastic laeukaemia with maturation
Leukaemia in which neoplastic cells are moderately differentiated with a neutrophilic but not monocytic component. At least 20% of the cells have to be blasts.
nesidioblastosis
diffused or generalised islet cell hyperplasia
nesidioblastoma
nesidiodysplasia
focal adenomatosis
endocrine dysplasia
multifocal and focal ductulo-insular proliferation (nesidioblastosis)
microadenomatosis
congenital insulinomas
Beta-cell nesidioblastosis
Abnormal proliferation of beta cells of developing islets often leading to marked diffuse or focal beta-cell hyperplasia. Considered to generate a potentially cancerous lesion.
bridging necrosis
Area of liver necrosis that bridges adjacent portal areas and central veins.
glycogen depletion
Reduction in intracellular glycogen content.
myeloproliferative disease-like myeloid leukaemia
myeloid leukaemia, chonic type
Leukaemia in which neoplastic cells are well differentiated and in which there are fewer than 20% blasts.
well differentiated myeloid leukaemia
myelomonocytic leukaemia
myeloid leukaemia, myelomonocytic type
Leukaemia in which neoplastic cells are moderately differentiated with a neutrophilic and a monocytic component. At least 20% of the cells have to be blasts.
monocytic leukaemia
Leukaemia in which neoplastic cells are poorly or moderately differentiated with a monocytic but no neutrophilic component. At least 20% of the cells must be blasts.
biphenotypic leukaemia
A leukaemia with at least 90% blasts and differentiation markers of the myeloid and lymphoid lineage.
non-lymphoid hematopoietic sarcomas
Solid tumor mass composed of non-lymphoid haematopoietic cells.
granulocytic sarcoma
Solid tumor mass composed predominantly of granulocytic or relatively undifferentiated non-lymphoid haematopoietic cells.
histiocytic lymphoma
Kupffer cell sarcoma (sensu liver)
Solid tumor mass composed predominantly of histiocytic cells (M-9775/3).
reticulum cell sarcoma, type A, reticulosarcoma
malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type
reticulum cell sarcoma, type A
mast cell sarcoma
mastocytosis
Solid tumor mass composed of mast cells.
malignant mastocytoma
myeloid dysplasias
Haematopoietic proliferation with evidence of trilineage dysplasia.
cytopenia with increased blasts
Haematopoietic proliferation with evidence of trilineage dysplasia. More than 20% should be blasts.
hypocalcification
Intrinsic abnormally low level of calcification in a tissue cf. MPATH: 48.
myeloid proliferations (non-reactive)
Non-reactive persistent accumulation of non-lymphoid haematopoietic cells. Genetically determined.
Myeloproliferation (genetic)
Non-reactive persistent accumulation of non-lymphoid haematopoietic cells in the blood which do not infiltrate the spleen and the bone marrow. Genetically determined.
myeloproliferative disease
Non-reactive persistent accumulation of non-lymphoid haematopoietic cells in the blood which infiltrate the spleen and the bone marrow.
Lymphoid neoplasms
Neoplasms of the B or T cell lineage.
B cell neoplasms
Non-Lymphoid neoplasias
Hematological neoplasias of non-lymphoid origin.
B-cell neoplasms
Neoplasm of the B cell lymphoid lineage.
precursor B cell neoplasms
Lymphoma originating from precursor B-cells.
precursor B -cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukaemia
lymphoblastic leukaemia
lymphoblastic lymphoma
Lymphoma originating in a precursor B-cell.
Mature B-cell neoplasms
Lymphomas originating in peripheral B cells.
lipid depletion
Reduction in cellular or plasma lipid content.
small B-cell lymphoma
Diffuse accumulation of small mature B-cells.
well differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma
splenic marginal zone lymphoma
SMZL
A lymphoid proliferation of cells of the marginal zone of the white pulp of the spleen.
follicular B cell lymphoma
A lymphoid proliferation composed of a mixture of centroblasts and centrocytes that may or may not have a nodular(follicular)pattern. The follicular dendritic cell network is not present, unlike in the human. The equivalent typical translocation (Chr. 14:18 )seen in humans has not been reported in the mouse.
centroblastic/centrocytic lymphoma
follicular center cell lymphoma, small cell or mixed
follicular lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Diffuse proliferation of large B lymphoid cells.
DLBCL
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, centroblastic type
Diffuse follicular centre cell lymphoma mainly composed of centroblasts.
centroblastic lymphoma
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, immunoblastic type
Immunoblastic lymphoma
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma with increased number of immunoblasts.
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, histiocyte associated
DLCL (HS)
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with more than 50% histiocytes.
primary mediastinal (thymic) diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Primary B-cell lymphoma of the thymus. Reported in C57BL/6 mice infected with replication defective MuLV. Not clear that this is the equivalent of the human disease.
classic Burkitt lymphoma
Highly proliferative B-cell lymphoma characteristically seen in c-Myc transgenic mice, derived from mature B cells.
Burkitt-like lymphoma
Highly proliferative mature B-cell lymphoma, poorly defined.
osteopenia
Reduced bone mass due to inadequate synthesis of osteoid, resulting in decreased calcification.
Plasma cell neoplasms
Myeloma ( human )
Diffuse proliferation of mature plasma cells. Clonal by definition. Includes the equivalent of human myeloma (ICD-O 9732/3).
B-natural killer cell lymphoma
Unusual lymphoma type described in thymectomised (SL/Kh x AKR/Ms) F1 mice. No equivalent found in human to date. See reference for detailed phenotype.
plasmacytoma
Tissue, usually lymph nodes, that contain unusually large numbers of normal appearing plasma cells. While these may be plasmacytomas, additional work is needed to confirm this latter diagnosis.
Diffuse proliferation of mature plasma cells. Clonal by definition.
extraosseous plasmacytoma
Diffuse proliferation of mature plasma cells. Clonal by definition. Frequently found in IL6 transgenic mice. Characteristically involves spleen and nodes rather than peritoneum.
anaplastic plasmacytoma
Diffuse proliferation of immature plasma cells or plasma blasts.
T-cell neoplasms
Neoplasms derived from cells of the T lymphocyte lineage.
precursor T-cell neoplasms
Neoplasms of precursor T cells.
precursor T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukaemia
Precursor T cell derived neoplasia. Most commonly found in the thymus.
mature T-cell neoplasms
Non-thymic neoplasms of mature T cell origin.
small T-cell lymphoma
Accumulation of small mature T cells. No human counterpart known to date.
osteoporosis
Reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue. More severe than MPATH: 53 with gross changes to bone matrix.
T cell neoplasms character undetermined
T cell neoplasms which cannot currently be classified into known subtypes.
T large cell anaplastic lymphoma
Diffuse large pleiomorphic T cell lymphoma. This entity does not correspond to human anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
T natural killer cell lymphoma
Neoplasm of large granular T cells of CD8 phenotype.
cholangioma
Benign neoplasm of the biliary duct. Occurs in solid and cystic forms. (M-8160/0).
hepatocholangiocellular adenoma
Benign tumor of unknown origin showing features of hepatocelluar adenoma and cholangioma.
hepatocholangiocellular carcinoma
Malignant tumor of unknown origin showing features of hepatocelluar carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. (M-8180/3).
blepharitis
mucous secretions
Mucus is the clear viscous secretion of the mucous membranes. Consisting of mucin, epithelial cells, leukocytes and various inorganic salts dissolved in water.
Extracellular accumulation of mucous secretions.
papillary transitional cell carcinoma
A generally malignant neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by atypical neoplastic epithelial or urothelial cells cells.
carcinoma
Any of various types of malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial cells, chiefly glandular (adenocarcinoma) or squamous (squamous cell carcinoma).
developmental and structural abnormality
Developmental and structural abnormalities occurring during embryonic development or during adult life.
sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm, usually highly malignant, formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells.
Clara cell adenoma
Merged with MPATH:272 following recommendations of MMHC 2003.
Benign tumor of the Clara cells of the bronchioalveolar epithelium.
neuritis
Inflammation of a nerve.
dystrophy
Most often used for diseases in which a structure does not develop properly (not necessarily in an embryonic context) and undergoes degradation.
Regressive changes which may increase in severity, and which may result from defective nutrition or support of a tissue or organ.
mineralisation
Deposition of any homogeneous inorganic material.
potentially cancerous lesions
Lesions which in some cases have the potential to become progressively growing malignant tumors.
aberrant crypt foci
Use IEN1 MPATH:130 instead. Suppressed as not strictly a histological diagnosis.
ACF
Sensu gastrointsestinal tract. visible microscopically in whole mount colonic tissue. One or more crypts larger than most, have a thickened layer of epithelial cells that stain more intensely with methylene blue. Some have a slit shaped luminal opening, and increased pericryptal space and are elevated from the focal plane of the microscope. ACF is not a histologic diagnosis.
adenomyoepithelioma
Adenocarcinoma type tumor with both glandular and squamous differentiation. (M-8983/0).
Acinar adenocarcinoma
Tumor composed of small glandular clusters with small lumens.
developmental or adult structural defect
Structural, physical or other general defect of prenatal development of the embryo and the placenta, or such as are acquired in the adult.
cribriform adenocarcinoma
Tumor composed of sheets or nests of cells forming lumens with round, punched out spaces.
adenosquamous carcinoma
Mixed adeno- and squamous cell carcinoma. Not yet reported in mice. M-8560/3.
torsion
The twisting of a bodily organ or part on its own axis.
mucinous carcinoma
carcinoma derived from gastrointestinal epithelium with a high mucinous content. (M-8480/3).
mucinous adenocarcinoma
glioblastoma
Develop primarily through increasing anaplasia of well differentiated gliomas, mainly astrocytomas or oligodendrogliomas. Typically large and contain cells of different sizes with irrregular nuclei and atypical mitotic figures. (M-9440/3).
monstrocytoma
glioblastoma multiforme
tumors of neurepithelial tissue
Tumors of neuronal and non-neuronal cells derived from embryonic neurepithelium.
tumors of the meninges
pilocytic astrocytoma
Often cystic in children and generally considered benign.
cystic cerebellar astrocytoma
Glial cell derived tumor composed of bipolar cells with long `hairlike` GFAP-positive processes. (M9421/1).
mixed glioma
Mixed tumor containing astrocytes within an oligodendroglioma or vice versa. In some cases both components may be neoplastic. (M-9382/3).
Subsumed into MP:413 as incidence in meninges, whilst a characteristic lesion, is the same type of tumor as that originally classified under myomatous tumors. Describe meningeal granular cell tumor using MP:413 and the anatomical descriptor.
agenesis
Failure of a tissue or organ to develop.
Agenesia
peripheral nervous system tumors
Tumors of the peripheral nervous system.
pilomatricoma
Tumor composed of the epithelial components of the most proximal (trichogenic) portion of the hair follicle associated with an aberrent hair cortex type of cornification (ghost cells or shadow cells). The most primitive cellular component consists of basophilic cells having scanty cytoplasm and nuclei that occasionally overlap to some extent. In humans mineralisation is common.
ossifying fibroma
Ossifying fibromas are benign tumors derived from pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells or osteoblasts. Occur spontaneously or in response to radiation. Preferentially located in mandible, maxilla and caudal spine. Composed of a characteristically regular trabecular bone pattern embedded in a fibrous stroma. Proliferating component consists of spindle cells which give rise to cuboidal osteoblasts to form rounded bodies or trabeculae. Bone trabeculae resemble the alphabet soup shapes characteristic of fibrous dysplasia in humans. In contrast to fibrous dysplasia the bone trabeculae of ossifying fibroma are mostly lamellar and ringed by active osteoblasts.
inverted transitional cell papilloma
Pre-malignant lesion of transitional cells, papillomatous form, in which proliferating epithelium is invaginated beneath the surface.
nephroblastomatosis
Persistence of metanephrogenic blastema or its presence in the wrong place or at the wrong time. Associated with hyperplastic nephrogenic rests.
basaloid follicular neoplasms
This is a new diagnostic term that the MMHC pathology panel felt best described a diagnostically challenging set of tumors that share the feature of being compose of basaloid cells showing follicular differentiation to some extent. These tumors are common in GEM involving the hedgehog signaling pathway and frequently have more than one of the histologic patterns listed below. The designation of benign and malignant has been excluded from the primary diagnosis purposely, as this is frequently difficult to determine in these characteristically well circumscribed tumors. The presence of a disorganized (non-palisaded) sheet-like growth pattern, tumor necrosis, or numerous mitoses are felt to represent malignant transformation.
trichofolliculoma
Basaloid neoplasm with numerous mature hair follicles and hair formation.
spiradenoma
Cellular neoplasm with well formed palisades of basaloid cells adjacent to less basophilic smaller cells with occasional central deposition of amorphous eosinophilic material. These tumors share some features with cylindroma type tumors but have a less well developed jigsaw puzzle-like architecture and tend to be more cellular.
trichoblastoma
Basaloid neoplasm with frequent primitive hair follicles.
ulcer
Loss of epithelium and the basement membrane (full thickness). Cf Erosion.
aplasia
Absence of an organ or tissue coupled with persistence of the organ/tissue primordium, which fails to develop completely.
erosion
Partial epithelial denudation not penetrating to the basement membrane.
desmoplasia
scirrhous
Connective tissue proliferative reaction induced by a neoplastic process.
Cicatricial alopecia
Scarring of the hair follicle without affecting the adjacent dermis. Pigment may be associated with fibrous tract in pigmented individuals.
scarring alopecia
Loss of hair follicles in a diffuse dermal scar.
myelofibrosis
In mice the term refers to accumulation of fibrous connective tissue in the medullary cavity of bones; usually in old mice. In humans the term is synonymous with myeloid metaplasia.
acidophilic macrophage pneumonia
Crystals and acidophilic material have been reported as various materials including Ym1 and Ym2 proteins and blood pigment derivatives and Eotaxin.
A mixed inflammatory infiltrate in the pulmonary airways with predominant intra-alveolar macrophage component with intra- and extracellular, elongated, bright eosinophilic/acidophilic crystals.
polycystic disease
polycystic liver disease
polycystic kidney disease
polycystic ovary
A group of degenerative disorders resulting in multiple cysts in tissues.
Cribriform epididymal hyperplasia
Cribriform epididymal hyperplasia was initially described as an incidental finding in human orchidectomy specimens. Recently, this condition was also described in mice, homozygous for a targeted mutation in p53.
The lesion is characterized microscopically by epithelial cells with atypical hyperchromatic nuclei, vacuolization, intratubular lumina formation, infrequent apoptosis, and rare mitotic figures. In contrast to germ cells, the cells of CEH do not express alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, or S-100. Ultrastructurally, the cells are pleomorphic with stereocilia at their apical borders and within intratubular lumina, and are supported by a basement membrane. CEH does not appear to be a preneoplastic change.
Dysplasia
dysplasia
Note that with respect to developmental processes the term dysplasia is often used with greater specificity to describe aberrant developmental processes of proliferation and differentation, in which case MPATH: 64 Developmental dysplasia should be used.
Distortion or deficiency of the tissue or cellular architecture.
defective branching morphogenesis
Defect in the process determining number, angle, pattern or rate of branching of tubular branched structures eg. Glandular ducts.
fibro-osseous lesion
The benign fibro-osseous lesions (BFOL) represent a clinically diverse group of disorders of bone that share similar histopathologic features. As a group, they are relatively common in the craniofacial complex, especially the jaws. Common in some inbred strains notably B6C3F1 females. Note that many of the synonyms have been used historically and may not be accurate. See: Albassam MA, Courtney CL (1996) Nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the bone. In: Mohr U, Dungworth DL, Capen CC, Carlton WW, Sundberg JP, Ward JM (eds) Pathobiology of the aging mouse. Vol 2. Musculoskeletal system. ILSI Press, Washington D.C., pp 425-437. AND Albassam MA, Wojcinski ZW, Barsoum NJ, Smith, GS (1991) Spontaneous fibro-osseous proliferative lesions in the sternums and femurs of B6C3F1 mice. Vet Path 28: 381-388.
osteofibrosis
fibrous dysplasia
osteodystrophy
osteodysplasia
Lesion of bone showing accelerated osteoclastic bone resorption coupled with fibroplasia. Later stages show proliferation of osteoblasts.
fibrous osteodystrophy
fatty infiltration
Accumulation of mature adipose tissue in a healing wound site or otherwise in response to tissue damage.
osteopetrosis
marble bones
Albers-Schoenberg disease
marble bone disease
Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone and mineralized cartilage, especially in long bones, leading to obliteration of marrow spaces and to anemia with myeloid metaplasia and hepatosplenomegaly beginning in infancy, to bone fragility, and to progressive deafness and blindness.
Myeloma
Plasma cell myeloma - (ICD-O 9732/3).
cystic hyperplasia
Formation of multiple retention cysts from obstruction of ducts or glands by hyperplasia of the lining epithelium.
extramedullary hemopoiesis
Production of blood cells in tissues other than the bone marrow. In the mouse, this is usually the liver.
The formation of and development of blood cells outside the red pulp of the spleen. Composed of varying numbers of megakaryocytes as well as myeloid and erythroid precursors.
pathological process
The organic response of tissues to external insult, injury or underlying genetic or epigenetic lesion.
cell and tissue damage process
Processes occurring during cell and tissue damage of either intrinsic or extrinsic etiology.
degenerative entity
developmental process abnormalities
caseous necrosis
Necrosis characteristic of some inflammatory conditions which represents necrosis with loss of structure of the various cellular and tissue elements; affected tissue manifests a friable, crumbly consistency.
communication defect
Failure of two cavities, voids or lumens to connect.
branching defect
Aberrant branch or branching pattern of a branched structure such as the bronchus.
developmental hypertrophy
Increase of the size or cellularity of an organ or tissue as a consequence of loss of normal regulation of cell proliferation.
hyperplastic tissue
An organ or a tissue with an abnormal increase in the number of cells as a consequence of cell proliferation.
pathological anatomical entity
Anatomically located instance of pathological response or entity.
defective growth and differentiation process
Excludes abnormalities of developmental proliferation and differentiation.
Abnormal increase or decrease in the rate of cell growth or cell division including associated changes in the differentiation state of adult cells.
metaplastic tissue
Nearly exclusively used in an adult context.
A tissue or group of cells in which there has been abnormal transformation of an fully differentiated adult cell or tissue of one kind into a differentiated tissue of another kind.
neoplasia
Literally: new growth of cells. Neoplasia refers to the unscheduled or abnormal growth of cells, potentially resulting in a benign or malignant tumour. Neoplasms include potentially cancerous lesions as well as full malignancies but not all neoplasms are potentially cancerous.
neoplastic process
The pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a neoplasm.
healing and repair structure
Physical entity or structure associated with normal or abnormal tissue healing or repair following extrinsic or intrinsic damage.
abscess
Generally occur following damage or infection with subsequent inflammatory response. Result of the body`s defensive reaction to foreign material.
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate frequently associated with swelling and other signs of inflammation.
empyema
Pus in a body cavity; when used without qualification, refers specifically to pyothorax.
curvature defect
Inappropriate curvature of a structure.
angiectasia
Dilatation of a blood vessel or valve.
glossitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the tongue.
Abscess
Alternately a cavity formed by liquefactive necrosis within solid tissue. Obsoleted by MPATH 608
pigmentation
Coloration, either normal or pathologic, of the skin or tissues resulting from a deposit of pigment.
concretion
Solid material formed by aggregation of discrete units or particles.
cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathies may be classified as either primary or secondary, on the basis of etiology, or on the pathophysiology of the lesion: hypertrophic, dilated, or restrictive.
A disease of the heart muscle or myocardium proper.
hyperostosis
osteosclerosis
Hypertrophy of bone characterised by an abnormal increase in non-neoplastic skeletal bone mass. These may be proliferative or non-proliferative lesions.
focus of cellular alteration
More recently amphophilic cell foci, diffusely basophilic cell foci and vacuolated cell foci have been described.
Enzyme altered focus
Areas of cellular alteration
Preneoplastic focus
Hyperplastic focus
Phenotypically altered focus
Focus of altered hepatocytes (fah)
Focal lesions of hepatocytes characterised primarily by altered cytoplasmic tinctorial properties. Classified as basophilic, eosinophilic, clear cell or mixed type.
myeloid hyperplasia
Myeloid hyperplasia ia a common diagnosis in mouse spleen. In the normal mouse spleen, a low degree of production of myeloid cells occurs (neutrophils, erythroid cells and megakaryocytes). Commonly in aging mice, due to tumors and inflammatory lesions, the mouse myeloid system in bone marrow and spleen react and become hyperplastic. In the spleen it is diagnosed as "myeloid hyperplasia" (MH), in the past it was often extramedullary hematopoiesis, which is still used by some but it is normal to a low degree in normal mouse spleen.
Hyperplasia of myeloid lineage, usually in the spleen.
truncoconal septal defect
Septal defect lying between the aorta and pulmonary trunks caused by failure of the spiral septum to separate the truncus arteriosus.
cyst
Formation of an epithelium bounded cavity not associated with neoplasia.
inter-atrial septal defect
Incomplete closure of the inter-atrial septum due to failure of the primary or secondary septum.
inter-ventricular septal defect
Failure of the inter-ventricular septum to completely close between the left and right ventricles.
steatosis
Most commonly associated with degenerative change in the liver.
adipose degeneration
fatty change
Abnormal retention of lipids within a cell. Physically apparent as lipid within liposomes of parenchymal cells.
fatty degeneration
synechia
May also be seen in the uterus ( in humans Asherman`s syndrome).
An adhesion, usually between the iris and the cornea or the lens capsule.
involution
Not return of an enlarged organ to its normal size.
Turning in of the edges of a structure.
avulsion
Tearing away or separation of two structures or parts.
prolapse
To sink down, said of an organ or other part. A sinking of an organ or other part, especially its appearance at a natural or artificial orifice.
pyogranulomatous inflammation
An inflammatory process in which there is infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells into a more chronic area of inflammation characterized by mononuclear cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and possibly plasma cells.
pyogenic granuloma
A small rounded mass of inflamed, highly vascular granulation tissue on the skin, frequently having an ulcerated surface. More likely a true neoplasm rather than a reactive lesion.
lobular capillary hemangioma
cavernous hemangioma
Deep cutaneous hemangioma with large dilated vascular spaces that manifests spontaneous involution.
depletion
The removal of accumulated fluids or solids.
karyomegaly
Abnormally increased nuclear size.
hypertrophic tissue
Tissue or cells undergoing hypertrophy, MPATH: 159.
Hepatocytomegaly
Hepatocytomegaly is an enlargement of the hepatocytes and is generally classified into three types: hepatocellular hypertrophy, megalocytosis, and hepatocellular vacuolation. Hepatocellular hypertrophy is an enlargement of cellular diameter without accompanying nuclear changes, leading to a net gain in the dry mass of the liver. Megalocytosis is characterized by enlargement of both the cell and the nucleus, and hepatocellular vacuolation is characterized by vacuolation, or formation of pockets of fluid within the hepatocytes.
Increase in size of hepatocytes characterised by organelle hyperplasia and enlarged cellular volume.
cholelithiasis
Presence of concretions in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
furunculosis
Focal suppurative inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, enclosing a central slough or `core`.
Boil
hydronephrosis
Swelling of the kidneys when urine flow is obstructed in any of part of the urinary tract. Severe form of pyelectasia.
steatitis
Inflammation of fatty tissue.
bursal cyst
A retention cyst, resulting from an obstruction to the duct of a gland, within a bursa.
cellulitis
It is usually caused by infection of an operative or traumatic wound, burn or other cutaneous lesion by various bacteria, but group A streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common aetiological agents.
An acute, diffuse, spreading, edematous, suppurative inflammation of the deep subcutaneous tissues and sometimes muscle, which may be associated with abscess formation.
hydrocephalus
Accumulation of water in the ventricles of the brain.
developmental dysplasia
The word dysplasia as commonly used refers to a precursor state to neoplasia. This is not the context used for this MPATH term.
Abnormal development (of organs or tissues) or an abnormal structure resulting from such growth.
osteoid deposition
Deposition of organic bone matrix.
epidermal inclusion cyst
Intradermal or subcutaneous cyst, the wall of which is stratified epithelium containing keratohyalin granules, surrounding a core of debris.
cholesterol deposition
Often diagnosed morphologically by the presence of cholesterol clefts - bare regions of a section where accumulated cholesterol has been removed by histological processing.
Intra or extracellular deposition of cholesterol.
serous exudate
Non-cellular fluid that filters from the circulatory system and accumulates in lesions or areas of inflammation.
crystalloid formation
Accumulation of chitinase-like protein.
epicarditis
chondroarthritis
interstitial nephritis
interstitial pancreatitis
otitis media
developmental hypoplasia
Underdevelopment of an organ due to a decrease in the number of cells through failure to proliferate leading to lack of development.
proliferative dermatitis
ventral glossitis
langerhans cell histiocytosis
histiocytosis X
non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis
hemophagocytic syndrome
lingual adenitis
hemolysis
May be immune-mediated, induced by infectious organisms, or intrinsic disturbance of cell physiology or membrane/cytoskeletal integrity.
Rupture or disruption of erythrocytes with release of contents.
rhinitis
foreign body rhinitis
foreign body dermatitis
dilatation
Increase in the diameter of an orifice or tubular structure beyond its normal dimensions.
gastritis
foreign body gastritis
foreign body glossitis
peritonitis
granulomatous peritonitis
foreign body granulomatous peritonitis
periodontitis
foreign body periodontitis
tracheitis
foreign body tracheitis
displacement and deformity
Abnormal location, orientation, number, loss or non-specified deformity of a structure or tissue.
granulomatous epicarditis
mastitis
Urticaria pigmentosa
metritis
osteomyelitis
psoriasiform dermatitis
nephritis
pyelonephritis
septic nephritis
urocystitis
diverticulum
A blind ended outpouching through the wall of a tubular organ or bounded cavity.
septic urocystitis
septicemia
degenerative arthritis
arthropathy
accessory organ
amputation
autoamputation
aortitis
lymphangitis
ectopia
obsolete - Subsumed into heterotopia MPATH:76
pustule
cutaneous abscess
ulcerative blepharitis
pyometra
acidophilic anterior pituitary gland adenoma
spindle cell sarcoma
spindle cell hyperplasia
alopecia areata
exostosis
ankylosing exostosis
coagulation necrosis
A type of necrosis in which the affected cells or tissue are reduced to homogeneous eosinophilic mass without nuclear staining, as a result of the protein coagulation, eg. Infarct. Tissue architecture persists.
fistula
An abnormal passage between two internal organs or leading from a cavity to the body surface.
ascites
developmental aspermia
acquired aspermia
thyroiditis
acinar atrophy
cryptorchidism
angiolipoma
pyelectasia
Distension of the renal pelvis by accumulated fluid or urine.
alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor of striated muscle or pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells composed mainly of small round cells, with some partial skeletal muscle differentiation.
fusion defect
Failure of two or more structures ( not voids or lumens) to join together.
embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Includes spindle cell, botryoid, anaplastic.
Malignant mesenchymal tumor that morphologically and phenotypically resembles embryonal skeletal muscle.
Rhabdopoietic Sarcoma
Sarcoma Botryoides [Soft Tissues]
Myosarcoma
Embryonal Sarcoma
Malignant Rhabdomyoma
situs ambiguus
heterotaxy
situs ambiguus totalis
situs inversus with dextrocardia
situs inversus with levocardia
sinusitis
ciliary motility defect
primary ciliary dyskinesis
sequestrum
pre-sacral teratoma
Generally benign germ cell derived tumors of male or female containing derivatives from all three germ layers with differentiation in the malignant form being poor. Pre-sacral tumors located in the retrorectal space between the rectum and the sacrococcygeal part of the spine.
bronchiectasia
growth acceleration
Increase in the rate of growth of an organism, organ or tissue as a consequence of increased proliferation, reduced cell death, or a combination. Not due to an increase in cell size; see Hypertrophy MPATH: 159.
situs inversus
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
Generally benign germ cell derived tumors of male or female containing derivatives from all three germ layers with differentiation in the malignant form being poor. Sacrococcygeal tumors are located at the base of the coccyx.
rhabdomyoma
Benign stromal tumors of the soft tissue with skeletal muscle differentiation.
fibromatosis
Desmoid Tumor
Plantar Fibromatosis (Ledderhose Disease)
Systemic manifestation of MPATH: 407.
Musculoaponeurotic Fibromatosis
Aggressive Fibromatosis
xanthoma
Dermal, subcutaneous, or tendinous lesions characterized by accumulations of lipid-laden macrophages often rich in cholesterol.
chronic interstitial nephritis
hemosiderosis
hepatic hemosiderosis
pulmonary hemosiderosis
splenic melanosis
growth arrest
The cessation of fetal or embryonic growth beyond a particular stage.
renal tubular concretion
Leydig cell hyperplasia
tracheal gland ectasia
mucometra
A uterus distended with a fluid containing large quantities of mucin.
acute blepharitis
molar hypercementosis
This is usually a normal adaptive response, serving to improve the functional properties of teeth during aging.
Thickening of the cementum layer of the molars.
ovarian follicular cyst
A variety of cysts develop in the ovary. They are subdivided based on where they develop anatomically. Ovarian follicles in this case become large and fluid filled.
retinal degeneration
Usually rd6-outer retinal photoreceptor degeneration
uterine cystic endometrial hyperplasia
The uterus of older female mice often becomes distended with numerous fluid filled cysts that extend from the endometrium.
sub-retinal hemorrhage
Extravascular blood between retina and choroid
hamartoma
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm which results from faulty development of an organ; composed of an abnormal mixture of tissue elements, or an abnormal proportion of a single element. Growth and location are usually normal for that tissue cf. Heterotopia/Choristoma MPATH:76/MPATH:477.
drusen
Tiny yellow or white deposits of lamellar or amorphous extracellular material that build up between retina and retinal pigment epithelium.
splenomegaly
An increase in size of the spleen.
intervertebral disk prolapse
Rupture of the intervertebral disc, usually dorsally to compress the spinal cord, secondary to trauma.
hepatic centrolobular fatty metamorphosis
Accumulation of clear large vacuoles in hepatocytes (most likely lipid pending frozen sections and oil red O or other lipid stains) around central veins.
pigmentary incontinence
Observed as melanin pigment within macrophages in the dermis. Inflammation in the epidermis stimulates melanocytes to increase the synthesis of melanin and subsequently to transfer the pigment to surrounding keratinocytes. If the basal layer is injured (e.g. lichen planus), melanin pigment is released and subsequently trapped by macrophages in the papillary dermis.
Release of melanin pigment in the dermis.
zenker's necrosis
Degenerative changes in skeletal muscle including hyalinization, swelling, fragmentation, vacuolation eventually resulting in death of muscle fibers.
cartilagenous erosion
Fragmentation and erosion of articular cartilage.
renal tubular amyloidosis
Pink amorphous material (amyloid) deposited within the renal tubules.
recanalised thrombus
An old organized thrombus that has been recanalized to permit blood flow.
focal pulmonary fibrosis
Various degrees of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis.
hernia
Protrusion of a loop or wall of an organ through an abnormal opening.
pulmonary adenomatosis
Neoplastic proliferation of cuboidal cells lining alveoli most likely type II pneumocytes.
pigment dispersion
Free pigment in anterior chamber/elsewhere in eye.
barbered
loss of hair resulting from a behavioral abnormality in which the mouse, or more often other mice mice in the same box, remove hairs, initially vibrissae, from each other.
gastric forestomach papillomatous hyperplasia
The forestomach of the mouse is lined by stratified squamous epithelia. At the limiting ridge there is hyperplasia to various degrees in which this epithelium proliferates to form raised areas on thin fibrovascular stalks.
heterotopia
Congenital appearance of a body part or tissue or cell type in a region where it is not normally found ( topographical anomaly).
Ectopia
homoeotic change
Stricto sensu: replacement of one body part or tissue by an homologous structure or tissue, but commonly used incorrectly to describe non-homologous transformations better described as heterotopias or ectopias.
incomplete closure
Incomplete closure of a void or lumen due to failure of growth or fusion of bounding walls.
malposition
Abnormal position or orientation of a structure insufficient to be called a heterotopia.
Misplacement
fat necrosis
Dead and dying adipose tissue, characterized by the formation of small gray or white foci of soapy (saponified) cellular debris.
obstruction and stenosis
Occlusion ( partial or complete) of a lumen or space, internally by a space occupying mass or, in the case of stenosis, by local reduction in the diameter of a vessel, duct or the intestine.
perforation
Presence of a hole/channel through a normally imperforate structure often a membrane or septum.
persistent embryonic structure
Embryonic rest.
Persistence of an embryonic structure or tissue into the post-natal period in its normal location; (Chronological/temporal anomaly).
septation defect
Any defect in the formation of septae not describable as perforation.
supernumerary structure
Additional structure whether normally located or not.
transdifferentiation
This term is generally used in the context of embryonic cells or stem cells.
Alteration in the differentiation of a cell or tissue already showing a different, recognisable, differentiated state.
organ specific developmental defect
Developmental defect characteristic of a particular organ or organ system which may be a recognised syndrome or a complex defect showing multiple manifestations.
germ cell defect
Abnormal morphology, differentiation or location of primordial germ cells or their descendents. Not neoplastic.
cardiovascular developmental defect
Abnormal development of the heart or vascular tissue resulting in morphological abnormality.
fibrinoid necrosis
Frequently occurs in the walls of blood vessels and in connective tissue in diseases such as disseminated Lupus erythrematosis and polyarteritis nodosa, scleroderma, dermatomyositis and rheumatic fever.
Necrosis in which the necrotic tissue shows deeply eosinophilic staining similar to that of fibrin.
aneurysm
Localised dilation of an artery or heart chamber usually due to an acquired or congenital weakness of the wall of the artery or chamber.
arteriovenous anastomosis
arteriolovenular anastomosis
anastomosis arteriovenosa
Formation of vessels between arterioles and venules bypassing capillary circulation.
Anastomosis arteriolovenularis
cardiac defect
Structural, organisational or growth related defects in cardiac development.
heart abnormalities
cardiac septation defect
Abnormality in the wall between the atria or ventricles, or defects in the truncoconal septum, of the heart; usually incomplete closure.
valve defect
Malformation of the membranous folds of the heart that prevent reflux of fluid.
hypertrophic ventricle
Thickening of the wall of one or both of the heart ventricles.
hypoplastic ventricle
Reduction in cell number of one or both of the two lower chambers of the heart.
dissecting aneurysm
Follows the presence of a hematoma in the wall of an artery Splitting of the media occurs, blood enters the split through a tear in the intima.
lymphangiectasis
telangiectasia lymphatica
A stretching and widening of the lymphatic vessels.
Lymphectasia
varices
An enlarged and often tortuous vein.