part_of
is_a
sbo term
Set of relational controlled vocabularies intended to increase the semantic content of quantitative efforts in Systems Biology.
rate law
mathematical description that relates quantities of reactants to the reaction velocity.
quantitative parameter
A number representing a quantity that defines certain characteristics of systems or functions. A parameter may be part of a calculation, but its value is not determined by the form of the equation itself, and may be arbitrarily assigned.
participant role
The function of a physical entity, that is its role, in the execution of an event.
modelling framework
Set of assumptions that underlay a mathematical description.
obsolete mathematical expression
obsolete parameter
obsolete participant type
obsolete modelling framework
kinetic constant
reaction rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the velocity of a chemical reaction.
reactant
Substance consumed by a chemical reaction. Reactants react with each other to form the products of a chemical reaction. In a chemical equation the Reactants are the elements or compounds on the left hand side of the reaction equation. A reactant can be consumed and produced by the same reaction, its global quantity remaining unchanged.
product
Substance that is produced in a reaction. In a chemicalnequation the Products are the elements or compounds on the right hand sidenof the reaction equation. A product can be produced and consumed by thensame reaction, its global quantity remaining unchanged.
mass action rate law
The Law of Mass Action, first expressed by Waage and Guldberg in 1864 (Waage, P., Guldberg, C. M. Forhandlinger: Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiana 1864, 35) states that the speed of a chemical reaction is proportional to the quantity of the reacting substances. More formally, the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. In the case of a reaction occurring in a gas phase, the activities are equal to the partial pressures. In the case of a well-stirred aqueous medium, the activities are equal to the concentrations. In the case of discrete kinetic description, the quantity are expressed in number of molecules and the relevant volume are implicitely embedded in the kinetic constant.
catalyst
Substance that accelerates the velocity of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed or transformed. This effect is achieved by lowering the free energy of the transition state.
enzyme
Protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction. The word comes from C)n ("at" or "in") and simo ("leaven" or "yeast").
substrate
Molecule which is acted upon by an enzyme. The substrate binds with the enzyme's active site, and the enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction involving the substrate.
unimolecular rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the velocity of a chemical reaction involving only one reactant.n
bimolecular rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the velocity of a chemical reaction involving two reactants.n
trimolecular rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the velocity of a chemical reaction involving three reactants.n
modifier
Substance that changes the velocity of a chemical reaction withoutnitself being consumed or transformed by the reaction.
inhibitor
Substance that decreases the probability of a chemical reaction withoutnitself being consumed or transformed by the reaction.
potentiator
Substance that increases the probability of a chemical reaction withoutnitself being consumed or transformed by the reaction. This effect is achieved by increasing the difference of free energy between the reactant(s) and the product(s)
activator
forward unimolecular rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemicalnreaction involving only one reactant. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactant.
forward bimolecular rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction involving two reactants. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactants.
forward trimolecular rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemicalnreaction involving three reactants. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactants.
catalytic rate constant
kcat
turnover number
Numerical parameter that quantifies the velocity of an enzymatic reaction.
new term name
Michaelis constant
Substrate concentration at which the velocity of reaction is half its maximum. Michaelis constant is an experimental parameter. According to the underlying molecular mechanism it can be interpreted differently in terms of microscopic constants.
Michaelis-Menten constant
enzymatic rate law for irreversible non-modulated non-interacting unireactant enzymes
Kinetics of enzymes that react only with one substance, their substrate. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions. n n n kcat n Et n S n Ks n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n Ks n S n n n n n
Henri-Michaelis-Menten rate law
First general rate equation for reactions involving enzymes, it was presented in "Victor Henri. Lois GC)nC)rales de l'Action des Diastases. Paris, Hermann, 1903.". The reaction is assumed to be made of a reversible of the binding of the substrate to the enzyme, followed by the breakdown of the complex generating the product. Ten years after Henri, Michaelis and Menten presented a variant of his equation, based on the hypothesis that the dissociation rate of the substrate was much larger than the rate of the product generation. Leonor Michaelis, Maud Menten (1913). Die Kinetik der Invertinwirkung, Biochem. Z. 49:333-369. n n n kcat n Et n S n Ks n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n Ks n S n n n n n
Van Slyke-Cullen rate law
Rate-law presented in "Donald D. Van Slyke and Glenn E. Cullen. The mode of action of urease and of enzymes in general. J. Biol. Chem., Oct 1914, 19: 141-180". It assumes that the enzymatic reaction occurs as two irreversible steps.E+S -> ES -> E+P. Although of the same form than the Henri-Michaelis-Menten equation, it is semantically different since K now represents the ration between the production rate and the association rate of the enzyme and the substrate. n n n kcat n Et n S n Ks n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n Ks n S n n n n n
Briggs-Haldane rate law
Rate-law presented in "G.E. Briggs and J.B.S. Haldane (1925) A note on the kinetics of enzyme action, Biochem. J., 19: 338-339". It is a general rate equation that does not require the restriction of equilibrium of Henri-Michaelis-Menten or irreversible reactions of Van Slyke, but instead make the hypothesis that the complex enzyme-substrate is in quasi-steady-state. Although of the same form than the Henri-Michaelis-Menten equation, it is semantically different since Km now represents a pseudo-equilibrium constant, and is equal to the ratio between the rate of consumption of the complex (sum of dissociation of substrate and generation of product) and the association rate of the enzyme and the substrate. n n n kcat n Et n S n Km n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n Km n S n n n n n
reverse unimolecular rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the reverse velocity of a chemical reaction involving only one product. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the product.
reverse bimolecular rate constant
reverse trimolecular rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the reverse velocity of a chemical reaction involving three products. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the products.
forward unimolecular rate constant, continuous case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction involving only one reactant. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework.
forward bimolecular rate constant, continuous case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction involving two reactants. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactants. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework.
forward trimolecular rate constant, continuous case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction involving three reactants. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactants. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework.
reverse unimolecular rate constant, continuous case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the reverse velocity of a chemical reaction involving only one product. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework.
reverse bimolecular rate constant, continuous case
reverse trimolecular rate constant, continuous case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the reverse velocity of a chemical reaction involving three products. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the products. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework.
mass action rate law for irreversible reactions
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products.
mass action rate law for reversible reactions
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products.
mass action rate law for zeroth order irreversible reactions
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is constant.
mass action rate law for first order irreversible reactions
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the quantity of one reactant.
mass action rate law for second order irreversible reactions
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to two reactant quantity.
zeroth order rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the velocity of a chemical reaction independant of the reactant quantities. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity.
mass action rate law for zeroth order irreversible reactions, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is constant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n k n n k n n n n
forward zeroth order rate constant, continuous case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction independant of the reactant quantities. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework.
mass action rate law for first order irreversible reactions, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the quantity of one reactant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n k n R n n <times/>n k n R n n n n
mass action rate law for second order irreversible reactions, one reactant
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products, and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the square of one reactant quantity.
mass action rate law for second order irreversible reactions, one reactant, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the square of one reactant quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n k n R n n <times/>n k n R n R n n n n
mass action rate law for second order irreversible reactions, two reactants
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the quantity of two reactants.
mass action rate law for second order irreversible reactions, two reactants, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of two reactant quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n k n R1 n R2 n n <times/>n k n R1 n R2 n n n n
mass action rate law for third order irreversible reactions
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to three reactant quantities.
mass action rate law for third order irreversible reactions, one reactant
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the cube of one reactant quantity.
mass action rate law for third order irreversible reactions, one reactant, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products, and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the cube of one reactant quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n k n R n n <times/>n k n R n R n R n n n n
mass action rate law for third order irreversible reactions, two reactants
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the quantity of one reactant and the square of the quantity of the other reactant.
mass action rate law for third order irreversible reactions, two reactants, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the quantity of one reactant and the square of the quantity of the other reactant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n k n R1 n R2 n n <times/>n k n R1 n R1 n R2 n n n n
mass action rate law for third order irreversible reactions, three reactants
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the quantity of three reactants.
mass action rate law for third order irreversible reactions, three reactants, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products, and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of three reactant quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n k n R1 n R2 n R3 n n <times/>n k n R1 n R2 n R3 n n n n
continuous framework
Modelling approach where the quantities of participants are considered continuous, and represented by real values. The associated simulation methods make use of differential equations.
discrete framework
Modelling approach where the quantities of participants are considered discrete, and represented by integer values. The associated simulation methods can be deterministic or stochastic.
mathematical expression
Formal representation of a calculus linking parameters and variables of a model.
forward zeroth order rate constant, discrete case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction independant of the reactant quantities. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework.
forward unimolecular rate constant, discrete case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction involving only one reactant. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework. n
forward bimolecular rate constant, discrete case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction involving two reactants. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactants. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework.
forward trimolecular rate constant, discrete case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction involving three reactants. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactants. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework.
mass action rate law for zeroth order reversible reactions
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is constant.
mass action rate law for zeroth order forward, first order reverse, reversible reactions, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is constant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n P n n <minus/>n kf n n <times/>n kr n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for zeroth order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is constant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional totwo product quantities.
mass action rate law for zeroth order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is constant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the square of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework.nn n n n kf n kr n P n n <minus/>n kf n n <times/>n kr n P n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for zeroth order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is constant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of two product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework.n n n n kf n kr n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n kf n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for zeroth order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is constant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to three product quantities.
mass action rate law for zeroth order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is constant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the cube of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n P n n <minus/>n kf n n <times/>n kr n P n P n P n n n n n nn
mass action rate law for zeroth order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is constant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product and the square of the quantity of the other product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n kf n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n P2 n n n n n nn
mass action rate law for zeroth order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, three products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is constant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of three product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n P1 n P2 n P3 n n <minus/>n kf n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n P3 n n n n n n
mass action rate law for first order reversible reactions
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant.
mass action rate law for first order forward, zeroth order reverse, reversible reactions, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant. The rate of the reverse process is constant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n n kr n n n n
mass action rate law for first order forward, first order reverse, reversible reactions, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n n n <times/>n kr n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for first order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to two product quantities.
mass action rate law for first order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the square of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n n n <times/>n kr n P n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for first order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of two product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for first order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to three product quantities.
mass action rate law for first order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the cube of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n n n <times/>n kr n P n P n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for first order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product and the square of the quantity of the other product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P1 n P2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for first order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, three products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of three product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P1 n P2 n P3 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n P3 n n n n n
mass action rate law for second order reversible reactions
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to two reactant quantities.
mass action rate law for second order forward, reversible reactions, one reactant
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the square of one reactant quantity.
mass action rate law for second order forward, zeroth order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the square of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is constant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n n kr n n n n
mass action rate law for second order forward, first order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the square of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n n n <times/>n kr n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for second order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the square of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of two products.
mass action rate law for second order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the square of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the square of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n n n <times/>n kr n P n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for second order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the square of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of two product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for second order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the square of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of three products.
mass action rate law for second order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the square of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the cube of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n n n <times/>n kr n P n P n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for second order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the square of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product and the square of the quantity of the other product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P1 n P2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for second order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant, three products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the square of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of three product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P1 n P2 n P3 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n P3 n n n n n
mass action rate law for second order forward, reversible reactions, two reactants
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of two reactant quantities.
mass action rate law for second order forward, zeroth order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of two reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is constant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n n kr n n n n
mass action rate law for second order forward, first order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of two reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n n n <times/>n kr n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for second order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of two reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of two products.
mass action rate law for second order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of two reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the square of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n n n <times/>n kr n P n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for second order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of two reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of two product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for second order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of two reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of three products.
mass action rate law for second order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of two reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the cube of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n n n <times/>n kr n P n P n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for second order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of two reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product and the square of the quantity of the other product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P1 n P2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for second order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, three products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of two reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of three product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n P1 n P2 n P3 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n P3 n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order reversible reactions
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the cube of a reactant quantity.
mass action rate law for third order forward, reversible reactions, two reactants
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant and the square of quantity of the other reactant.
mass action rate law for third order forward, zeroth order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant and the square of quantity of the other reactant. The rate of the reverse process is constant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R1 n R2 n n kr n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, first order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant and the square of quantity of the other reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R1 n R2 n n n <times/>n kr n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant and the square of quantity of the other reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of two products.
mass action rate law for third order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant and the square of quantity of the other reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the square of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R1 n R2 n n n <times/>n kr n P n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant and the square of quantity of the other reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of two product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R1 n R2 n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant and the square of quantity of the other reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of three products.
mass action rate law for third order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant and the square of quantity of the other reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the cube of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R1 n R2 n n n <times/>n kr n P n P n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant and the square of quantity of the other reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product and the square of the quantity of the other product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R1 n R2 n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P1 n P2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, two reactants, three products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the quantity of one reactant and the square of quantity of the other reactant. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of three product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n P1 n P2 n P3 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R1 n R2 n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n P3 n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, reversible reactions, three reactants
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of three reactant quantities.
mass action rate law for third order forward, zeroth order reverse, reversible reactions, three reactants, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of three reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is constant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n R3 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n R3 n n kr n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, first order reverse, reversible reactions, three reactants, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of three reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n R3 n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n R3 n n n <times/>n kr n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, three reactants
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of three reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of two products.
mass action rate law for third order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, three reactants, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of three reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the square of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n R3 n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n R3 n n n <times/>n kr n P n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, three reactants, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of three reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of two product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n R3 n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n R3 n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, three reactants
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of three reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of three products.
mass action rate law for third order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, three reactants, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of three reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the cube of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n R3 n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n R3 n n n <times/>n kr n P n P n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, three reactants, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of three reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product and the square of the quantity of the other product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n R3 n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n R3 n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P1 n P2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, three reactants, three products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the product of three reactant quantities. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of three product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R1 n R2 n R3 n P1 n P2 n P3 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R1 n R2 n R3 n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n P3 n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, reversible reactions, one reactant
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the cube of one reactant quantity.
mass action rate law for third order forward, zeroth order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the cube of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is constant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n R n n kr n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, first order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the cube of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n R n n n <times/>n kr n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the cube of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of two products.
mass action rate law for third order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the cube of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the square of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n R n n n <times/>n kr n P n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, second order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the cube of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of two product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n R n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the cube of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of three products.
mass action rate law for third order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant, one product, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the cube of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the cube of one product quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n R n n n <times/>n kr n P n P n P n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant, two products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the cube of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the quantity of one product and the square of the quantity of the other product. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P1 n P2 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n R n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P1 n P2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order forward, third order reverse, reversible reactions, one reactant, three products, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does include a reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The rate of the forward process is proportional to the cube of one reactant quantity. The rate of the reverse process is proportional to the product of three product quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n kf n kr n R n P1 n P2 n P3 n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kf n R n R n R n n n <times/>n kr n P1 n P2 n P3 n n n n n n
mass action rate law for zeroth order irreversible reactions, discrete scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is constant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework. n n n c n n c n n n n
mass action rate law for first order irreversible reactions, discrete scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the quantity of one reactant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework. n n n c n R n n <times/>n c n R n n n n
mass action rate law for second order irreversible reactions, one reactant, discrete scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the square of one reactant quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework. n n n c n R n n <times/>n c n n <divide/>n n <times/>n R n n <minus/>n R n 1 n n n 2 n n n n n nn
mass action rate law for second order irreversible reactions, two reactants, discrete scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the quantity of two reactants. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework. n n n c n R1 n R2 n n <times/>n c n R1 n R2 n n n n
mass action rate law for third order irreversible reactions, one reactant, discrete scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the cube of one reactant quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework. n n n c n R n n <times/>n c n n <divide/>n n <times/>n R n n <minus/>n R n 1 n n n <minus/>n R n 2 n n n 6 n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order irreversible reactions, two reactants, discrete scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the quantity of one reactant and the square of the quantity of the other reactant. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework. n n n c n R1 n R2 n n <times/>n c n R1 n n <divide/>n n <times/>n R2 n n <minus/>n R2 n 1 n n n 2 n n n n n
mass action rate law for third order irreversible reactions, three reactants, discrete scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to the quantity of three reactants. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework. n n n c n R1 n R2 n R3 n n <times/>n c n R1 n R2 n R3 n n n n
thermodynamic temperature
Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of "hot" and "cold", the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter. Temperature is a quantity related to the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. The 10th Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures decided to define the thermodynamic temperature scale by choosing the triple point of water as the fundamental fixed point, and assigning to it the temperature 273,16 degrees Kelvin, exactly (0.01 degree Celsius).
temperature difference
Quantity resulting from the difference between two thermodynamic temperatures. A difference or interval of temperature may be expressed in Kelvins or in degrees Celsius.n
number of substrates
Number of molecules which are acted upon by an enzyme.
enzymatic rate law for irreversible non-modulated non-interacting reactant enzymes
Kinetics of enzymes that react with one or several substances, their substrates, that bind independently. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions. n n n E n kp n n n S n K n n <divide/>n n <times/>n E n kp n n <product/>n i n 1 n n n n <divide/>n n <selector/>n S n i n n n <selector/>n K n i n n n n n n <product/>n i n n 1 n n n n n n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n n <selector/>n S n i n n n <selector/>n K n i n n n n n n n n
enzymatic rate law for irreversible non-modulated non-interacting bireactant enzymes
Kinetics of enzymes that react with two substances, their substrates, that bind independently. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions. n n n E n kp n n n S1 n S2 n K1 n K2 n n <divide/>n n <times/>n E n kp n n <times/>n n <divide/>n S1 n K1 n n n <divide/>n S2 n K2 n n n n n <times/>n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n S1 n K1 n n n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n S2 n K2 n n n n n n n
enzymatic rate law for irreversible non-modulated non-interacting trireactant enzymes
Kinetics of enzymes that react with three substances, their substrates, that bind independently. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions. n n n E n kp n n n S1 n S2 n S3 n K1 n K2 n K3 n n <divide/>n n <times/>n E n kp n n <times/>n n <divide/>n S1 n K1 n n n <divide/>n S2 n K2 n n n <divide/>n S3 n K3 n n n n n <times/>n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n S1 n K1 n n n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n S2 n K2 n n n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n S3 n K3 n n n n n n n n
forward rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactants.
forward rate constant, continuous case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactants. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework.
forward rate constant, discrete case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactants. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework.
reverse rate constant
number of reactants
Number of different substances consumed by a chemical reaction.
order of a reaction with respect to a reactant
The order of a reaction with respect to a certain reactant is defined as the power to which its concentration term in the rate equation is raised.
non-integral order rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the velocity of a chemical reaction where reactants have non-integral orders. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactants.
forward non-integral order rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction where reactants have non-integral orders. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactants.
reverse non-integral order rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the reverse velocity of a chemical reaction where products have non-integral orders. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the products.
forward zeroth order rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction independant of the reactant quantities. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity.
mass action rate law for irreversible reactions, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n k n n n mu n R n n <times/>n k n n <product/>n i n 0 n n n n <power/>n n <selector/>n R n i n n n <selector/>n mu n i n n n n n n n n
second order irreversible mass action kinetics, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to two reactant quantity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n k n R n n <times/>n k n n <product/>n i n 1 n 2 n n <selector/>n R n i n n n n n n
third order irreversible mass action kinetics, continuous scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. The change of a product quantity is proportional to three reactant quantities. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework. n n n k n R n n <times/>n k n n <product/>n i n 1 n 3 n n <selector/>n R n i n n n n n n
mass action rate law for irreversible reactions, discrete scheme
Reaction scheme where the products are created from the reactants and the change of a product quantity is proportional to the product of reactant activities. The reaction scheme does not include any reverse process that creates the reactants from the products. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework. n n n c n n n mu n R n n <times/>n c n n <product/>n i n 0 n n n n <divide/>n n <factorial/>n n <selector/>n R n i n n n n <times/>n n <factorial/>n n <minus/> n n <selector/>n R n i n n n <selector/>n mu n i n n n n n <factorial/>n n <selector/>n mu n i n n n n n n n n n
biochemical or transport reaction
An event involving one or more physical entities that modifies the structure, location or free energy of at least one of the participants.
control
Modification of the execution of an event
modulation
regulation
inhibition
Negative modulation of the execution of a reaction.
stimulation
Positive modulation of the execution of a reaction.
necessary stimulation
Control that is necessary to the execution of a reaction.
absolute stimulation
trigger
catalysis
Modification of the velocity of a reaction by lowering the energy of the transition state.
and
All the preceding events or participating entities are necessary to perform the control.
Any of the preceding events or participating entities are necessary to perform the control.
xor
Only one of the preceding events or participating entities can perform the control at one time.
biochemical reaction
An event involving one or more chemical entities that modifies the electrochemical structure of at least one of the participants.n
non-covalent binding
Interaction between several biochemical entities that results in the formation of a non-covalent complex
cleavage
Rupture of a covalent bond resulting in the conversion of one physical entity into several physical entities.
degradation
Complete disappearance of a physical entity.
dissociation
Transformation of a non-covalent complex that results in the formation of several independent biochemical entities
conformational transition
Biochemical reaction that does not result in the modification of covalent bonds reactants, but rather modifies the conformation of some reactants, that is the relative position of their atoms in space.
conversion
Biochemical reaction that results in the modification of some covalent bonds.
transcription
Process through which a DNA sequence is copied to produce a complementary RNA.
translation
Process in which a polypeptide chain is produced from a messenger RNA.
transport reaction
Movement of a physical entity without modification of the structure of the entity.
maximal velocity
Vmax
Limiting maximal velocity of an enzymatic reaction, reached when the substrate is in large excess and all the enzyme is complexed. n n Et n kcat n n <times/>n Et n kcat n n n
Henri-Michaelis-Menten equation, Vmax form
Version of Henri-Michaelis-Menten equation where kp*[E]t is replaced by the maximal velocity, Vmax, reached when all the enzyme is active. n n n Vmax n S n Ks n n <divide/>n n <times/>n Vmax n S n n n <plus/>n Ks n S n n n n n
number of biochemical items
A number of objects of the same type, identical or different, involved in a biochemical event.
number of binding sites
Number of region on a reactant to which specific other reactants b in this context collectively called ligands b form a chemical bond.
Hill coefficient
Empirical parameter created by Archibald Vivian Hill to describe the cooperative binding of oxygen on hemoglobine (Hill (1910). The possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of haemoglobin on its dissociation curves. J Physiol 40: iv-vii).
Hill constant
Empirical constant created by Archibald Vivian Hill to describe the cooperative binding of oxygen on hemoglobine (Hill (1910). The possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of haemoglobin on its dissociation curves. J Physiol 40: iv-vii). Different from a microscopic dissociation constant, it has the dimension of concentration to the power of the Hill coefficient.
Hill-type rate law, generalised form
Empirical equation created by Archibald Vivian Hill to describe the cooperative binding of oxygen on hemoglobine (Hill (1910). The possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of haemoglobin on its dissociation curves. J Physiol 40: iv-vii). n n n Vmax n R n K n h n n n n <divide/>n n <times/>n Vmax n n <power/>n R n h n n n n <plus/>n n <power/>n K n n n n n <power/>n R n h n n n n n n
equilibrium or steady-state constant
Constant with the dimension of a powered concentration. It is determined at half-saturation, half-activity etc.
pseudo-dissociation constant
Dissociation constant equivalent to an intrinsic microscopic dissociation constant, but obtained from an averaging process, for instance by extracting the root of a Hill constant.
Hill-type rate law, microscopic form
Hill equation rewritten by creating a pseudo-microscopic constant, equal to the Hill constant powered to the opposite of the Hill coefficient. n n n Vmax n R n K n h n n <divide/>n n <times/>n Vmax n n <power/>n R n h n n n n <plus/>n n <power/>n K n h n n n <power/>n R n h n n n n n n
concentration
[X]
Number of item in a three-dimentional space divided by the size, or volume, of this space.
specific concentration
Concentration of an object divided by the value of another parameter having the dimension of a concentration.
Hill-type rate law, reduced form
Hill equation rewritten by replacing the concentration of reactant with its reduced form, that is the concentration divide by a pseudo-microscopic constant, equal to the Hill constant powered to the opposite of the Hill coefficient. n n n Vmax n R* n h n n <divide/>n n <times/>n Vmax n n <power/>n R* n h n n n n <plus/>n 1 n n <power/>n R* n h n n n n n n
normalised enzymatic rate law for unireactant enzymes
Kinetics of enzymes that react only with one substance, their substrate. The total enzyme concentration is considered to be equal to 1, therefore the maximal velocity equals the catalytic constant. n n n kcat n S n Ks n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n S n n n <plus/>n Ks n S n n n n n
redox reaction
Chemical process in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed.
oxydation
Chemical process in which a molecular entity loose electrons.
reduction
Chemical process in which a molecular entity gain electrons.
duplication
Reaction in which a reactant gives birth to two products identical to itself.
dna replication
Process in which a DNA duplex is transformed into two identical DNA duplexes.
composite biochemical process
Process that involves the participation of chemical or biological entities and is composed of several elementary steps or reactions.
competitive inhibitor
Substance that decreases the probability of a chemical reaction, without itself being consumed or transformed by the reaction, by stericaly hindering the interaction between reactants.
non-competitive inhibitor
Substance that decreases the probability of a chemical reaction, without itself being consumed or transformed by the reaction, and without stericaly hindering the interaction between reactants.
acid-base reaction
Chemical reaction where a proton is given by a compound, the acid, to another one, the base (BrC8nsted-Lowry definition). An alternative, more general, definition is a reaction where a compound, the base, gives a pair of electrons to another, the acid (Lewis definition).
ionisation
Ionization is the physical process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion by changing the difference between the number of protons and electrons.
addition of a chemical group
Covalent reaction that results in the addition of a chemical group on a molecule.
removal of a chemical group
Covalent reaction that results in the removal of a chemical group from a molecule.
protonation
Addition of a proton (H+) to a chemical entity.
deprotonation
Removal of a proton (hydrogen ion H+) from a chemical entity.
methylation
Addition of a methyl group (-CH3) to a chemical entity.
acetylation
Addition of an acetyl group (-COCH3) to a chemical entity.
phosphorylation
Addition of a phosphate group (-H2PO4) to a chemical entity.
glycosylation
Addition of a saccharide group to a chemical entity.
palmitoylation
Addition of a palmitoyl group (CH3b[CH2]14bCOb) to a chemical entity.
myristoylation
Addition of a myristoyl (CH3b[CH2]12bCOb) to a chemical entity.
sulfation
Addition of a sulfate group (SO4--) to a chemical entity.
prenylation
isoprenylation
Addition of a prenyl group (generic sense) to a chemical entity.
farnesylation
Addition of a farnesyl group (CH2-CH=C(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH=C(CH3)2) to a chemical entity.
geranylgeranylation
Addition of a geranylgeranyl group (CH2-CH=C(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH=C(CH3)2) to a chemical entity.
ubiquitination
Covalent linkage to the protein ubiquitin.
delay
Time during which some action is awaited.
number density
Number of objects per unit of volume.
mass density
Quantity of mass per unit of size.
volume density
Quantity of mass per unit of volume.
area density
Units of mass per unit of surface.
linear density
Quantity of mass per unit of length.
interaction
Mutual or reciprocal action or influence that happens at a given place and time between participating entities and/or other interactions. n
obsolete event
hydroxylation
Addition of an hydroxyl group (-OH) to a chemical entity.
logical framework
Modelling approach, pioneered by Rene Thomas and Stuart Kaufman, where the evolution of a system is described by the transitions between discrete activity states of "genes" that control each other.
participant
Entity that affects or is affected by an event.
entity
A real being, whether functional or material, that may participate in an interaction, a process or relationship of biological significance. n
logical combination
Combining the influence of several entities or events in a unique influence.
not
The preceding event or participating entity cannot participate to the control.
allosteric control
Regulation of the influence of a reaction participant by binding an effector to a binding site of the participant different of the site of the participant conveying the influence.
material entity
An entity that is defined by its physical structure.
functional entity
A real thing, defined by its properties or the actions it performs, rather than it physico-chemical structure.
channel
Participating entity that let other participating entity go through, possibly connecting different compartments.
gene
A locatable region of genomic sequence, corresponding to a unit of inheritance, which is associated with regulatory regions, transcribed regions and/or other functional sequence regions.nnSequence Ontology SO:0000704
receptor
Participating entity that binds to a specific physical entity and initiates the response to that physical entity.The original concept of the receptor was introduced independently at the end of the 19th century by John Newport Langley (1852-1925) and Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915).nnLangley JN.On the reaction of cells and of nerve-endings to certain poisons, chiefly as regards the reaction of striated muscle to nicotine and to curari. J Physiol. 1905 Dec 30,33(4-5):374-413.
macromolecule
Molecular entity mainly built-up by the repetition of pseudo-identical units.nnCHEBI:33839
information macromolecule
Macromolecule which sequence is encoded in the genome of living organisms.nnCHEBI:33695
simple chemical
Simple, non-repetitive chemical entity.
chemical macromolecule
Macromolecule which sequence is not directly encoded in the genome.
polysaccharide
Macromolecule consisting of a large number of monosaccharide residues linked by glycosidic bonds.nnCHEBI:18154
ribonucleic acid
Macromolecule formed by a repetition of ribonucleosides linked by phosphodiester bonds.nnCHEBI:33697
RNA
deoxribonucleic acid
DNA
Polymer composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds.nnCHEBI:16991
polypeptide chain
Naturally occurring macromolecule formed by the repetition of amino-acid residues linked by peptidic bonds. A polypeptide chain is synthesized by the ribosome.nnCHEBI:16541
non-covalent complex
Entity composed of several independant components that are not linked by covalent bonds.
electrical resistance
Measure of the degree to which an object opposes the passage of an electric current. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm.
physical characteristic
Parameter characterising a physical system or the environment, and independent of life's influence.
biochemical parameter
Parameter that depends on the biochemical properties of a system.
conductance
Measure of how easily electricity flows along a certain path through an electrical element. The SI derived unit of conductance is the siemens.
capacitance
Measure of the amount of electric charge stored (or separated) for a given electric potential. The unit of capacitance id the Farad.
voltage
electrical potential difference
Difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical network, expressed in volts.
enzymatic rate law for simple competitive inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes by one inhibitor
simple intersecting linear competitive inhibition of unireactant enzymes
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by one inhibitor that binds once to the free enzyme and prevents the binding of the substrate. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions. n n n kcat n Et n S n I n Ks n Ki n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I n Ki n n n n S n n n n n
inhibitory constant
Dissociation constant of a compound from a target of which it inhibits the function.
inhibition constant
enzymatic rate law for simple uncompetitive inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes
simple linear uncompetitive inhibition
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by one inhibitor that binds only to the complex enzyme-substrate and totally prevent the catalysis. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions. n n n kcat n Et n S n I n Ks n Ki n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n S n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I n Ki n n n n Ks n n n n n
relative equilibrium constant
Ratio of an equilibrium constant in a given condition by the same equilibrium constant is not fullfilled.
relative inhibition constant
Ratio of the dissociation constant of an inhibitor from the complex enzyme-substrate on the dissociation constant of an inhibitor from the free enzyme.
enzymatic rate law for simple mixed-type inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes
simple intersecting linear mixed-type competitive inhibition
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by one inhibitor that can bind to the complex enzyme-substrate and the free enzyme, possibly with different equilibrium constant, and totally prevent the catalysis. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions. n n n kcat n Et n S n I n Ks n Ki n a n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n S n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I n n <times/>n a n Ki n n n n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I n Ki n n n n n n n n
enzymatic rate law for simple non-competitive inhibition of unireactant enzymes
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by one inhibitor that can bind to the complex enzyme-substrate and the free enzyme with the same equilibrium constant, and totally prevent the catalysis. n n n kcat n Et n S n I n Ks n Ki n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n S n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I n Ki n n n n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I n Ki n n n n n n n n
enzymatic rate law for competitive inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes by one inhibitor
multiple competitive inhibition by one inhibitor of unireactant enzymes
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by one inhibitor that can bind one or several times to the free enzyme, and prevent the binding of the substrate. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions.nn n n n kcat n Et n S n I n Ks n Ki n n n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n S n n <times/>n Ks n n <power/>n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I n Ki n n n n n n n n n n n
enzymatic rate law
Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of chemical reactions that are catalysed by enzymes, how this rate is controlled, and how drugs and poisons can inhibit its activity.
enzymatic rate law for unireactant enzymes
Kinetics of enzymes that catalyse the transformation of only one substrate.
enzymatic rate law for competitive inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes by exclusive inhibitors
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by inhibitors that bind to the free enzyme on the same binding site than the substrate. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions. n n n kcat n Et n S n I n Ks n Ki n n n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <sum/>n i n 1 n n n n <divide/>n n <selector/>n I n i n n n <selector/>n Ki n i n n n n n n S n n n n n n
enzymatic rate law for competitive inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes by two exclusive inhibitors
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by two inhibitors that bind to the free enzyme on the same binding site than the substrate. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions. n n n kcat n Et n S n I1 n I2 n Ks n Ki1 n Ki2 n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I1 n Ki1 n n n <divide/>n I2 n Ki2 n n n n S n n n n n
number of inhibitors
Number of entities that inhibit a reaction.
enzymatic rate law for competitive inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes by non-exclusive non-cooperative inhibitors
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by inhibitors that bind independently to the free enzyme and preclude the binding of the substrate. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions. n n n kcat n Et n S n I n Ks n Ki n n n m n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n Ks n n <product/>n i n 1 n n n n <power/>n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n n <selector/>n I n i n n n <selector/>n Ki n i n n n n n <selector/>n m n i n n n n n S n n n n n n
enzymatic rate law for simple competitive inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes by two non-exclusive, non-cooperative inhibitors
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by two inhibitors that can bind independently once to the free enzyme and preclude the binding of the substrate. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions. n n n kcat n Et n S n I1 n I2 n Ks n Ki1 n Ki2 n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I1 n Ki1 n n n <divide/>n I2 n Ki2 n n n <divide/>n n <times/>n I1 n I2 n n n <times/>n Ki1 n Ki2 n n n n n S n n n n n
enzymatic rate law for mixed-type inhibition of irreversible enzymes by mutually exclusive inhibitors
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by inhibitors that can bind to the complex enzyme-substrate and the free enzyme, possibly with different equilibrium constants, and totally prevent the catalysis. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions. n n n kcat n Et n S n I n Ks n Ki n a n n n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <sum/>n i n 1 n n n n <divide/>n n <selector/>n I n i n n n <selector/>n Ki n i n n n n n n n <times/>n S n n <plus/>n 1 n n <sum/>n i n 1 n n n n <divide/>n n <selector/>n I n i n n n <times/>n n <selector/>n a n i n n n <selector/>n Ki n i n n n n n n n n n n n
enzymatic rate law for mixed-type inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes by two inhibitors
Inhibition of unireactant enzymes by two inhibitors that can bind to the complex enzyme-substrate and the free enzyme, possibly with different equilibrium constant, and totally prevent the catalysis. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions. n n n kcat n Et n S n I1 n I2 n Ks n Ki1 n Ki2 n a n b n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n S n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I1 n n <times/>n a n Ki1 n n n n <divide/>n I2 n n <times/>n b n Ki2 n n n n n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I1 n Ki1 n n n <divide/>n I2 n Ki2 n n n n n n n n
enzymatic rate law for non-competitive inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes by two exclusively binding inhibitors
Inhibition of unireactant enzymes by two inhibitors that can bind to the complex enzyme-substrate and the free enzyme with the same equilibrium constant and totally prevent the catalysis. n n n kcat n Et n S n I1 n I2 n Ks n Ki1 n Ki2 n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n S n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I1 n Ki1 n n n <divide/>n I2 n Ki2 n n n n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I1 n Ki1 n n n <divide/>n I2 n Ki2 n n n n n n n n
messenger RNA
A messenger RNA is a ribonucleic acid synthesized during the transcription of a gene, and that carries the information permetting to encode one or several proteins.
pressure
Pressure (symbol: p) is the force per unit area applied on a surface in a direction perpendicular to that surface. The unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa), that is equal to 1 Newton per square meter.
ligand
In biochemistry, a ligand is an effector, a physical entity that binds to a site on a receptor's surface by intermolecular forces.
equilibrium constant
Quantity characterizing a chemical equilibrium in a chemical reaction, which is a useful tool to determine the concentration of various reactants or products in a system where chemical equilibrium occurs.
Keq
dissociation constant
Equilibrium constant that measures the propensity of a larger object to separate (dissociate) reversibly into smaller components, as when a complex falls apart into its component molecules, or when a salt splits up into its component ions. The dissociation constant is usually denoted Kd and is the inverse of the affinity constant. n n koff n Kon n n <divide/>n koff n Kon n n n n
acid dissociation constant
Equilibrium constant that indicates the extent of dissociation of hydrogen ions from an acid. The equilibrium is that of a proton transfer from an acid, HA, to water, H2O. The term for the concentration of water, [H2O], is omitted from the general equilibrium constant expression. Ka=([H3O+]*[A-])/(HA)
transporter
Participating entity that facilitates the movement of another physical entity from a defined subset of the physical environment (for instance a cellular compartment) to another.
material entity of unspecified nature
Material entity which nature is unknown or irrelevant.
multimer
Non-covalent association of identical, or pseudo-identical, entities. By pseudo-identical entities, we mean biochemical elements that differ chemically, although remaining globally identical in structure and/or function. Examples are homologous subunits in an hetero-oligomeric receptor.
EC50
Concentration of an active compound at which 50% of its maximal effect is observed. The EC50 is not a pure characteristic of the compound but depends on the conditions or the measurement.
IC50
Also called half maximal inhibitory concentration, it represents the concentration of an inhibitor substance that is required to suppress 50% of an effect.
functional compartment
Logical or physical subset of the event space that contains pools, that is sets of participants considered identical when it comes to the event they are involved into. A compartment can have any number of dimensions, including 0, and be of any size including null.
physical compartment
Specific location of space, that can be bounded or not. A physical compartment can have 1, 2 or 3 dimensions.
empty set
Entity defined by the absence of any actual object. An empty set is often used to represent the source of a creation process or the result of a degradation process.
spatial continuous framework
Modelling approach where the quantities of participants are considered continuous, and represented by real values. The associated simulation methods make use of differential equations. The models take into account the distribution of the entities and describe the spatial fluxes.
non-spatial continuous framework
Modelling approach where the quantities of participants are considered continuous, and represented by real values. The associated simulation methods make use of differential equations. The models do not take into account the distribution of the entities and describe only the temporal fluxes.
spatial discrete framework
Modelling approach where the quantities of participants are considered discrete, and represented by integer values. The associated simulation methods can be deterministic or stochastic. The models take into account the distribution of the entities and describe the spatial fluxes.
non-spatial discrete framework
Modelling approach where the quantities of participants are considered discrete, and represented by integer values. The associated simulation methods can be deterministic or stochastic.The models do not take into account the distribution of the entities and describe only the temporal fluxes. n
macromolecular complex
Non-covalent complex of one or more macromolecules and zero or more simple chemicals.
protein complex
Macromolecular complex containing one or more polypeptide chains possibly associated with simple chemicals.nnCHEBI:36080
synthetic chemical compound
Chemical entity that is engineered by a human-designed process ex-vivo rather than a produced by a living entity.
metabolite
Substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process.
total concentration of enzyme
Total amount of enzyme catalysing a reaction, divided by the volume of reaction.
total catalytic efficiency
Constant representing the actual efficiency of an enzyme at a given concentration, taking into account its microscopic catalytic activity and the rates of substrate binding and dissociation.nnNB. The symbol Vmax and the names maximum rate and maximum velocity are in widespread use although under normal circumstances there is no finite substrate concentration at which v = V and hence no maximum in the mathematical sense (Eur. J. Biochem. 128:281-291). n n Vmax n Km n n <divide/>n Vmax n Km n n n n
catalytic efficiency
Constant representing the actual efficiency of an enzyme, taking into account its microscopic catalytic activity and the rates of substrate binding and dissociation. n n kcat n Km n n <divide/>n kcat n Km n n n
biochemical potential
Derivative of a biochemical energy per a substance.
potential of hydrogen
Negative logarithm (base 10) of the activity of hydrogen in a solution. Ina diluted solution, this activity is equal to the concentration of protons (in fact of ions H3O+). The pH is proportional to the chemical potential of hydrogen, by the relation: pH = -B5H C7 2.3RT. (with B5H=-RTln[H+]).
pOH
Negative logarithm (base 10) of the activity of hydroxyde in a solution. In a diluted solution, this activity is equal to the concentration of ions HO-.
negative logarithm (base 10) of a dissociation constant. n n K n n <minus/>n n <log/>n K n n n n
dissociation potential
pKa
potential of acid
negative logarithm (base 10) of an acid dissociation constant. n n Ka n n <minus/>n n <log/>n Ka n n n n
equilibrium or steady-state characteristic
Quantitative parameter that characterises a biochemical equilibrium.
dissociation characteristic
Quantitative parameter that characterises a dissociation.
acid dissociation characteristic
Quantitative parameter that characterises an acid-base reaction.
heterogeneous nuclear RNA
Incompletely processed single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), synthesized from a DNA template in the nucleus of a cell by transcription and containing copies of the introns and exons of a gene.
pre-mRNA
Precursor mRNA
mature messenger RNA
Completely processed single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), synthesized from a DNA template in the nucleus of a cell by transcription and containing copies of only the exons of a gene.
transfer RNA
Small RNA chain (73-93 nucleotides) that transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. It has a site for amino acid attachment and a three-base region called the anticodon that recognizes the corresponding three-base codon region on mRNA via complementary base pairing. Each type of tRNA molecule can be attached to only one type of amino acid, but because the genetic code is degenerate - that is, it contains multiple codons that specify the same amino acid - multiple types of tRNA molecules bearing different anticodons may carry the same amino acid.
tRNA
ribosomal RNA
Type of RNA that is the central component of the ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells.
rRNA
ribozyme
ribonucleic acid enzyme
RNA molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction.
microRNA
Single-stranded RNA molecules thought to regulate the expression of other genes. miRNAs are encoded by genes that are transcribed from DNA but not translated into protein (non-coding RNA).
miRNA
small interfering RNA
siRNA
20-25 nucleotide-long double-stranded RNA molecules. siRNA is involve in the regulation of the expression of specific genes, antiviral mechanisms, shaping the chromatin structure of a genome etc.
small nuclear RNA
snRNA
Small RNA molecules that are found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. They are involved in a variety of important processes such as RNA splicing (removal of introns from heterogeneous nuclear RNA), regulation of transcription factors or RNA polymerase II and maintaining the telomeres. They are always associated with specific proteins, and the complexes are referred to as small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP).
small nucleolar RNA
Small RNA molecules that guide chemical modifications (methylation or pseudouridylation) of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and other RNA genes. They are frequently encoded in the introns of ribosomal proteins and are synthesized by RNA polymerase II, but can also be transcribed as independent (sometimes polycistronic) transcriptional units. snoRNAs are a component in the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP), which contains snoRNA and proteins.
snoRNA
product catalytic rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the velocity of product creation by a reversible enzymatic reaction. n
kcats
substrate catalytic rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the velocity of substrate creation by a reversible enzymatic reaction.
Michaelis constant for substrate
Product concentration at which the velocity of product production by the forward activity of a reversible enzyme is half its maximum.
Kms
Michaelis constant for product
Kmp
Product concentration at which the velocity of substrate production by the reverse activity of a reversible enzyme is half its maximum.
forward maximal velocity
Vmaxf
Limiting maximal velocity of the forward reaction of a reversible enzyme, reached when the substrate is in large excess and all the enzyme is complexed. n n Et n kcatp n n <times/>n Et n kcat n n n
reverse maximal velocity
Limiting maximal velocity of the reverse reaction of a reversible enzyme, reached when the product is in large excess and all the enzyme is complexed. n n Et n kcats n n <times/>n Et n kcat n n n
Vmaxr
enzymatic rate law for non-modulated unireactant enzymes
Kinetics of enzymes that react only with one substance, their substrate, and are not modulated by other compounds. n n n kcats n kcatp n Et n S n P n Kms n Kmp n n <divide/>n n <minus/>n n <times/>n kcatp n Et n n <divide/>n S n Kms n n n n <times/>n kcats n Et n n <divide/>n P n Kmp n n n n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n S n Kms n n n <divide/>n P n Kmp n n n n n n
Uni-Uni Reversible Simple Michaelis-Menten
non-macromolecular ion
Chemical entity having a net electric charge.
non-macromolecular radical
chemical entity possessing an unpaired electron.
transcription start site
First nucleotide of a gene that is copied in the transcribed RNA.nnSequence Ontology SO:0000315
TSS
dephosphorylation
Removal of a phosphate group (-H2PO4) from a chemical entity.
half-life
Time taken by a decreasing quantity to be divided by two.
half-life of an exponential decay
Time taken by a quantity decreasing according to a mono-exponential decay to be divided by two. n n k n n <divide/>n n <ln/> n 2 n n k n n n n
monoexponential decay rate law
Monotonic decrease of a quantity proportionally to its value. n n n l n R n n <divide/>n R n l n n n n
non-coding RNA
RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. nnSequence Ontology SO:0000655
gene coding region
Portion of DNA or RNA that is transcribed into another RNA, such as a messenger RNA or a non-coding RNA (for instance a transfert RNA or a ribosomal RNA).
interactor
Entity participating to a physical or functional interaction.
association constant
Equilibrium constant that measures the propensity of two objects to assemble (associate) reversibly into a larger component. The association constant is usually denoted Ka and is the inverse of the dissociation constant. n n koff n Kon n n <divide/>n kon n Koff n n n n
affinity constant
dissociation rate constant
Rate with which a complex dissociates into its components.
bimolecular association rate constant
Rate with which two components associate into a complex.
trimolecular association rate constant
Rate with which three components associate into a complex.
association rate constant
Rate with which components associate into a complex.
molecular or genetic interaction
Mutual or reciprocal action or influence between molecular entities.
genetic interaction
Functional relationship among genes revealed by phenotypes.
molecular interaction
Relationship between molecular entities, based on contacts, direct or indirect.
time
Fundmental quantity of the measuring system used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify the motions or the transformation of entities. The SI base unit for time is the SI second. The second is the duration ofn9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transitionnbetween the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133natom.
time interval
Amount of time between two points in time.
duration
Amount of time necessary for an event to take place.
exponential time constant
mean lifetime
Characterises the frequency response of a first-order, linear time-invariant system. Time that it takes for an exponential decay to reach 1/e (about 37%) of the original value. This is also the average lifetime of an element in the decaying set. n n l n n <divide/>n l n n <ln/> n 2 n n n n n
inactivation rate constant
Kinetic constant describing the rate of an irreversible enzyme inactivationnby decay of the active enzyme into its inactive form.
kinact
forward reaction velocity
The speed of an enzymatic reaction at a defined concentration of substrate(s) and enzyme.
reverse zeroth order rate constant
Numerical parameter that quantifies the reverse velocity of a chemical reaction independant of the reactant quantities. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework.
reverse reaction velocity
informational molecule segment
Fragment of a macromolecule that carries genetic information.
conservation law
Mathematical expression stating that a quantity is conserved in a system, whatever happens within the boundaries of that system.
decay constant
Kinetic constant characterising a mono-exponential decay. n n t n n <divide/>n t n n <ln/> n 2 n n n n n
biological effect of a perturbation
Biochemical networks can be affected by external influences. Those influences can be well-defined physical perturbations, such as a light pulse, or a change in temperature but also more complex of not well defined phenomena, for instance a biological process, an experimental setup, or a mutation.
process that affects an observable
A biochemical network can generate phenotypes or affect biological processes. Such processes can take place at different levels and are independent of the biochemical network itself.n
mass conservation law
A chemical moiety that exists under different forms but is not created nor destroyed in a biochemical system. In any given system such a conserved moiety is characterized by a finite number of particles that exist in the system and is invariant.n n n a n n n S n n <sum/>n i n 0 n n n n <times/>n n <selector/>n a n i n n n <selector/>n S n i n n n n n n
quantity of a physical entity
Magnitude or multitude of the presence of a given physical entity in a system.
amount of a physical entity
Discrete quantity expressing the number of elements in a pool of physical entities, that is a set of entities considered identical for the system considered.
concentration conservation law
If all forms of a moiety exist in a single compartment and the size of that compartment is fixed then the Mass Conservation is also a Concentration Conservation.nn n n a n n n S n n <sum/>n i n 0 n n n n <times/>n n <selector/>n a n i n n n <selector/>n S n i n n n n n n
activation constant
Dissociation constant of a potentiator (activator) from a target (e.g. annenzyme) of which it activates the function.
multimer cardinality
Number of monomers composing a multimeric entity.
forward non-integral order rate constant, continuous case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction where reactants have non-integral orders. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactants.It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework.
forward non-integral order rate constant, discrete case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the forward velocity of a chemical reaction where reactants have non-integral orders. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the reactants. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework.
reverse non-integral order rate constant, discrete case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the reverse velocity of a chemical reaction where products have non-integral orders. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the products. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a discrete framework.n
reverse non-integral order rate constant, continuous case
Numerical parameter that quantifies the reverse velocity of a chemical reaction where products have non-integral orders. This parameter encompasses all the contributions to the velocity except the quantity of the products. It is to be used in a reaction modelled using a continuous framework.
gene regulatory region
Region of a gene that are involved in the modulation of the expression of the gene.
Michaelis constant in non-equilibrium situation
Michaelis constant derived or experimentally measured under non-equilibrium conditions.
Michaelis constant in quasi-steady state situation
Michaelis constant derived using a steady-state assumption for enzyme-substrate and enzyme-product intermediates. For example see Briggs-Haldane equation (SBO:0000031).
Michaelis constant in irreversible situation
Michaelis constant derived assuming enzyme-substrate and enzyme-product intermediates are formed in consecutive irreversible reactions. The constant K is the ratio of the forward rate constants. For example see Van Slyke-Cullen equation (SBO:0000030).
Michaelis constant in fast equilibrium situation
Michaelis constant where the steps leading to the constant are much faster than subsequent steps, and are assumed to be in quasi-equilibrium. K is equivalent to an equilibrium constant. For example see Henri-Michaelis-Menten equation (SBO:0000029).
relationship
connectedness between entities and/or interactions representing their relatedness or influence.
process
A sequential series of actions, motions, or occurrences, such as chemical reactions, that affect one or more entities in a phenomenologically characteristic manner.
hydrolysis
Decomposition of a compound by reaction with water, where the hydroxyl and H groups are incorporated into different products
isomerisation
A reaction in which the principal reactant and principal product are isomers of each other
enzymatic rate law for inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes by competing substrates
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by competing substrates (Sa) that bind to the free enzyme on the same binding site. The enzyme does not catalyse the reactions in both directions.n[See Cornish-Bowden Fundementals of Enzyme Kinetics (3rd Edition 2004): Ch5.6, pp127] nnnn n n n kcat n Et n S n Sa n Ks n Ksa n n n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <sum/>n i n 1 n n n n <divide/>n n <selector/>n Sa n i n n n <selector/>n Ksa n i n n n n n n S n n n n n nn
enzymatic rate law for simple competitive inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes by two non-exclusive inhibitors
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by two inhibitors that can bind once to the free enzyme and preclude the binding of the substrate. Binding of one inhibitor may affect binding of the other, or not. The enzymes do not catalyse the reactions in both directions.nnSee Segel I., Enzyme Kinetics, Wiley-Interscience,1993, ISBN 0-471-30309-7, Chapter 8, System B3, pp481 n n n n kcat n Et n S n I1 n I2 n a n Ks n Ki1 n Ki2 n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n I1 n Ki1 n n n <divide/>n I2 n Ki2 n n n <divide/>n n <times/>n I1 n I2 n n n <times/>n a n Ki1 n Ki2 n n n n n S n n n n n
biochemical coefficient
number used as a multiplicative or exponential factor for quantities, expressions or functions
biochemical proportionality coefficient
A multiplicative factor for quantities, expressions or functions
biochemical exponential coefficient
number used as an exponential factor for quantities, expressions or functions
biochemical cooperative inhibition coefficient
The coefficient used to quantify the effect on inhibition constants of multiple inhibitors binding non-exclusively to the enzyme.
biochemical inhibitory proportionality coefficient
Coefficient that quantifies the effect on inhibition constants of either binding of multiple substrates or inhibitors.
biochemical cooperative inhibitor substrate coefficient
The coefficient that describes the proportional change of Ks or Ki when inhibitor or substrate is bound, respectively, to the enzyme.
enzymatic rate law for inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes by single competing substrate
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by a competing substrate (Sa) that binds to the free enzyme on the same binding site. The enzyme does not catalyse the reactions in both directions.n[See Cornish-Bowden Fundementals of Enzyme Kinetics (3rd Edition 2004): Ch5.6, pp127] n n n kcat n Et n S n Sa n Ks n Ksa n n n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n Sa n Ksa n n n n S n n n n n n
enzymatic rate law for competitive inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzyme by product
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by a competing product (P) that binds to the free enzyme on the same binding site. The enzyme does not catalyse the reactions in both directions.n n n n kcat n Et n S n P n Ks n Kp n n n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n P n Kp n n n n S n n n n n nn
enzymatic rate law for inhibition of irreversible unireactant enzymes by single competing substrate with product inhibition
Inhibition of a unireactant enzyme by a competing substrate (Sa) that binds to the free enzyme on the same binding site, and competitive inhibition by a product (P) and an alternative product (Pa). The enzyme does not catalyse the reactions in both directions.n n n n kcat n Et n S n Sa n Ks n Ksa n Kp n Kpa n P n Pa n n n n <divide/>n n <times/>n kcat n Et n S n n n <plus/>n n <times/>n Ks n n <plus/>n 1 n n <divide/>n Sa n Ksa n n n <divide/>n P n Kpa n n n <divide/>n Pa n Kpa n n n n S n n n n n n
toggle switch parameter
A parameter with a discrete set of values which can be alternated or switched between.
boolean toggle switch parameter
A parameter that has precisely two discrete values which may be switched between. Usually for the boolean parameter these are indicated as '0 or 1' or 'True or False'.
steady state expression
A mathematical expression that describes a steady state situation
equivalence
Term to signify those material or conceptual entities that are identical in some respect within a frame of reference
production
A process that leads to the generation of a material or conceptual entity.
consumption
A process that consumes a material or conceptual entity.
encapsulating process
An aggregation of interactions and entities into a single process.
uncertain process
An equivocal or conjectural process, whose existence is assumed but not proven.
omitted process
One or more processes that are not represented in certain representations or interpretations of a model.
logical relationship
Relationship between entities (material or conceptual) and logical operators, or between logical operators themselves.
decarboxylation
A process in which a carboxyl group (COOH) is removed from a molecule as carbon dioxide.
decarbonylation
Removal of a carbonyl group (-C-O-) from a molecule, usually as carbon monoxide
deamination
Removal of an amine group from a molecule, often uder the addition of water
transfer of a chemical group
Covalent reaction that results in the transfer of a chemical group from one molecule to another.
transamination
The transfer of an amino group between two molecules. Commonly in biology this is restricted to reactions between an amino acid and an alpha-keto carbonic acid, whereby the reacting amino acid is converted into an alpha-keto acid, and the alpha-keto acid reactant into an amino acid.
unit of genetic information
perturbing agent
A material entity that is responsible for a perturbing effect
observable
An entity that can be measured quantitatively