part of
in-vitro culture stage
The stages describing the callus growth and differentiation in the tissue culture experiments.
rice plant growth stage
The gross developmental stages defined for the plant.
maize growth stage
The development and growth of maize have been translated into several scales to quantify development for scientific and management purposes. The growth stage terms and their descriptors were provided by the MaizeDB.
00-germination
Process by which embryonic organs formed during kernel development and which have been dormant in the dry seed, resume their growth under appropriate temperature and moisture conditions
maize growth stage-0
rice growth stage unknown
A case when it is difficult to annotate the growth stage defined in an experiment
0.02-radicle emergence from seed
The radicle and its enclosing sheath, the coleorhiza, break through the pericarp.
maize growth stage-0.2
0.03-coleoptile emergence from seed
maize growth stage-0.3
The coleoptile, enclosing the plumule or embryonic shoot, pushes through the pericarp
01-seedling
maize growth stage-1
Commonly refers to the growth stage between germination and tassel differentiation, with a duration of approximately three weeks for adapted cultivars in the US Corn Belt
1.01-seedling emergence
Coleoptile appears above the soil surface. Nodal roots begin to develop.
maize growth stage-1.1
1.02-one to two leaves
First or second leaf collar visible.
maize growth stage-1.2
1.03-three to four leaves
3 or 4 leaf collars visible
maize growth stage-1.3
02-tassel initiation
maize growth stage-2
tassel differentiation
4-6 leaf stage
early whorl stage
Apical dome of shoot meristem elongates, followed by appearance of tassel branch primordia. Under favorable conditions in adapted hybrids in the US Corn Belt, this may occur about 2-3 weeks after seedling emergence, when 4-6 leaf collars are visible. Stem growing point is at or near soil surface. Tassel initiation is very sensitive to photoperiod and temperature, maximal sensitivity to these factors occurs during a brief period with a duration, equivalent to the emergence of two leaves, just before tassel initiation
03-rapid stem elongation
maize growth stage-3
mid-whorl stage
After tassel initiation, stem length begins to increase rapidly, through elongation of cells formed by the intercalary meristem at the base of above-ground internodes. The rate of elongation decreases prior to anthesis, but plant height may continue to increase until after flowering
stem elongation
telescoping
3.01-ear initiation
Elongation of apical dome of axillary meristem corresponding to top ear, followed by appearance of spikelet primordia. Typically, in adapted materials in the US Corn Belt, 6-8 leaf collars are visible, but this depends on genotype and environmental conditions.
6-8 leaf
7 leaf
8 leaf
6 leaf
maize growth stage-3.1
3.02-late whorl stage
In adapted materials in the US Corn Belt, the collars of leaves 9-11 are visible (some of the lowest leaves may already have degenerated by this stage). By 10-leaf stage, new leaves appear every 2-3 days. Tassel development accelerates, and rapid stem elongation continues.
1-11 leaf
10-leaf
11-leaf
maize growth stage-3.2
V10
9-leaf
3.03-mid-vegetative
Rapid stem elongation continues. In adapted materials in the US Corn Belt, 12-14 leaf collars are visible. Number of ovules (potential kernels) is being determined. Male meiosis begins about this time
V12
V13
V14
maize growth stage-3.3
3.04-late vegetative
maize growth stage-3.4
V19
V20
V17
V18
V15
V16
Late vegetative stage, corresponding to the 15-leaf stage or later in adapted hybrids in the US Corn Belt, which normally have a total of about 20 leaves. Depending on genotype and environmental conditions, a corn plant may develop 10-30 leaves. Ear is developing rapidly and silk elongation begins. Female meiosis begins when silks are approx. 2 mm long and ears approx. 2 cm long. Brace roots begin growing, a new leaf is added every 1-2 days
04-gametophyte development
gametogenesis
Includes both male (pollen) and female (embryo sac) gametophyte development, which are sub stages of this stage
maize growth stage-4
4.01-pollen development
male gametophyte development
microspore development
maize growth stage-4.1
Microsporogenesis, or pollen development, includes all stages from microsporocyte meiosis through the mature pollen grain
microsporogenesis
4.02-embryo sac development
megasporogenesis
megaspore development
maize growth stage-4.2
megagametogenesis
female gametophyte development
Includes megasporogenesis (female meiosis) and megagametogenesis (beginning with mitotic division of the meiotic products through maturation of the embryo sac)
05-flowering
maize growth stage-5
The term
5.01-anthesis
Anthers are extruded between glume and lemma, pores at the anther tip break open, and pollen is released. Pollen shed occurs first from spikelets slightly above the middle of the central axis of the tassel, then proceeds towards tip and base, pollen shedding from lateral branches occurs somewhat later.
maize growth stage-5.1
Pollen shedding
Pollen shed
5.02-silking
Silks (styles) emerge from the husks at the ear tip. Normally the first silks appear slightly after anthesis begins, but this interval can be delayed by drought or other stresses. Silks of spikelets at the base of the ear emerge prior to those from more apical spikelets
maize growth stage-5.2
silk emergence
5.03-pollination
maize growth stage-5.3
Pollen lands on a silk hair, hydrates, and germinates by sending out a pollen tube through the pollen pore. The pollen tube grows rapidly (0.5 cm/hr) down the length of the silk to the ovary and the embryo sac
5.04-fertilization
fecundation
double fecundation
double fertilization
Fertilization occurs 16-24 hours after pollination. It consists of the simultaneous fusion of 1 sperm cell with the egg to form the diploid zygote, and the other sperm cell with 2 polar nuclei to form the triploid primary endosperm nucleus
maize growth stage-5.4
06-post-flowering
The period of slow kernel growth between fertilization and the beginning of linear grain-filling, lasting roughly 10-12 days. Some workers divides this period into dilatory and exponential phases, which approximately coincide with the endosperm's free nuclear and mitotic stages, respectively. From about 4-10 days after pollination, the embryo is in the proembryo stage, a club-shaped mass of cells with little differentiation except for a basal suspensor region, and an apical region of smaller cells, the embryo proper
maize growth stage-6
proembryo
lag phase
6.01-dilatory
free nuclear
maize growth stage-6.1
This phase is the initial few days following fertilization, during which time very slow dry matter accumulation occurs in the kernel. In the endosperm, the primary endosperm nucleus divides 2-4 hours after fertilization, followed by rapid synchronous divisions to produce a free nuclear tissue. The fertilized egg undergoes its first division about 10-12 hours after fertilization, and by the end of this stage will have developed into the proembryo with about 12-24 cells
6.02-exponential
maize growth stage-6.2
The phase with increased metabolic activity and rapid kernel development that links the dilatory phase with the linear grain-filling period. It occurs approximately 5-12 days after pollination (dap). In the endosperm, cell walls are laid down beginning about 5 dap, changing the free nuclear tissue into a cellular one. The embryo continues in the proembryo stage through about 10 dap. MaizeDB includes a sub-stage.
6.02.1-transition stage
In the endosperm, mitotic activity in the central region declines, and nuclear size and DNA content begin to increase (endoreduplication)
Occurs when the ovoid, radially symmetrical proembryo elongates to form a cone-shaped structure, establishing the future shoot-root meristem axis, about 10-12 days after pollination.
maize growth stage-6.2.1
endoreduplication
07-linear grain-filling
maize growth stage-7
grain filling
effective filling period
Stage of rapid, nearly linear increase in kernel dry matter, that begins about 2 weeks after pollination and lasts almost until physiological maturity
7.01-blister stage
maize growth stage-7.1
This stage is initiated when significant starch accumulation begins, approximately 12-17 days after pollination (dap). Kernels appear white and translucent, endosperm and its inner fluid are clear. Endoreduplication, an increase in DNA content in endosperm cells, which began in the transition stage, peaks about 16-18 dap
7.01.1-coleoptilar stage
embryo coleoptilar stage
In the coleoptilar stage, the embryo develops a prominent shoot apical meristem surrounded by the coleoptilar ring, and backed by the flattened, spade-shaped scutellum, it occurs about 12-14 days after pollination
maize growth stage-7.1.1
Stage 1 embryos are often used to initiate embryonic callus in tissue culture experiments
Embryo stage 1 is defined by the appearance of first leaf primordium from the shoot apical meristem, it occurs about 14-18 days after pollination, when embryo is slightly more than 1 mm long
embryo stage 1
maize growth stage-7.1.2
7.02-stage
The embryo is at stage 2: second leaf primordium is formed, and embryo length is approx. 2 mm
maize growth stage-7.2
Endosperm fluid has changed from clear to a milky white, more viscous substance due to accumulating starch, kernels are about 80% moisture, aleurone color characteristic of the genotype appears, occurs about 18-22 days after pollination
embryo-2
embryo stage 2
7.03-early dough stage
dough stage
embryo stage 3
embryo-3
maize growth stage-7.3
Endosperm fluid has changed to a pasty or soft dough-like consistency, kernels have about 70% moisture, occurs about 22-28 days after pollination. Embryo is at stage 3: third leaf primordium forms, radicle is recognizable within the coleorhiza, embryo is about 3 mm long
7.04-late dough stage
Endosperm consistency checked by firmer dough than in the previous stage. Towards end of this stage, in dent genotypes, kernels begin to dent on top, occurs about 28-35 days after pollination. Embryo is at stage 4: fourth leaf primordium has formed, embryo is 5-6 mm long
embryo stage 4
embryo-4
maize growth stage-7.4
08-leveling of of grain-filling
embryo-5
embryo stage 5
dent stage
attenuative
Rate of dry matter accumulation in kernel diminishes as endosperm transfer cells are crushed. All or nearly all kernels are dented (in a dent genotype), kernels are about 50-55% moisture, husk has begun to dry rapidly, occurs about 35-42 days after pollination. Embryo is at stage 5, fifth leaf primordium has formed and lateral seminal root primordia can be observed
leveling of of dry matter accumulation
maize growth stage-8
09-maturity
The stage begins at physiological maturity (when the kernel has approximately 30-35% moisture) and continues through dry kernel (15% moisture or less). This stage is subdivided into the two stages listed above.
senescence
maize growth stage-9
9.01-physiological maturity
black layer
Occurs when grain dry matter accumulation ceases and a black abscission layer forms at the base of the kernel, approx. 50-65 days after pollination, grain moisture is about 30-35%. Embryo is at stage 6: a sixth leaf primordium may have formed, although many genotypes form only 5 embryonic leaves, dormancy occurs after massive hydration of embryo cells
embryo stage 6
embryo-6
maize growth stage-9.1
9.02-dry kernel
maize growth stage-9.2
dry seed
storage maturity
The kernel has dried to safe storage moisture, 15% or less
rice growth stage
The growth and developmental stages defined for the rice plant.
rice growth stages
4.2-panicle differentiation stage
In parallel the stem elongation is continuing
rice growth stage-4.2
At this point, the panicle is 1 to 2 mm in length and the branching of the panicle is visible
08-dough stage
rice growth stage-8
One of the ripening stages when endosperm starts hardening.
01-germination
Thus, under dry-seeded or aerobic conditions, the radicle emerges before the coleoptile. Under water-seeded or reduced oxygen (anaerobic) conditions, the coleoptile may emerge before the root. The coleoptile continues to elongate and several lateral roots called seminal roots form.
rice growth stage-1
Occurs when the seed coat has imbibed adequate water becoming soft and elastic. The coleorhiza elongates slightly, emerging through the seed coat and the radicle breaks through the coleorhiza and becomes anchored in the soil or growth media.
06-heading stage
Heading may take over 10 to 14 days due to variations within tillers on the same plant and between plants in the field. Agronomically, heading date is defined as the time when 50 percent of the panicles have at least partially exserted from the boot.
is the time when the panicle begins to exsert from the boot.
rice growth stage-6
09-mature grain stage
rice growth stage-9
The whole grain is hard and ready for harvest. This stage is reached at approximately 15-20 percent moisture
maturity stage
07-milk stage
milk grain
rice growth stage-7
At this stage, the developing starch grains in the kernel are soft, and the interior of the kernel is filled with a white liquid resembling milk.
02-seedling
The length of the mesocotyl varies with cultivars. Some Semi-dwarf varieties may have a very short mesocotyl and generally will not emerge if covered by more than 1/2 to 3/4 inch of soil. The mesocotyl only develops in the dark and doesnt show up in water-seeded rice
occurs when the first internode called the mesocotyl has elongated and pushed the tip of the rice coleoptile (epiblast or first sheathing leaf) through the soil surface
rice growth stage-2
04-stem elongation stage
The top five internodes may elongate. Stem internodes can be distinguished from root internodes by the green color in the stem wall. Overlaps the vegetative and reproductive stages
Begins about the same time panicle initiation is occurring. It continues until full plant height is reached.
rice growth stage-4
jointing stage
internode elongation
03-tillering stage
In direct-seeded rice fields with a normal plant population (10 to 20 plants per square foot), rice plants generally produce 2 to 5 panicle bearing tillers per plant compared to 10 to 30 tillers per plant in transplanted rice where more space is available between plants.
rice growth stage-3
Usually begins at the fifth leaf stage when the first tiller is visible and emerges from the axillary bud of the second leaf on the culm. Tillering continues when the sixth leaf emerges, the second tiller comes from the axillary bud of the third leaf.
1.01-dry seed
1.02-start of imbibition
1.03-imbibition complete
When the imbibition of the seed is complete.
1.04-radicle emerged from seed
1.05-coleoptile emerged from seed
1.06-leaf just at coleoptile tip
The leaf has just emerged.
02-seedling growth
2.01-first leaf through coleoptile
2.02-first leaf unfolded
2.03-two leaves unfolded
2.04-three leaves unfolded
2.05-four leaves unfolded
2.06-five leaves unfolded
2.07-six leaves unfolded
2.08-seven leaves unfolded
2.09-eight leaves unfolded
2.10 nine or more leaves unfolded
When 9 or more leaves have unfolded or exposed.
03-tillering
3.01-main shoot only
3.02-main shoot and one tiller
3.03-main shoot and two tillers
3.04-main shoot and three tillers
3.05-main shoot and four tillers
3.06-main shoot and five tillers
3.07-shoot and six tillers
3.08-main shoot and seven tillers
3.09-main shoot and eight tillers
3.10-main shoot and nine or more tillers
04-stem elongation
4.01-pseudo stem erection
4.02 first node detectable
4.03-second node detectable
4.04-third node detectable
4.05-fourth node detectable
4.06-fifth node detectable
4.07-sixth node detectable
4.08-flag leaf just visible
4.09-flag leaf ligule/collar just visible
05-booting
5.01-flag leaf sheath extending
5.02-boots just swollen
Zadok scale-45, Feekes scale-10, Haun scale-9.2
5.03-flag leaf sheath opening
5.04-first awns visible
06-inflorescence emergence
6.01-first spikelet of inflorescence visible
Zadok scale-50, Feekes scale-10.1, Haun scale-10.2
6.02-1/4 of inflorescence emerged
When a quarter of the inflorescence has emerged.
6.03-1/2 of inflorescence emerged
Zadok scale-1, Feekes scale-10.3, Haun scale-10.5
When half of the inflorescence has emerged.
6.04-3/4 of inflorescence emerged
Zadok scale-57, Feekes scale-10.4, Haun scale-10.7
6.05-emergence of inflorescence completed
Zadok scale-59, Feekes scale-10.5, Haun scale-11
07-anthesis
The time of flowering or pollination.
7.01-anthesis beginning
Zadok scale-60, Feekes scale-10.51, Haun scale-11.4
When the of flowering or pollination has just begun
Beginning on anthesis
7.02-anthesis half-way
When the of flowering or pollination has occurred on 50 percent of all florets in the inflorescence
7.03-anthesis completed
When the flowering or pollination is complete in all florets.
08-milk development
8.01-kernel watery ripe
Zadok scale-71, Feekes scale-10.54, Haun scale-12.1
8.02-early milk
8.04-medium milk
8.03-late milk
09-dough development
9.01-early dough
9.02-soft dough
9.03-hard dough
10-ripening
10.01-kernel medium hard
Kernel is difficult to divide by using the thumbnail.
10.02-kernel hard
Zadok scale-92, Feekes scale-11.4, Haun scale-16
Kernel can no longer be dented with thumbnail.
10.03-kernel loosening in daytime
10.04-overripe, straw dead and collapsing
10.05-seed dormant
10.06-viable seed germination
Viable seed giving 50 percent germination.
10.07-seed not dormant
10.08-secondary dormancy induced
10.09-secondary dormancy lost
sorghum growth stage
The growth stages defined for Sorghum were extracted from the document at http://primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf
Sorghum Development and Key Growth Stages as described by Brent Bean and Carl Patrick, Extension Agronomist and Entomologist at the Texas A&M, Agricultural Research and Extension station.
01-seedling emergence
Coleoptile is the first leaf and is shorter than the later emerging leaves and has a rounded tip
sorghum growth stage-0
Coleoptile visible at soil surface.
02-three leaf stage
This stage will occur approximately 10 days after emergence, depending on soil temperature, moisture, planting depth, etc.
sorghum growth stage-1
Collar of 3rd leaf is visible
04-five leaf stage
Occurs approximately 20 days after emergence. May have lost first leaf (coleoptile) by this time.
sorghum growth stage-3
Collar of 5th leaf is visible
05-growing point differentiation
Occurs approximately 30 to 35 days after emergence. Generally corresponds with the 7 to 8 leaf stage. May have lost 1 to 3 leaves from the bottom of the plant.
sorghum growth stage-4
Growing point visible above the soil surface.
06-flag leaf visible
The last 3 to 4 leaves may not be fully expanded (collars not visible).
Tip of the flag leaf (last leaf) is visible in the whorl.
sorghum growth stage-5
07-boot stage
Peduncle (stalk supporting the head) is beginning to elongate
sorghum growth stage-6
Leaf collars of all leaves are now visible. Sorghum head is enclosed in the flag leaf sheath
08-heading
50% of the plants in the field have visible heads
half-bloom
sorghum growth stage-7
10-dough stage
10.01-soft dough
8 to 12 functional leaves present. One half of grain dry weight has accumulated.
sorghum growth stage-9
Grain can be easily squeezed between the fingers
10.02-hard dough
Three-fourths of grain dry weight has accumulated
Cannot squeeze grain between the fingers.
sorghum growth stage-10
11-physiological maturity
Maximum total dry weight has been achieved
sorghum growth stage-11
This stage is identified by the dark spot on the tip of the kernel. Grain will contain 25 to 35% moisture.
rice plant part development stage
The rice plant organ developmental stages were defined by the Oryzabase, in Japan. ref: http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/rice/oryzabase/development/organAndStage.jsp
The developmental stages of individual plant parts or organs in a rice plant.
embryo development
The embryo developmental stages were defined by the Oryzabase, in Japan. ref: http://earth.lab.nig.ac.jp:8080/IneDatabase/query?type=browse&data=embryo&item=All
Defines all the stages of embryo development from fertilization stage to maturity stage.
leaf development
The leaf developmental stages were defined by the Oryzabase, in Japan. ref: http://earth.lab.nig.ac.jp:8080/IneDatabase/query?type=browse&data=leaf&item=All
Defines all the stages of leaf development from recruitment of leaf primordial cells to fully developed leaf.
A-vegetative stage
The later stage (lag phase) may overlap with the reproductive stage
growth stages from germination to panicle initiation stage.
B-reproductive stage
Growth stages from panicle initiation to heading stage.
C-embryo stage
Light intensity is very important during this interval since 60 percent or more of the carbohydrates used in grain filling are photosynthesized during this time interval. High temperatures tend to reduce the grain filling period and may reduce grain weight. Low temperatures tend to lengthen the time required for grain fill and ripening.
ripening stage
grain-filling stage
Growth stages from fertilization, embryo formation to ripening and maturation stage.
1-4 leaf stage
During this time, the seminal roots further develop, the secondary or lateral roots develop and the first four leaves appear
rice growth stage-2.1
pre-tillering
The period from development of the first to fourth leaf stage
03-four leaf stage
Occurs approximately 15 days after emergence
sorghum growth stage-2
Collar of 4th leaf is visible.
3.1-maximum tillering
After maximum tillering has occurred, no more effective tillers are produced. A portion of the late tillers will generally die due to competition effects
rice growth stage-3.1
tillering increases in a sigmoidal-shaped curve until the maximum tiller number is reached. At this point, the main culm may be difficult to distinguish from the tiller.
ratooning stage
Excluding germination and early seedling stages, it begins a fresh cycle producing new tillers from nodes post-harvest. It may or may not be considered as a growth stage by others. However, Gramene is proposing it to be included as one of the new growth stage.
rice growth stage-3A
Producing new tillers from nodes after harvest
vegetative lag phase
The length of this period is a function of the maturation period of the cultivar. For very-short season cultivars with 110-day maturity, this period may not be evident. In this situation, maximum tillering stage and the beginning of reproductive growth may overlap. In a 150-day rice cultivar, the lag phase period may last more than two weeks. The vegetative lag phase in midseason varieties is characterized by yellowing plants
rice growth stage-4.3
Is the period from the end of active tillering to the beginning of the reproductive stage. Tiller number decreases, height and stem diameter continue to increase but at a slower rate.
4.1-panicle initiation stage
A thin green band is visible just above the top node, and represents the very beginning of internode elongation (stem elongation stage) and is evident for only a couple of days
rice growth stage-4.1
Is the time when the panicle primordia initiate the production of a panicle in the uppermost node of the culm
green ring stage
05-booting stage
This stage is characterized by a swelling of the flag leaf sheath, caused by an increase in the size of the panicle as it grows up the leaf sheath.
rice growth stage-5
5.1-early booting stage
rice growth stage-5.1
In this stage, meiosis occurs. Panicle continues to grow.
5.2-late booting stage
In this stage the flag leaf has completely extended. It occurs about 6 days prior to heading.
rice growth stage-5.2
6.1-flowering stage
The events occurring in this stage are: (a). The tips of the lemma and palea (hulls) open. #(b) The filaments elongate.# (c). The anthers exsert from the lemma and palea. #(d). As the lemma and palea open further, the tips of the feathery stigma become visible. #(e). The filaments elongate past the tips of lemma and palea. #(f). The spikelet closes, leaving the anther outside. Anther dehiscence (pollen shed) usually occurs just prior to or at the time the lemma and palea open (step a).
anthesis
anthesis stage
rice growth stage-6.1
Refers to the events between the opening and closing of floret
8.1-dough stage
early dough grain
early dough stage
rice growth stage-8.1
The starch in the grain begins to become firm but is still soft
09-flowering
Flowering occurs over a 4 to 9 day period.
sorghum growth stage8
Occurs when 50% of the plants in the field are in some stage of bloom
8.2-hard dough stage
The whole grain is firm during this stage and almost ready for harvest. The moisture content is still above 22 percent.
rice growth stage-8.2
late dough stage
late dough grain
wheat, barley and oat growth stage
The curators have extracted the growth stage information based on the document available at http://weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm
The development and growth of cereals wheat, oat and barley has been translated into several numeric scales to quantify development for scientific and management purposes. These are based on the most commonly used scales defined by Feekes, Zadok and Haun.
Triticeae plant growth stage
oat growth stage
barley growth stage
wheat growth stage
panicle development
The panicle developmental stages were defined by the Oryzabase, in Japan. ref: http://earth.lab.nig.ac.jp:8080/IneDatabase/query?type=browse&data=panicle&item=All
Defines all the stages of panicle or rice inflorescence development from switching over of the stem apical meristem into rachis meristem to mature panicle formation.
spikelet development
The spikelet developmental stages were defined by the Oryzabase, in Japan. ref: http://earth.lab.nig.ac.jp:8080/IneDatabase/query?type=browse&data=spikelet&item=All
Defines all the stages of spikelet development from formation of rudimentary glumes to floret development.
stamen development
The stamen developmental stages were defined by the Oryzabase, in Japan. ref: http://earth.lab.nig.ac.jp:8080/IneDatabase/query?type=browse&data=stamen&item=All
Defines all the stages of stamen development from stamen primordia differentiation to end of microgametogenesis.
ovule development
The ovule developmental stages were defined by the Oryzabase, in Japan. ref: http://earth.lab.nig.ac.jp:8080/IneDatabase/query?type=browse&data=ovule&item=All
Defines all the stages of ovule development from carpel primordium formation to megagametogenesis.
leaf stage P0
Marked by down regulation of Osh1 gene (GR_protein_id=77897) and expression of OsPnh gene (GR_protein_id=90881).
Recruitment of leaf founder or primordial cells occurs.
leaf stage P4
Elongation of leaf blade occurs along with differentiation of epidermis specific bulliform cells, silica cells, cork cells and stomata.
leaf stage P2
Foot-like shape, with overlapping of two leaf margins occurs along with differentiation of vascular bundle and establishment of leaf domains along the central-marginal axis.
leaf stage P1
Protrusion of leaf primordium and elongation of leaf margin around stem apical meristem (SAM) occurs.
leaf stage P5
Elongation of leaf sheath, emergence of leaf blade from the sheath of preceding leaf and formation of lacunae occurs. The leaf blade, sheath, ligule and auricles are fully developed in the juvenile leaf.
leaf stage P3
Formation of ligule primordia and leaf blade and leaf sheath boundary occurs, along with differentiation of sclerenchymatous cells and initiation of epidermis.
leaf stage PX
Completely mature adult leaf.
embryo stage EM1
Occurs at zero days after pollination. Number of embryo cells at this stage are one (zygote).
The stage marked by the fertilization event.
embryo stage EM5
Marked with onset of coleoptile, stem apical meristem (SAM) and radicle differentiation.
embryo stage EM3
Globular stage of the embryo.
embryo stage EM2
First division of fertilized egg. Globular stage ca.25-cell stage marked with rapid cell division.
embryo stage EM6
Occurs at five-six days after pollination. Expression of Amy1A (GR_protein_id=77717) in scutellar epithelium appears.
Protrusion of first leaf primordium and enlargement of scutellum occurs at this stage. Marks the onset of juvenile vegetative stage.
embryo stage EM4
It's a globular stage with oblong-shaped embryo. Marked by onset of exponential increase in size and cell number. Formation of gradient of cell size along dorsoventral direction and marked regionalization in the developing embryo.
embryo stage EM7
Occurs at seven-eight days after pollination.
Identified by protrusion of 2nd and 3rd leaf primordia and epiblast.
embryo stage EM8
Occurs at nine-ten days after pollination. Expression of maturation-related genes such as OsEM (GR_protein_id=77791), Rab16A, VP1 (GR_protein_id=78075, 89294) observed.
Enlargement of embryo parts and morphological completion.
embryo stage EM9
Occurs at eleven-twenty days after pollination. Expression of maturation-related genes such as OsEM (GR_protein_id=77791), Rab16A, VP1 (GR_protein_id=78075, 89294) observed.
Embryo maturation process begins.
embryo stage EM10
Occurs at 21 and onwards of days after pollination.
Embryo gains dormancy and tolerance for desiccation. Embryonic shoot, radicle, scutellum, epiblast and bundle sheath are mature.
ovule stage OV0
Panicle length at this stage is less than 0.3 cm.
Starts with carpel primordium formation.
ovule stage OV4
Panicle length at this stage is about 5-7 cm.
Meiotic division of the megaspore mother cell results in a linear tetrad of megaspores. The inner integument elongation also occurs.
ovule stage OV2
Panicle length at this stage is about 1-3 cm.
Integument primordia are initiated on both sides of the ovule primordium. Megasporogenesis starts with the formation of archespore from one of the sub-epidermal cells in the nucellus. The archespore is distinguished by its large size.
ovule stage OV1
Panicle length at this stage is about 0.3-1.0 cm.
Ovule primordium formation and carpel elongation occurs.
ovule stage OV5
Panicle length at this stage is about 7-10 cm.
The inner integument fully encloses the nucellus, except for the area where micropyle forms. The ovule acquires an anatropous shape by rotating 60 degrees from its original position.
ovule stage OV3
Panicle length at this stage is about 3-5 cm.
Integument primordia starts differentiation, firstly into outer integument and later into the outer integument. Funiculus develops on adaxial side of the ovary. The archespore expands and differentiates into the megaspore mother cell. The megaspore mother cell is polarized with its nucleus at the micropylar end.
ovule stage OV6
Panicle length at this stage is about 10-12 cm.
Micropylar megaspore degenerates and the functional megaspore enlarges.
ovule stage OV7
Panicle length at this stage is about 12-14 cm.
The developing embryosac is at the two-nucleate megagametophyte stage. Degenerate megaspores are still visible. Marks the start of megagametogenesis.
ovule stage OV10
Panicle length at this stage is about 18-25 cm.
Embryosac matures. The events include, polarization of the egg cell and synergids, fusion of the polar nuclei and mitosis of the antipodal cells to yield as many as eight cells. A single layer of four to five nucellus cells borders the micropyle.
ovule stage OV9
Panicle length at this stage is about 6-18 cm.
Formation of eight nucleate megagametophyte, followed by migration of the nuclei and cellularization. The ovule rotates approximately 90 degrees from its original position.
ovule stage OV8
Panicle length at this stage is about 14-16 cm.
Large central vacuole develops between the two nuclei of megagametophyte, followed by mitosis of both the nuclei, resulting in the four nucleate stage.
panicle stage PA1
Starts with conversion of stem apical meristem into inflorescence (panicle) apical meristem or rachis meristem.
panicle stage PA6
Formation of lateral meristems from primary rachis meristem occurs.
callus initiation
Beginning of the callus formation from a single protoplast or pollen cell
callus promotion
multiplication of the callus in undifferentiated form
plantlet regeneration
callus regeneration
Differentiation of the callus tissue in the plantlet form.
0.01-imbibition
Adsorption of water by colloidal materials of the seed, leading to seed swelling and increased metabolic activity in the initial stages of germination.
maize growth stage-0.1
panicle stage PA4
Formation of third and subsequent bracts and 7-15 primary branch primordia occurs. Rachis meristem aborts turning the panicle into a determinate inflorescence from its indeterminate type in early stages of development.
panicle stage PA2
Rachis meristem enlarges and first bract formation occurs.
panicle stage PA8
panicle stage PA7
Formation of spikelets and florets occurs.
cereal plant growth stage ontology
Ontology of the growth stages in various cereal crops.
cereal plant ontology
panicle stage PA5
Marked by down regulation of OsH1 gene in rachis meristem. Rachis is less than 0.5 mm in length.
Elongation of primary branch primordia occurs.
panicle stage PA3
Rachis meristem enlarges and second bract formation occurs.
spikelet stage SP1
Formation of two rudimentary glumes in distichous phyllotaxy occurs.
spikelet stage SP5
Formation of lodicules occurs.
spikelet stage SP3
Formation of lemma in distichous phyllotaxy occurs.
spikelet stage SP2
Formation of two empty glumes in distichous phyllotaxy occurs.
spikelet stage SP6
Formation of stamen primordia in a whorl occurs.
spikelet stage SP4
Formation of Palea in distichous phyllotaxy occurs.
spikelet stage SP7
Starts with formation of carpel primordium and establishment of rudimentary and empty glumes, lemma, palea, stamen and pistil occurs.
stamen stage ST0
At this stage floret is less than 1 mm in length.
Stamen primordia differentiation occurs.
stamen stage ST3
At this stage floret is less than 2 mm in length.
Primary parietal cells periclinally divide into endothecium and secondary parietal cells.
stamen stage ST1
At this stage floret is about 1 mm in length.
Archesporial cell differentiate at four corners of the anther hypodermal layer.
stamen stage ST5
At this stage floret is about 2-5 mm in length.
This stage describes the microsporogenesis in rice plant.
stamen stage ST4
At this stage floret is about 2 mm in length.
Secondary parietal cells periclinally divide into middle layer and tapetum cells. Premeiotic DNA synthesis occurs and Pollen mother cell (PMC) enters into meiosis stage.
stamen stage ST2
At this stage floret is about 1.5 mm in length.
Archesporial cells divide into primary sporogenous cells and primary parietal cells.
obsolete cereal plant growth stage terms
Terms that are deleted from growth stage ontology are assigned this new parent term.
1.1-dry seed
The physiologically mature seed that is ready to undergo the germination phase. The seed may or maynot be in the dormant state.
stamen stage ST5-1
Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-I leptotene stage.
stamen stage ST5-2
Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-I zygotene stage.
stamen stage ST5-3
At this stage floret is about 3-3.4 mm in length.
Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-I pachytene stage.
stamen stage ST5-4
At this stage floret is about 3.5 mm in length.
Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-I diplotene stage.
stamen stage ST5-5
At this stage floret is about 3.8 mm in length.
Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-I diakinesis stage.
stamen stage ST5-6
At this stage floret is about 4.2 mm in length.
Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-I metaphase-I and anaphase-I stage.
stamen stage ST5-7
At this stage floret is about 4.5 mm in length.
Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-II stage.
stamen stage ST5-8
At this stage floret is about 5 mm in length.
Tetrad formation occurs. Endothecium and middle layer cells degrade.
stamen stage ST6
Describes the microgametogenesis stages in rice plant.
stamen stage ST6-1
Uninucleate pollen formation.
stamen stage ST6-3
Pollen is in binucleate stage.
stamen stage ST6-2
Pollen undergoes mitosis-I.
stamen stage ST6-4
Pollen undergoes mitosis-II.
stamen stage ST6-5
At this stage floret is about 7 mm in length.
Pollen undergoes maturation phase and so the anthers.
1.2-imbibition stage
Absorption of water by the seed, leading to the swelling of endosperm, embryo and seedcoat tissues. The process increases metabolic activity in the initial stages of germination.
1.21-early imbibition stage
The process of absorption of water by the seed, leading to the swelling of endosperm, embryo and seedcoat tissues has just begun. Compared to the dry state seed, the metabolic activity may not show any significant increase at this stage.
1.22-late imbibition stage
Absorption of water by the seed, leading to the swelling of endosperm, embryo and seedcoat tissues is complete. The increase in metabolic activity is well established.
1.3-radicle emergence stage
The radicle and its enclosing sheath, the coleorhiza, breaks through the pericarp. In some rice varieties the coleoptile emerges before the radicle.
1.3-coleoptile emergence stage
The coleoptile, enclosing the plumule emerges through the pericarp. In some rice varieties the radicle emerges before the coleoptile.
1.3-radicle and coleoptile emergence stage
The radicle with coleorhiza and coleoptile, enclosing the plumule, breaks through the pericarp. In some rice varieties the coleoptile and radicle emergence may occur together or preceed either depending on the rice variety.