never in taxon
PMID:17921072
tooth SubClassOf 'never in taxon' value 'Aves'
?X DisjointWith RO_0002162 some ?Y
Chris Mungall
PMID:20973947
x never in taxon T if and only if T is a class, and x does not instantiate the class expression "in taxon some T". Note that this is a shortcut relation, and should be used as a hasValue restriction in OWL.
shorthand
imported from
part of
part_of
has part
has_part
inheres in
inheres_in
inheres_in
is bearer of
bearer of
bearer_of
participates in
participates_in
participates_in
connected to
David Osumi-Sutherland
X connected_to Y if and only if X and Y share a fiat boundary.
has component
For use in recording has_part with a cardinality constraint.
develops from
Chris Mungall
Melissa Haendel
David Osumi-Sutherland
Terry Meehan
This is the transitive form of the develops from relation
x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y
entity
continuant
occurrent
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. Sometimes also called perdurants.
a surgical operation as processual context for a nosocomical infection
occurrent
perdurant
the life of an organism
the most interesting part of Van Gogh's life
the spatiotemporal context occupied by a process of cellular meiosis
the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor
independent continuant
process
A processual entity that is a maximally connected spatiotemporal whole and has bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities.
process
the life of an organism
the process of cell-division
the process of sleeping
material entity
anatomical structure
material anatomical entity
cell component
multi-cell-component structure
neuron projection bundle
multicellular anatomical structure
cell
neuron
habitat
A spatial region having environmental qualities which may sustain an organism or a community of organisms.
membrane
axon
dendrite
presynaptic membrane
cell projection
neuron projection
synapse part
cell part
synapse
postsynaptic membrane
doi:10.1080/11250000209356436
doi:10.1080/11250000209356436
Triodon macropterus
13747
125802-006
98917
Premaxillae
Premaxillae: 1. articulated to one another by interdigitation or by regular interlocking emarginations 2. fused
articulated to one another by interdigitation or by regular interlocking emarginations
fused
Sesamoid articular
Sesamoid articular: 1. present 2. absent
present
absent
Teeth in biting edge of beak
Teeth in biting edge of beak : 1. retaining much of their individual identity 2. apparently indistinguishably incorporated into the bony matrix of the premaxillae and dentaries
retaining much of their individual identity
apparently indistinguishably incorporated into the bony matrix of the premaxillae and dentaries
Trituration teeth in upper jaw
Trituration teeth in upper jaw : 1. individual teeth small 2. individual teeth large
individual teeth small
individual teeth large
Trituration teeth in lower jaw
Trituration teeth in lower jaw : 1. individual teeth small 2. individual teeth absent 3. individual teeth large
individual teeth small
individual teeth absent
individual teeth large
Mesopterygoid
Mesopterygoid: 1. large element, sometimes elongate, at least one-half the size of the ectopterygoid 2. small, squarish, much less than one-half the size of the ectopterygoid
large element, sometimes elongate, at least one-half the size of the ectopterygoid
Lagocephalus laevigatus
103120
102155
102154
102153
small, squarish, much less than one-half the size of the ectopterygoid
absent
Mesopterygoid
Mesopterygoid: 1. not in contact with the metapterygoid 2. in contact with the metapterygoid
not in contact with the metapterygoid
in contact with the metapterygoid
Symplectic
Symplectic: 1. long, extending posteriorly most of the length of the metapterygoid 2. small, extending posteriorly only about one-half the length of the metapterygoid
long, extending posteriorly most of the length of the metapterygoid
small, extending posteriorly only about one-half the length of the metapterygoid
Opercle and subopercle
Opercle and subopercle : 1. of much greater complexity of structure and large lateral surface area 2. of greatly simplified structure and reduced lateral surface area
of much greater complexity of structure and large lateral surface area
present as a large plate in the interorbital septum
of greatly simplified structure and reduced lateral surface area
Interopercle
Interopercle: 1. with a ventral flange and posterior shaft-like portion extending at least a short distance posteriorly beyond the level of the epihyal 2. absent as an ossification or present as a simple slender rod of bone without a ventral flange, and not extending posteriorly beyond the level of the epihyal
with a ventral flange and posterior shaft-like portion extending at least a short distance posteriorly beyond the level of the epihyal
absent as an ossification or present as a simple slender rod of bone without a ventral flange, and not extending posteriorly beyond the level of the epihyal
Ranzania laevis
109561
109435
Gills
Gills: 1. not greatly expanded dorsally 2. greatly expanded dorsally above and beyond the supporting arches
not greatly expanded dorsally
greatly expanded dorsally above and beyond the supporting arches
Gill rakers along the anterior edge of the first gill slit
Gill rakers along the anterior edge of the first gill slit: 1. absent 2. present
absent
present
Ceratobranchials
Ceratobranchials: 1. not very deep-bodied 2. very deep-bodied
not very deep-bodied
very deep-bodied
Pharyngobranchials
Pharyngobranchials : 1. with moderate to minute teeth 2. with extremely large teeth
with moderate to minute teeth
with extremely large teeth
Cleithrum
Cleithrum: 1. greatly elongate anteriorly, strongly oblique to body axis at most posterior part and almost parallel at anterior end, reaching forward to at least the level of the middle of the ceratohyal 2. not elongate anteriorly, always strongly oblique to body axis, and reaching forward no further than beginning of the ceratohyal
greatly elongate anteriorly, strongly oblique to body axis at most posterior part and almost parallel at anterior end, reaching forward to at least the level of the middle of the ceratohyal
Pterotic
Pterotic: 1. only moderately prolonged posteriorly as a stout bone, about as long as wide 2. prominently prolonged posteriorly as a thinner bone, much longer (two times or more) than wide
only moderately prolonged posteriorly as a stout bone, about as long as wide
not elongate anteriorly, always strongly oblique to body axis, and reaching forward no further than beginning of the ceratohyal
Postcleithrum
Postcleithrum: 1. two pieces 2. one piece
two pieces
Mola mola
102086
27238
16441
16438
one piece
Postcleithrum
Postcleithrum: 1. without an anteriorly directed process 2. with an anteriorly directed process toward or over the actinosts
without an anteriorly directed process
with an anteriorly directed process toward or over the actinosts
Postcleithrum
Postcleithrum: 1. not expanded posteriorly 2. greatly expanded posteriorly as a flattened plate
not expanded posteriorly
greatly expanded posteriorly as a flattened plate
prominently prolonged posteriorly as a thinner bone, much longer (two times or more) than wide
Supracleithrum
Supracleithrum : 1. not very elongate, only its extreme proximate end articulated directly with the pterotic 2. extremely elongate, broadly articulated over the anterior one-third to one-half of its length with the pterotic
not very elongate, only its extreme proximate end articulated directly with the pterotic
extremely elongate, broadly articulated over the anterior one-third to one-half of its length with the pterotic
Coracoid
Coracoid: 1. short and wide, with a posterodorsal prong below the lower actinost always developed to some degree 2. long and slender, without a posterodorsal prong below the lower actinost
short and wide, with a posterodorsal prong below the lower actinost always developed to some degree
long and slender, without a posterodorsal prong below the lower actinost
Epiotic
Epiotic: 1. without any kind of posterodorsal prolongation 2. with a high dome-like or ribbon-like posterodorsal prolongation
without any kind of posterodorsal prolongation
Scapular foramen
Scapular foramen: 1. complete, entirely enclosed by the scapula 2. incomplete, closed anteriorly by the cleithrum 3. a connective tissue sheet
complete, entirely enclosed by the scapula
Masturus lanceolatus
117330
incomplete, closed anteriorly by the cleithrum
a connective tissue sheet
Actinosts
Actinosts: 1. four 2. three
four
three
Actinosts
Actinosts: 1. not sutured to one another 2. sutured
not sutured to one another
sutured
with a high dome-like or ribbon-like posterodorsal prolongation
Abdominal vertebrae
Abdominal vertebrae : 1. some centra with ventral or ventrolateral processes of some sort, whether or not forming complete haemal arches or zygapophyses 2. no ventral or ventrolateral processes, the ventral surface of the centra relatively smooth
some centra with ventral or ventrolateral processes of some sort, whether or not forming complete haemal arches or zygapophyses
no ventral or ventrolateral processes, the ventral surface of the centra relatively smooth
Caudal vertebrae
Caudal vertebrae : 1. neural spines oriented from highly oblique (30% or less) to almost parallel to the body axis 2. neural spines oriented from almost perpendicular to slightly oblique (60% or more) to the body axis
neural spines oriented from highly oblique (30% or less) to almost parallel to the body axis
neural spines oriented from almost perpendicular to slightly oblique (60% or more) to the body axis
First basal pterygiophore of dorsal fin
First basal pterygiophore of dorsal fin : 1. not in contact or only slightly in contact with the second pterygiophore 2. broadly in contact along one-half or more of its length with the second pterygiophore
not in contact or only slightly in contact with the second pterygiophore
broadly in contact along one-half or more of its length with the second pterygiophore
Most of basal pterygiophores of dorsal and anal fins
Most of basal pterygiophores of dorsal and anal fins : 1. long slender rods 2. expanded and plate-like
Exoccipitals
Exoccipitals: 1. with condyles and in contact with the first vertebra, which articulates anteriorly with both the exoccipitals and the basioccipital, and the latter not prolonged dorsally behind the exoccipitals, the exoccipitals bordering all but the bottom edge of the foramen magnum 2. without condyles and not in contact with the first vertebra, which articulates anteriorly only with the basioccipital, and the latter greatly prolonged dorsally behind the exoccipitals to border the foramen magnum to the exclusion of the exoccipitals
long slender rods
Basisphenoid
Basisphenoid: 1. a small rod placed far posteriorly in the interorbital septum and articulated with the anterior edge of the dorsal roof of the myodome 2. absent 3. present as a large plate in the interorbital septum
with condyles and in contact with the first vertebra, which articulates anteriorly with both the exoccipitals and the basioccipital, and the latter not prolonged dorsally behind the exoccipitals, the exoccipitals bordering all but the bottom edge of the foramen magnum
expanded and plate-like
Dorsal- and anal-fin rays
Dorsal- and anal-fin rays: 1. not widely separated from their basal pterygial supports by a large block of cartilage 2. widely separated from their basal pterygial supports by a large block of cartilage
not widely separated from their basal pterygial supports by a large block of cartilage
widely separated from their basal pterygial supports by a large block of cartilage
Dorsal-, anal-, caudal-, and pectoral-fin rays
Dorsal-, anal-, caudal-, and pectoral-fin rays : 1. most fin rays less extensively branched but with a normal amount of cross-striations, these not confined to only the distal end of the rays 2. often extensively branched but with extremely few cross-striations, those present only at the extreme distal end of the rays
most fin rays less extensively branched but with a normal amount of cross-striations, these not confined to only the distal end of the rays
without condyles and not in contact with the first vertebra, which articulates anteriorly only with the basioccipital, and the latter greatly prolonged dorsally behind the exoccipitals to border the foramen magnum to the exclusion of the exoccipitals
often extensively branched but with extremely few cross-striations, those present only at the extreme distal end of the rays
First basal pterygiophore of the anal fin, posterior surface of the proximal end of
First basal pterygiophore of the anal fin, posterior surface of the proximal end of: 1. not concave and does not enclose the distal end of the haemal spines of the first two caudal vertebrae 2. concave and does enclose the distal end of the haemal spines of the first two caudal vertebrae
not concave and does not enclose the distal end of the haemal spines of the first two caudal vertebrae
concave and does enclose the distal end of the haemal spines of the first two caudal vertebrae
a small rod placed far posteriorly in the interorbital septum and articulated with the anterior edge of the dorsal roof of the myodome
Posteriormost pterygiophores of dorsal and anal fins
Posteriormost pterygiophores of dorsal and anal fins: 1. inserted highly oblique to body axis (45° or less) 2. inserted almost vertical to body axis (60° or more)
inserted highly oblique to body axis (45° or less)
inserted almost vertical to body axis (60° or more)
Basioccipitals
Basioccipitals: 1. not prolonged dorsally to exclude the exoccipitals from bordering the foramen magnum 2. prolonged dorsally behind the exoccipitals to border the foramen magnum to the exclusion of the exoccipitals
Caudal fin
Caudal fin: 1. relatively normal, with 9 to 12 rays supported by variously consolidated and fused but normal vertebral elements 2. aborted, either absent altogether or represented by only a few rays in the central region of the pseudocaudal fin formed by posteriorly migrated soft dorsal- and anal-fin rays and supported mostly by equally posteriorly migrated basal pterygiophores from the soft dorsal and anal fins
relatively normal, with 9 to 12 rays supported by variously consolidated and fused but normal vertebral elements
not prolonged dorsally to exclude the exoccipitals from bordering the foramen magnum
aborted, either absent altogether or represented by only a few rays in the central region of the pseudocaudal fin formed by posteriorly migrated soft dorsal- and anal-fin rays and supported mostly by equally posteriorly migrated basal pterygiophores from the soft dorsal and anal fins
Body depth
Body depth: 1. at least two times longer than deep 2. one to one and a half times longer than deep
at least two times longer than deep
one to one and a half times longer than deep
Scales
Scales: 1. small, elongate, with small spinules but no prickles or spines 2. large, the basal plates not forming a completely continuous covering over the entire body (no carapace), forming erectile prickles or spines 3. small, but the basal plates in more or less close contact and forming a relatively continuous covering over the entire body (collagenous or bony carapace), with none of the scales in the form of prominent prickles or spines
small, elongate, with small spinules but no prickles or spines
large, the basal plates not forming a completely continuous covering over the entire body (no carapace), forming erectile prickles or spines
prolonged dorsally behind the exoccipitals to border the foramen magnum to the exclusion of the exoccipitals
small, but the basal plates in more or less close contact and forming a relatively continuous covering over the entire body (collagenous or bony carapace), with none of the scales in the form of prominent prickles or spines
Thick layer of collagenous tissue present under scales, if carapace present
Thick layer of collagenous tissue present under scales, if carapace present: 1. absent 2. present
absent
present
Lateral line
Lateral line : 1. present 2. either absent or extremely inconspicuous
present
either absent or extremely inconspicuous
Air bladder
Air bladder: 1. present and well developed 2. absent, at least in adults
present and well developed
absent, at least in adults
Bony canal for the nerves and blood vessels running from the orbit to the nasal region
Bony canal for the nerves and blood vessels running from the orbit to the nasal region: 1. incomplete, surrounded by the lateral ethmoid laterally, above, and below, but not medially 2. complete, entirely surrounded by the lateral ethmoid
incomplete, surrounded by the lateral ethmoid laterally, above, and below, but not medially
Supraoccipital crest
Supraoccipital crest: 1. long, thin, projecting backward 2. short, stout, projecting upward
complete, entirely surrounded by the lateral ethmoid
long, thin, projecting backward
Nostrils
Nostrils: 1. two moderate to large nostrils on each side in an upraised surface, or with flaps 2. two minute nostrils on each side, flush with surface
two moderate to large nostrils on each side in an upraised surface, or with flaps
two minute nostrils on each side, flush with surface
Gill rakers
Gill rakers: 1. not concealed in folds of skin 2. concealed in thick folds of skin
not concealed in folds of skin
concealed in thick folds of skin
Larvae
Larvae: 1. have no secondary post-metamorphosis 2. secondary post-metamorphosis present, with prominent spiny processes from the body
have no secondary post-metamorphosis
secondary post-metamorphosis present, with prominent spiny processes from the body
Ossification
Ossification: 1. degree of ossification normal, bone relatively dense 2. bone weakly ossified, more spongy
degree of ossification normal, bone relatively dense
bone weakly ossified, more spongy
short, stout, projecting upward